Medical micro- and nanomotors in the body

Attributed to the miniaturized body size and active mobility, micro- and nanomotors (MNMs) have demonstrated tremendous potential for medical applications. However, from bench to bedside, massive efforts are needed to address critical issues, such as cost-effective fabrication, on-demand integration of multiple functions, biocompatibility, biodegradability, controlled propulsion and in vivo navigation. Herein, we summarize the advances of biomedical MNMs reported in the past two decades, with particular emphasis on the design, fabrication, propulsion, navigation, and the abilities of biological barriers penetration, biosensing, diagnosis, minimally invasive surgery and targeted cargo delivery. Future perspectives and challenges are discussed as well. This review can lay the foundation for the future direction of medical MNMs, pushing one step forward on the road to achieving practical theranostics using MNMs.

Distribution characteristics and results of allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis in Ningxia area / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the distribution of allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis （AR） in Ningxia, and provide theoretical data for the prevention and treatment of AR in this region. Methods:A total of 1664 patients diagnosed with AR in the Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department of Yinchuan First People's Hospital Outpatient Clinic from January 2018 to December 2021 were retrospectively collected. Use the allergen sIgE antibody detection kit （immunoblotting method） to detect inhalation and ingestion allergens in patients.Results: ①Among all AR patients, 1 158 cases were detected positive, resulting in the detection rate was 69.59%; ②The detection rate of inhalation allergen was 65.87%, and the detection rate of ingestion allergen was 19.83%; ③Mugwort was the most sensitive allergen, and 76.32% of the patients having a positive grade ≥3; ④Out of the patients, 294 cases （25.39%） were allergic to only one allergen, 244 cases （21.07%） were allergic to two allergens, and 620 cases （53.54%） were allergic to three or more allergens; ⑤During different seasons, the highest number of positive allergens detected was in the summer, with 968 cases （83.59%）. Mugwort was the main allergen during this season （69.01%）. After the COVID-19 epidemic, the total positive rate of sIgE tests in AR patients decreased compared to before, and the difference was statistically significant （P<0.001）; ⑥Mugwort, dog epithelium, mold combination, egg, peanut, soybean, Marine fish combination and fruit combination all showed statistically significant differences between different gender groups （P<0.05）; ⑦Common ragweed, mugwort, dust mite combination, cockroach, egg, milk, Marine fish combination, shrimp, fruit combination and nut combination all showed statistically significant differences among different age groups （P<0.05）; ⑧There were statistically significant differences in hay dust among different ethnic groups （P<0.05）. Conclusion:Artemisia argyi is the main allergen in Ningxia, and the distribution characteristics of different allergens are influenced by treatment season, the COVID-19 epidemic, gender, age, ethnicity, and other factors, showing certain distribution patterns and rules.

Novel angucycline/angucyclinone family of natural products discovered between 2010 and 2020 / 生物工程学报

Angucyclines/angucyclinones are a large group of polycyclic aromatic polyketides and their producers are widely distributed in nature. This family of natural products attracts great attention because of their diverse biological activities and unique chemical structures. With the development of synthetic biology and the exploitation of the actinomycetes from previously unexplored environments, angucyclines/angucyclinones-like natural products with new skeletons were continuously discovered, thus enriching the structural diversity of this family. In this review we summarize the new angucyclines/angucyclinones analogues discovered in the last decade (2010-2020) by using different strategies, such as changing cultivation conditions, genetic modification, genome mining, bioactivity-guided compound isolation, and fermentation of actinomycetes from underexplored environments. We also discuss the role of synthetic biology in the discovery and development of new compounds of the angucycline/angucyclinone family.

Improvement of natural product production in Streptomyces by manipulating pathway-specific regulators / 生物工程学报

Streptomyces are major sources of bioactive natural products. Genome sequencing reveals that Streptomyces have great biosynthetic potential, with an average of 20-40 biosynthetic gene clusters each strain. However, most natural products from Streptomyces are produced in low yields under regular laboratory cultivation conditions, which hamper their further study and drug development. The production of natural products in Streptomyces is controlled by the intricate regulation mechanisms. Manipulation of the regulatory systems that govern secondary metabolite production will strongly facilitate the discovery and development of natural products of Streptomyces origin. In this review, we summarize progresses in pathway-specific regulators from Streptomyces in the last five years and highlight their role in improving the yields of corresponding natural products.

Comparison of the effect and security of injecting different drugs into pleural cavity in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion / 中国基层医药

Objective:To compare the efficacy and safety of injecting different drugs into pleural cavity for treating malignant pleural effusion.Methods:The clinical data of 214 patients with malignant pleural effusion from June 2014 to March 2017 were retrospectively analyzed.According to different treatment method, the patients were divided into simple drainage group(n=26), cisplatin group( n=55), endostar group( n=58), elemene emulsion group( n=30) and erythromycin group( n=45). The recent curative effect, life quality improvement, incidence of adverse reaction, hospitalization expense and the long term survival rate were compared between the two groups. Results:The recent overall effective rates of the five groups were 23.1%(6/26), 49.1%(27/55), 70.7%(41/58), 46.7%(14/30), 73.3%(33/45), respectively, there was statistically significant difference among the five groups(χ 2=24.20, P<0.05). The overall effective rates of the endostar group and the erythromycin group were obviously higher than those of the other three groups(all P<0.05). The live quality improvement rates of the five groups were 30.8%, 58.2%, 84.5%, 56.7% and 88.9%, respectively, there was statistically significant difference among the five groups (χ 2=37.20, P<0.05). The improvement rates of the endostar group and the erythromycin group were obviously higher than those of the other three groups(all P<0.05). In terms of adverse reaction, the incidence of adverse reaction of endostar group was the lowest, only a few patients presented chest pain, weakness, nausea and fever, the incidences were 3.4%, 8.6%, 5.1%, 3.4%, respectively, compared with the other groups, the differences were statistically significant(χ 2=12.40, 10.40, 36.60, 15.0, all P<0.05). The expense of the endostar group [(3 863.2±163.3)CNY] was obviously higher than those of the other groups ( F=124.48, P<0.05). The one-year survival rates of the five groups were 11.5%, 32.7%, 65.5%, 36.7% and 66.7%, respectively, there was statistically significant difference among the five groups (χ 2=28.70, P<0.05). The 2-year survival rates of the five groups were 3.8%, 5.5%, 13.8%, 6.7% and 15.6%, respectively, there was no statistically significant difference among the five groups(χ 2=5.28, P=0.26). The survival period of the four groups injected with different drugs were longer that of the than simple drainage group( F=54.40, P<0.05), the survival periods of the endostar group and the erythromycin group were obviously higher than those of the other groups(all P<0.05). Conclusion:Through injecting endostar or erythromycin into pleural cavity, the recent curative effect and forward survival rate of patients with malignant pleural effusion can be obviously improved, and the life quality of patients can be improved as well, therefore it is worthy of popularizing.Through comparing these two methods, the hospitalization expense of injecting erythromycin is lower, but the incidence rate of adverse reactions including pain and fever is higher, and the incidence rate of adverse reaction of injecting endostar is relatively lower, but the treatment expense is higher.

Epidemiological investigation of allergic rhinitis in Ningxia / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of allergic rhinitis (AR) in Ningxia and to analyze its related factors.@*Methods@#From March to September of 2013, a multi-stage and cluster sampling method was used to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of AR in Ningxia Area (3 years and above). Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis (2009, Wuyishan) was used as the basis for the diagnosis of adult AR, while Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of pediatric allergic rhinitis (2010, Chongqing) was used as the basis for children. SPSS 16.0 software was used to complete the statistical analysis.@*Results@#The total number of questionnaires was 6 000, and the number of effective questionnaire was 5 236, the recovery rate was 87.27%. With 684 cases diagnosed of AR, the prevalence of AR in Ningxia was 13.06% (684/5 236), including 13.40% (325/2 425) of males, 12.77% (359/2 811) of females. The difference was not statistically significant (χ2=0.456, P>0.05). There was significant difference in the prevalence between Hui and Han [14.35% (452/3 150) vs 11.12% (232/2 086), χ2=11.51, P<0.05]. According to ARIA criteria, persistent AR was 27.63% (189/684), intermittent AR was 72.37% (495/684). The month with highest incidence of AR in Ningxia Area was September, accounting for 71.78% (491/684). The prevalence of urban population was 14.54%, with the prevalence of rural population was 11.90%, and the difference was significant between urban and rural residents (χ2=7.90, P<0.05). The age group with highest prevalence rate was 21~30 years old. The main inhalation allergens were mugwort (68.42%), weeds (58.48%) and ragweed (55.56%). The main dietary allergens were wheat flour (14.33%), peanut (13.74%) and walnut kernel (11.99%). The most common complication was allergic conjunctivitis [82.02% (561/684)].@*Conclusion@#The epidemiology of AR in Ningxia Area is preliminarily understood, which will provide the epidemiological evidence for the prevention and treatment of AR and the formulation of public health policy.

Targeting Pyk2 gene on the proliferation,invasion and migration induction of hepatocelluar cancer ;Hep3B cells / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2)gene RNA interference on proliferation,invasion and migration of Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Methods The Pyk2 gene RNA interference vector was transfected in Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells by lipofectamine. The Hep3B cells divided into three groups:siRNA group (the vector with Pyk2 RNAi gene was transfected), negative control group (the vector without Pyk2 RNAi gene was transfected),and blank control group (no vectors was transfected).Pyk2 mRNA and protein were detected using reverse transcription reverse transcription-poly-merase chain reaction (RT-PCR)and Western blotting.The biological behavior including cell proliferation,inva-sion and migration were detected by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazoly)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), transwell and wound healing assay,respectively.Results The expression of Pyk2 mRNA of Hep3B cell line in siRNA group (0.1 6 ±0.03)was significantly decreased than those in negative group (0.74 ±0.1 3)and blank control group (0.77 ±0.1 6),with statistically significant differences (t=51 .46,P=0.000;t=53.21 ,P=0.000).The expression of Pyk2 protein of Hep3B cell line in siRNA group (0.24 ±0.06)was significantly decreased than those in negative group (0.83 ±0.05)and blank control group (0.91 ±0.06),with statisti-cally significant differences (t=57.29,P=0.000;t=68.53,P=0.000).The cell proliferation inhibition rate at 48 hours in siRNA group (26.1 7%±0.28%)was significantly raised than those in negative group (9.28%± 0.22%)and blank control group (6.47%±0.31%),with statistically significant differences (t=31 .45,P=0.004;t=34.64,P=0.002).The number of transmembrane cells in siRNA group (32.5 ±8.5)/1 0 HP was significantly declined than those in negative group (98.4 ±1 2.3 )/1 0 HP and blank control group (1 1 2.6 ± 1 1 .3)/1 0 HP,with statistically significant differences (t=95.64,P=0.000;t=1 05.1 7,P=0.000).The wound healing assay in siRNA group (28.1 7%±1 .46%)was significantly lower than those in negative group (77.38%±2.24%)and blank control group (79.41%±3.1 7%),with statistically significant (t=85.86,P=0.000;t=89.37,P=0.000).Conclusion Pyk2 gene involves the proliferation,invasion and migration of Hep3B cells,which has close correction with development and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.Pyk2 gene is very helpful to become a molecular target for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Expression level and diagnosis performance of serum exosomal miR-21 in lung cancer / 实用医学杂志

Objective To observe the expression level and diagnosis performance of serum exosomal miR-21 in lung cancer. Method Sera of 94 lung cancer patients,29 pulmonary tuberculosis patients,and 26 healthy controls from Nan Fang Hospital were collected. Exosomes in serum were purified and characterized ,and miRNA was abstracted from exosomes. Levels of exosomal miR-21 in three groups were compared with relative quantitative RT-PCR. Diagnosis performance of exosomal miR-21 was evaluated by ROC curve. Results Purified serum exosome sample possesses typical exosome features. There were significant difference among exosomal miR-21 levels from lung cancer ,tuberculosis ,and health control group. Exosomal miR-21 obviously increased in lung cancer patients,and decreased in tuberculosis patients. Exosomal miR-21 were increased in early and late stage lung cancer patients. The diagnostic performance of exosomal miR-21 was evaluated by ROC curve. Its area under the curve was 0.702 and specificity was 0.923. Conclusions Serum exosomal miR-21 was increased in many kinds of lung can-cer patients. It possesses excellent diagnosis performance ,which may be developed as new biomarkers to assist lung diagnosis.

Clinical Effects of Tacrolimus Combined with Okra Capsule in Treatment of Refractory Membranous Nephropathy / 现代生物医学进展

Objective:To investigate the effect and safety of tacrolimus combined with Okra capsule in treatment of the refractory membranous nephropathy.Methods:Selected 60 patients with refiactory membranous nephropathy who were treated in our hospital from March 2014 to October 2015,and they were divided into observation group and control group with 30 cases in each group according to the random number table method.The control group was treated with prednisone,and the observation group was treated with tacrolimus combined with Okra capsule on the basis of the control group,the courses of treatment were 6 months in two groups.The clinical effects were observed in two groups,the levels of urine protein (uPRO),serum Albumin (sALB),serum Creatinine (sCr),serum Alanine aminotransferase (sALT),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1) were detected and compared in two groups before and after treatment,and the adverse reactions were recorded in two groups.Results:The total effective rate of the ob-servation group was significantly higher than control group (P＜0.05).Compared with before treatment,the levels ofuPRO,TNF-α,TGF-β1 in two groups were decreased after treatment,while sALB,sCr were increased (P＜0.05),and uPRO,TNF-o,TGF-β1 in the observation group were lower than the control group (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion:Tacrolimus combined with Huangkui capsule in the treatment ofrefractory membranous nephropathy has good curative effect,reduce renal damage,and low adverse reaction,worthy of promotion.

Versatile use of double fascial flaps in facial skin defects repair / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To report our experience in versatile use of double fascial flaps in reconstruction of facial skin defects.Methods A total of 10 patients were enrolled in this study (6 males and 4 females,aged 14-46 years).Based on the location,size and shape of the facial skin defects after tumor resection,paralleled double fascial flaps,vertical double fasical flaps and special angle double fascial flaps were designed respectively.Results All the patients were followed up for 6-12 months after operation.Operative incision split combined with infection was observed in one case.Mild pigmentation around the incision was observed in two cases.The cosmetic results were quite satisfactory to all patients.Conclusions As far as the advantages,minimal donor site morbidity,versatile designation as concerned,the double fascial flaps are good choices in the repair of facial skin defects.

Clinical efficacy of expanded neck and mastoid region flaps in the treatment of large facial scars / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To report the effect of expanded neck and mastoid region flap in the reparation of facial scars.Methods Total 8 patients were included from January 2007 to May 2011.Tissue expanders were implanted in the neck and mastoid region after we selected suitable expander on the basis of an area of facial scars.Three to six months later,the expanded neck and mastoid region flap was used to repair large area of facial scars.Results From January 2007 to May 2011,we used expanded neck and mastoid region flap to resurface the facial scars in 8 patients.One patient appeared small size of necrosis (0.3 cm× 2.0 cm to 0.5 cm× 2.0 cm) in the distal area and healed after dressing changes.All the other patients healed completely.The period of follow-up was 6 months to 2 years.The flaps matched well to the surrounding skin in terms of color and good texture.Conclusions The method of combined expander neck and mastoid region skin flaps to repair facial scars is suitable.We believe this is a good option of repairing large area of facial scars.

The correlation of allergic rhinitis and trace elements in Ningxia region / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlation of allergic rhinitis and trace elements and to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention of allergic rhinitis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and six patients were diagnosed as allergic rhinitis in General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University between January and December in 2010, including 48 cases of perennial allergic rhinitis and 58 cases of seasonal allergic rhinitis. In the same time, one hundred and three healthy volunteers were selected as control. Intravenous blood 3-5 ml were obtained from all subjects both in experimental group and in control group. The content of Ca, Ni, Fe, Mg, Zn, Sr, Mn, Cu, Se in serum and hair was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The t-test (SPSS 16.0) was used to compare the results of trace elements in serum between allergic rhinitis and control group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The testing results of trace elements in AR patients serum and normal controls serum were as follows: Cu, Ni (1 002.18 ± 104.62) µg/L, (21.58 ± 5.54) mg/L were super than control group, (832.78 ± 50.45) µg/L, (17.04 ± 4.93) mg/L (t value was 15.545, 5.154, both P < 0.05). But the content of Zn, Se (793.48 ± 46.88) µg/L, (84.25 ± 12.77) µg/L lower than control group (908.53 ± 31.26) µg/L, (98.35 ± 15.21) µg/L (t value was -24.175 and -7.797, both P < 0.05) . The testing results of trace elements in AR patients hair and normal controls hair were as follows: Cu, Ni (42.43 ± 5.03) µg/g, (31.72 ± 5.49) µg/g were super than control group, (23.00 ± 4.45) µg/g, (8.94 ± 7.53) µg/g (t value was -8.633 and 4.236, both P < 0.05). But the content of Zn, Se (92.16 ± 4.54) µg/g , (0.28 ± 0.04) µg/g lower than control group (189.09 ± 8.45) µg/g, (0.39 ± 0.06) µg/g (t value was -28.71 and -8.633, both P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The content of Zn, Se in AR patients serum are lower than that in control group. But the content of Cu, Ni in AR patients serum are super than that in control group. There are no significant difference of trace elements in the serum between pennial allergic rhinitis and seasonal allergic rhinitis.</p>

Mechanism of biological actions of quercetin based on biomolecular network / 药学学报

The mechanism of biological actions of quercetin was studied by using metabolomic method and biomolecular network. HPLC-MS was used to analyze the serum metabolome in rats of blank group and quercetin administration group rats, and MS data were processed by MATLAB software. With multivariate statistical analysis of serum metabolite profiles, a clear separation among blank group and quercetin administration group was achieved, potential biomarkers were selected according to the parameters of variable importance in the projection (VIP) and identified according to MS information and database retrieval. Four compounds, related enzymes, action targets and metabolic pathways had been confirmed, namely retinoic acid and RARbeta, arachidonate and COX-2, 3, 5-diodotyrosine and TPO, uridine diphosphate glucose and PDEs. The mechanism of quercetin enhancing ability of retinoic acid on the induction of RARbeta, activating TPO, using as COX-2 and PDEs inhibitor was approved by biomolecular network and related literatures. In this study, a mechanism of multiple biological actions of quercetin was evaluated at the level of the biomolecular network, metabolomics and biomolecular network can be used to investigate the biological effects mechanism of quercetin, which provided a new method to further revealing mechanism of drug action.

Effect of quercetin on invasion, migration, proliferation and cell cycle of glioma U87 cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect of quercetin on the invasion, migration, proliferation and cell cycle of glioma U87 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Glioma U87 cells were treated with 50, 100, or 150 µmol/L quercetin (Q(50), Q(100) and Q(150) groups, respectively) or with DMSO (Q(0) group). Transwell in vitro invasion and migration assays, Click-iT Edu test and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the effect of quercetin on the invasion, migration, proliferation and cell cycle of U87 cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 36 h of quercetin treatment, the cells in Q(50), Q(100) and Q(150) groups showed invasive cell percentages (relative to Q(0) group) of 52.08%, 24.63%, and 13.13%, respectively (P<0.05). After quercetin treatment for 12 h, the migrating cell percentages (relative to Q(0) group) in Q(50), Q(100) and Q(150) groups were 49.46%, 26.78%, and 14.56%, respectively (P<0.05). After 24 h of quercetin treatment, the cell proliferation ratios in Q(0), Q(50), Q(100) and Q(150) groups were 25.21%, 18.38%, 16.74% and 15.24%; the cell percentages in phase G0/Gl were 71.14%, 72.71%, 69.29%, and 66.47%, phase S were 25.32%, 22.48%, 21.96%, and 23.32%, and phase G(2)/M were 3.53%, 4.80%, 8.75%, and 10.25% in the 4 groups, respectively, showing a significant difference between groups Q(100), Q(150) and group Q(0) in phase G(2)/M cell percentages (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Quercetin can significantly inhibit the invasion, migration and proliferation of glioma U87 cells by blocking the cell cycle progression.</p>

The correlation study of allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in Ningxia region / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the correlation of allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in the Ningxia region.@*METHOD@#One hundred and sixteen patients diagnosed with allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, allergic rhinitis combined with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in the department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ningxia Medical University Hospital from 2009 January to December was analysed in this study, followed by grouping the experimental group I: allergic rhinitis(AR) group (46 cases), the experimental group II: chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps group (46 cases), the experimental group III: allergic rhinitis combined with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps group (24 cases), and the normal control group (31 cases). The skin prick test was used and the serum specific IgE concentration of selected objects was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.@*RESULT@#(1) The positive rate of specific IgE in the experimental group I was 83.3%, the concentrated for specific IgE mainly graded in 0 to 3 level, The total positive rate of specific IgE in the experimental group II and III were 75.0% and 87.5%. (2) The specific IgE concentration in the experimental group I, II , III and control group were 10.33 +/- 2.12 (kU/L), 8.43 +/- 2.23 (kU/L), 5.28 +/- 2.16 (kU/L), 1.03 +/- 3.96 (kU/L), respectively. The data analyzed using ANOVA showed that the specific IgE concentration in the experimental group I, II, III compared with the control group was significantly different;@*CONCLUSION@#(1) The specific IgE concentration in the Ningxia region of allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps were graded in 0 to 3 level, mainly graded in 1 level and lower than other regions. The positive rates of the skin prick test about Wormwood, German cockroach, house dust mites and pollen IV allergen were relatively higher in Ningxia region. (2) The specific IgE concentration was relatively higher in the allergic rhinitis patients combined with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Allergic rhinitis may promote the development of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Study on the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in the inhibition of ovarian cancer transplanted tumors and in the protection of ovarian function after chemotherapy on nude mice / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues on ovarian cancer and ovarian function in vivo.Methods ES-2 cells were cultured and xenotransplanted into 36 nude mice,which were divided into 6 groups:normal saline (NS) group:NS 0.1 nd/day subcutaneous injection,and then NS 0.2 ml/week peritoneal injection; cisplatin (DDP) group:NS 0.1 ml/day subcutaneous injection,and then DDP 5 mg/kg ( diluted to 0.2 ml ) per week peritoneal injection; goserelin group:100 μg goserelin ( diluted to 0.1 ml) per day subcutaneous injection,and then NS 0.2 ml/week peritoneal injection; goserelin + DDP group:100 μg goserelin ( diluted to 0.1 ml) per day subcutaneous injection,and DDP 5 mg/kg (diluted to 0.2 ml) per week peritoneal injection; cetrorelix group:100 μg cetrorelix (diluted to 0.1 ml) per day subcutaneous injection and NS 0.2 ml/week peritoneal injection; cetrorelix + DDP group:100 μg cetrorelix (diluted to 0.1 ml) per day subcutaneous injection and DDP 5 mg/kg ( diluted to 0.2 ml) per week peritoneal injection.All the peritoneal injection started from subcutaneous injection one week later.To compare the weight of nude mice,the volumes of transplanted tumors,the expression of Ki-67 antigen in transplanted tumors,the estrus,the ratio of atretic follicles,the ratio of primary and preantral follicles,the levels of serum anti-Mullerian hormone ( AMH ),folliclestimulating hormone ( FSH),estradio ( E2 ) and progesterone (P) in each group.Results There were no significant difference in the weight of nude mice among 6 groups ( P ＞ 0.05 ),which on day 29 in NS group was ( 19.8 ±2.2) g,DDP group (20.5 ± 1.4) g,gosereline group ( 19.6 ±0.9) g,goserelin + DDP group ( 19.7 ± 1.6) g,cetrorelix group (20.7 ±2.2) g,and cetrorelix + DDP group ( 19.0 ± 1.7) g.The tumor volumes of different groups on the 12th day:NS group (241 ± 179) mm3,DDP group (78 ±20) mm3,gosereline group (78 t±55) mm3,goserelin + DDP group (64 ±48) mm3,cetrorelix group (78 ±64) mm3,or cetrorelix + DDP group (70 ± 19) mm3,in which there were significant difference between NS group and the other groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ) ; and the same result was obtained on day 15,19,22,26 and 29 ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The expression of Ki-67 in NS group was ( 33 ± 10 ) ％,in which it was higher than those in DDP group 3.5％,goserelin group 8.8％,goserelin + DDP group 1.5％,cetrorelix group (23 ± 11 ) ％,or cetrorelix + DDP group ( 8 ± 6 ) ％ ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The ratio of primary and preantral follicles in goserehn group was (71.5 ± 8.1 ) ％,in goserelin + DDP group was (62.4 ± 4.1 ) ％,in cetrorelix group was (71.2 ± 7.4) ％,and in cetrorelix + DDP group was (63.8 ±3.1 )％,in which they were much higher than that in DDP group ( 47.0 ± 4.8 ) ％ ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The level of AMH in goserelin group was ( 98 ± 27 ) ng/ml,which was much higher than that in NS group (66.2 ± 17.4) ng/ml (P ＜0.05),while there were no difference in the levelsof FSH,E2 or P among different groups ( P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion GnRH analogues could inhibit the growth of transplanted tumors in nude mice,meanwhile increase the secretion of AMH,decrease the frequencies and prolong the lasting time of estrus,decrease the ratio of atretic follicles,raise the ratio of primary and preantral follicles,which may be protect the ovarian function of nude mice.

Tumor dormancy and angiogenesis / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Tumor dormancy is a well-known clinical phenomenon and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood.It has been speculated that one of the major factors accounting for the dormant behavior is impaired angiogenesis.As stimuli result in the imbalanced concentration between the pro-angiogenic factors and anti-angiogenic factors,the tumors would escape from dormancy.However,why a dormant(silent)tumor be-comes angiogenic has not been explained and the molecular events that participate in it are under investigation.Despite all that,anti-angiogenic therapy is a very promising strategy to induce tumor dormancy.

The changes of HMGB-1 in patients with sepsis and the effect of carbachol on prevention of HMGB-1 / 中国综合临床

Objective To observe the changes of HMGB-1 of burned patient with sepsis and to investigate the effect of carbaehol on production of HMGB-1 from human monocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and its mechanism. Methods The peripheral blood samples of burned patients with sepsis and healthy donors were taken for isolation of monoeyte. The subjects were divided into six groups: the menocytes group were added only with 1640 culture medium,LPS group were added only with LPS;nicotine group and carbachol group were with carbachol first or nicotine for 5 rain and then with LPS. The levels of HMGB-1 were tested by EIJSA. α-bungarotoxin + carba-chol group were added with atropine or α-bungarotoxin for 5 min and then were given carbachol and 5 min later were stimulated with LPS. 48 h-incubation later supemate were collected for the detection of HMGB-1 by ELISA. Results HMGB-1 levels of burned patients with sepsis were ( 12.94±6.54)μ/L,which were much higher than that of healthy donors( [ (2.01±0.03 )μ/L), P <0.01 ]. When monoeytes were stimulated by LPS alone, concentrations of HMGB-1 were (9.39±1.37 ) μ/L, which were obviously higher than that of controls [( 1.48±0.69 ) μ/L), P < 0.01]. Mter pretreated by carbaehol or nicotine,concentrations of HMGB-1 were (3.52±1.64)μ/L and (4.01± 1.56) μ/L respectively, which were obviously decreased compared with that of LPS stimulation alone group ( P < 0.01). When pretreatedby atropine before addition of carbachol, there was no significant changes in concentrations of HMGB-1 [ (3.87±2.01 )μ/L]. When pretreated with α-Bungaretoxin before carbachol adminitration, inhibitive effect of carbachol on production of HMGB-1 were blocked [(8.97±1.97 )μ/L ]. Conclusion The release of HMGB-1 in burned patients with sepsis is increased. Carbachol could obviously reduce the production of HMGB-1, which may affect through activating α 7 subunit of cholinergic N receptor.

Clinical Analysis and Economic Evaluation of 63 Cases of Nosocomial Drug-induced Liver Injury / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for prevention of nosocomial drug-induced liver injury(DILI),early diagnosis of DILI and appropriate disposal of DILI.METHODS:4 975 medical records were randomly collected from a grade three class A hospital during 2008～2009.The incidence of DILI,hospitalization costs,extended time of hospital stay and prevention of DILI were analyzed retrospectively and economic evaluation was carried out.RESULTS:DILI occurred in 63 cases with the incidence rate of 1.27%.Among these cases,10 cases(15.87%) were preventable.For each DILI,average increased medical cost was 3 220.26 yuan and average extended time of hospital stay was 4.38 d.For the preventable DILI,the average increased medical cost was 6 239.85 yuan,and average extended time of stay was 8.30 d.The top 3 drugs which caused liver injury were anti-infective drugs(including antitubercular agent,41.27%),antineoplastic agents(28.57%) and cardiovascular drugs(7.94%).Types of DILI were as follows:live cell injury accounted for 65.08%,cholestasis accounted for 25.40%,and mixed type accounted for 9.52%.CONCLUSION:DILI is characterized with high incidence rate among patients and high medical cost.Some of DILI cases are preventable.Therefore,There is advantage both in clinical and economic aspects to reduce the incidence rate of preventable DILI by emphasizing rational use of drugs.

Biological effects of RelB gene silencing on the dendritic cells derived from bone marrow / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To study the biological effects of nucleic transcript factor NF-?B/RelB gene silencing on bone marrow derived dendritic cells(BMDCs).Methods For constructing a new type of DCs,RNAi RelB DC,mouse BMDCs were cultured through IL-4 and GM-CSF cytokine inducing system and were purified with CD11c positive immunomicrobeads by flow cytometer,and RelB gene was silenced with PCR expression cassettes.The RelB RNA interference effect in DCs was proved at both mRNA and protein levels.The biological characteristics of RNAi RelB DCs were investigated by means of cell morphology,cell surface markers and mixed lymphocyte reaction ability.The cell microstructure was observed using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The cell surface markers,such as MHC-Ⅱ,CD86 and CD40,were detected by flow cytometer.The mixed lymphocyte reaction ability,as well as the ability of DCs in stimulating allogeneic T cells proliferation,was detected by 3H-TdR incorporation method.Results RNAi RelB DCs seemed to have fewer and shorter spikes and many folds under scanning electron microscopy.Many phagocytic vacuoles were observed in the cytoplasm under transmission electron microscopy.DCs surface molecules,MHC-Ⅱ,CD86 and CD40,were expressed at a relatively lower level compared with the control DCs.This RNAi RelB DCs also showed weak allogeneic T cells stimulating ability in vitro in MLR.Conclusion The dendritic cells derived from bone marrow are characterized the biological features and immunological function of immature DC with silencing of RelB gene.This kind of RNAi RelB DCs may be used to induce immunotolerance as a novel tolerogenic DCs.