A mendelian randomization study of the causal association between gastroesophageal reflux and atrial fibrillation / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective In this study，we performed two sampie Mendelian Randomization to infer a causal association between Gastroesophageal reflux(GERD) and Atrial fibrillation(AF)，it can effectively avoid the problems such as reverse causation and confounds in traditional epidemiology. Methods We used the Summary data of GERD and AF from published Genome wide association study(GWAS) of European Individuals. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were extracted as Instrumental Variables (IVs).The main MR methods include Inverse Variance [] Weighted(IVW)，Weighted Median(WME)，MR-Egger，Simple Mode，and Weighted Mode.In addition，we used the sensitivity analysis such as MR-PRESSO，Cochran's Q test etc. Results The IVW shows a causal association between GERD and AF(P<0.0001，OR=1.16，95%CI:1.10-1.23).The WME shows P＜0.0001，OR=1.20，95%CI:1.11-1.30；Simple Mode shows P=0.01，OR=1.34，95%CI:1.07-1.69；Weighted Mode shows P=0.02，OR=1.33，95%CI:1.06-1.66. Conclusion This study based on genetic data supports the causal association between GERD and AF. The occurrence of GERD could increase the risk of AF.

Construction of an evaluation index system for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain - type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To construct an evaluation index system for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept, so as to provide insights into the control and elimination of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis using the One Health approach. Methods A preliminary evaluation index system was constructed based on literature review, panel discussions and field surveys. Thirty-three experts were selected from 7 provincial disease control and prevention centers in Beijing Municipality, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Henan Province, Sichuan Province, Shaanxi Province and Gansu Province where mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis was endemic, and two rounds of expert consultations were conducted to screen the indicators. The positive coefficient, degree of concentration, degree of coordination, and authority of the experts were calculated, and the normalized weights of each index were calculated with the analytic hierarchy process. Results The response rates of questionnaires during two rounds of expert consultation were both 100.00% (33/33), and the authority coefficients of the experts were 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. The coefficients of coordination among experts on the rationality, importance, and operability of the indicators were 0.392, 0.437, 0.258, and 0.364, 0.335, 0.263, respectively (all P values < 0.05). Following screening, the final evaluation index system included 3 primary indicators, 17 secondary indicators, and 50 tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of primary indicators “external environment”, “internal support” and “comprehensive control” were 16.98%, 38.73% and 44.29%, respectively. Among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “external environment”, the highest weight was seen for natural environment (66.67%), and among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “internal support”, the lowest weight was seen for the scientific research for visceral leishmaniasis control (8.26%), while other indicators had weights of 12.42% to 13.38%. Among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “comprehensive control”, the weight was 16.67% for each indicator. Conclusions An evaluation index system has been constructed for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept. In addition to assessment of the effect of conventional mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis control measures, this index system integrates the importance of top-level design, organizational management, and implementation of control measures, and includes indicators related to multi-sectoral cooperation.

Baseline blood pressure does not modify the effect of intravenous thrombolysis in successfully revascularized patients.

Background: Studies indicate a trajectory relationship between baseline blood pressure (BP) and outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) eligible for both intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with alteplase and endovascular treatment (EVT). We determined whether baseline BP modified the effect of IVT in successfully revascularized AIS patients who participated in the Direct Intra-Arterial Thrombectomy to Revascularize AIS Patients With Large Vessel Occlusion Efficiently in Chinese Tertiary Hospitals (DIECT-MT) trial. Methods: The association of baseline systolic BP, trichotomized as high (141-185 mmHg), middle (121-140 mmHg), and low (91-120 mmHg), and the outcomes of any intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), symptomatic ICH (sICH), and mortality and functional outcome on the modified Rankin scale at 90 days were explored. Logistic regression models determined the interaction between clinical outcomes and baseline systolic and diastolic BP, and mean arterial pressure (MAP), at 10 mmHg intervals. Data are reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI. Results: A post-hoc analysis of DIRECT-MT, in 510 of the 656 randomized participants with successful revascularization underwent MT. The overall adjusted common OR of IVT and baseline BP on any ICH, sICH, and 90-day mortality and functional outcome were 0.884 (95%CI 0.613-1.274), 0.643 (95%CI 0.283-1.458), 0.842 (95%CI 0.566-1.252), and 1.286 (95%CI 0.772-2.142), respectively. No significant interaction between baseline blood pressure and intravenous thrombolysis with clinical outcome was observed. Conclusions: In patients with baseline SBP under 185 mmHg, baseline blood pressure does not alter the risk of hemorrhagic transformation and clinicaloutcome in successfully revascularized patients, regardless of intravenous alteplase usage. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings. Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03469206.

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of myocardial injury in patients with sepsis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and risk factors of myocardial injury (MI) in patients with sepsis.Methods Totally 160 patients with sepsis in April 2016 to December 2017,divided into the MI group and non-MI group.The clinical data laboratory findings and ultrasonic cardiographic findings were recorded and compared between the two groups.Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to find the independent risk factors of/MI in patients with sepsis.Results Total of 160 patients with sepsis 75 (46.9％) patients developed MI.The MI group had older age and more patients with history of hypertension than the non-MI group (P＜0.05).In patients with sepsis,diastolic dysfunction accounted for 84.1％,systolic dysfunction accounted for 4.3％,and ventricular wall dyskinesia accounted for 17.3％.Compared with the non-MI group,the MI group had more abnormal wall motion (9.6％ vs 25.8％,P=0.012),lower interventricular septal amplitude (0.87±0.16 vs 0.80±0.21,P=0.03) and left ventricular posterior wall amplitude (1.03±0.21 vs 0.96±0.18,P=0.034),and decreased fractional shortening (P=0.033).Binary logistic regression analysis showed that age (RR=1.033,P=0.018) and decreased fractional shortening (RR=0.000,P=0.024) were independent risk factors of MI in patients with sepsis.Conclusions Age and decreased fractional shortening were independent risk factors of myocardial injury in patients with sepsis.

Microcatheter Looping Technique Facilitates the Embolization of Complex Intracranial Aneurysms with an Acute Angle Branch Incorporated into the Sac.

OBJECTIVE: Intracranial aneurysms with an acutely angled parent vessel are difficult to enter using conventional techniques. This study examined efficacy, safety, and technical aspects of intraluminal, intra-aneurysmal, and in vitro microcatheter looping techniques (MLTs). METHODS: MLTs were used to treat intracranial aneurysms with an incorporated acute angle branch in 29 consecutive patients after failed treatment with conventional techniques. The MLT was adopted based on specific morphologic traits of aneurysms and parent vessels. Narrow-necked aneurysms were generally treated with coiling alone, whereas wide-necked aneurysms and giant aneurysms were treated with stent-assisted coiling. RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 28 of 29 cases (96.6%). In vitro MLT was used in 12 patients, intraluminal MLT was used in 14 patients, and intra-aneurysmal MLT was used in 3 patients. Immediate total occlusion was achieved in 8 patients, near-total occlusion was achieved in 8 patients, and subtotal occlusion was achieved in 13 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The MLT may provide access to an incorporated, acutely angled arterial branch that is difficult to enter using a conventional coiling technique. The in vitro MLT is potentially safer than intraluminal and intra-aneurysmal MLTs because the loop is very stable and requires less manipulation.

Risk factor analysis of intervention for the treatment of neurological complications in the elderly patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysm / 中国脑血管病杂志

Objective To evaluate the risk factors for interventional treatment of neurological complications in elderly patients with rupture intracranial aneurysms.Methods Form December 2004 to December 2014,520 consecutive old patients (≥ 60 years) with ruptured intracranial aneurysm treated at the Department of Neurosurgery,Changhai Hospital,the Second Military Medical University were enrolled retrospectively.The imaging and clinical follow-up results at day 30 after procedure were documented.According to whether the occurrence of interventional therapy-related neurological complications (including intraoperative aneurysm rupture,interventional therapy-related thromboembolic events,early postoperative aneurysm rebleeding,new postoperative subdural hemorrhage or intraparenchymal hemorrhage),they were divided into a complication group (n =68) and a non-complication group (n =452).Univariate statistical analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to screen the independent risk factors for the occurrence of neurologic complications after interventional therapy.Results The incidence of neurological complications in 520 patients with aneurysm was 13.1％ (n =68).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the history of hypertension (OR,2.207,95 ％ CI 1.149-4.240,P ＜ 0.05),Hunt-Hess grade Ⅳ-Ⅴ (OR,4.287,95％ CI 2.048-8.971,P ＜ 0.01),Fisher grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ (OR,2.686,95％ CI 1.483-4.865,P ＜ 0.01),wide-neeked aneurysm (OR,2.884,95 ％ CI 1.511-5.505,P ＜ 0.01),aneurysm bleb (OR,4.560,95 ％ CI 2.500-8.321,P ＜ 0.01),and aneurysm ＜ 3 mm (OR,5.748,95 ％ CI 2.122-15.570,P ＜ 0.01) were the independent risk factors for treatment-related neurological complications in the interventional treatment of intracranial ruptured aneurysms in the elderly.Conclusion The history of hypertension,high Hunt-Hess grade,high Fisher grade,wide-neck aneurysm,aneurysm bleb,and micro-aneurysm are the independent risk factors for treatment-related neurological complications in interventional treatment of intracranial ruptured aneurysms in the elderly.

A prospective study on the predictive value of procalcitonin for postoperative complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective To investigate the utility of plasma procalcitonin (PCT) as an early predictor for postoperative complications in patients who underwent elective pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).Methods Clinical data of 87 patients who underwent elective PD in Changhai Hospital from March.1, 2016 to Dec.31, 2016 were collected.The general data, postoperative recovery, serum PCT level and white blood cell (WBC) count before, 1 d, 3 d and 5 d after PD were recorded.ROC curve was drawn and AUC was calculated to determine the cutoff value, sensitivity and specificity.Patients were divided into complication group (n=42) and noncomplication group (n=45) based on the occurrence of post-operative complications, and the comparisons between the two groups were performed.Results There were no significant differences on the age, gender, diabetes, obstructive jaundice, laboratory tests including PCT, operative time, blood loss volume during surgery and tumor type between the two groups, which were comparable.Complication group had longer hospitalization than noncomplication group (24 d vs 15 d,P0.05), but the plasma PCT level in patients with pancreatic fistula and peritoneal infection on 3 d and 5 d after PD was significantly higher than those in noncomplication group, and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05).The combination of plasma PCT and WBC on 3 d and 5 d after PD was superior to PCT or WBC alone in predicting pancreatic fistula (sensitivity 88.9%, 72.7%;specificity 68.5%, 78.2%) and abdominal infection (sensitivity 100%, 100%;specificity 45.9%, 44.4%).Conclusions Plasma PCT could predict the occurrence of abdominal infection and pancreatic fistula after PD.The combination of PCT and WBC might be more valuable in predicting abdominal infection and pancreatic fistula.

Survey of smoking behaviors among male smokers in two districts of Chengdu / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the smoking behaviors and its influencing factors among male smokers in two districts in Chengdu.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A face to face questionnaire survey was conducted among 320 male smokers in Chengdu. And the data were analyzed with descriptive epidemiological method, t test, χ2 test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wails H rank sum test and cumulative odds logistic regression model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>More cigarette smoking (t=2.327, P=0.021) and using cigarette with lower tar level (t=-11.251, P<0.001) after changing the brand of cigarette were found among the males surveyed. The cumulative odds logistic regression analysis showed that males with lower education level (OR=1.968, P=0.040), with higher income level (OR=2.053, P=0.043), leaving shorter butts (OR=2.366, P=0.010) and with high nicotine dependence (OR=7.143, P<0.001) had more cigarette smoking.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Smokers who changed the brand of cigarette were more likely to choose low tar cigarette. Smokers with low education level, high income level and high nicotine dependence are the target population for health education and behavior intervention in smoking control.</p>

Study of distribution and influencing factors of lead and cadmium in whole blood and urine among population in 8 provinces in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in blood and urine among general population in China, and thereby analyze their prevalent features.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 18 120 subjects from general population aged 6-60 years were recruited from 24 districts in 8 provinces in eastern, central and western China mainland from 2009 to 2010, by cluster random sampling method. The blood samples and urine samples of these people were collected. The questionnaire survey was used to collect the information of the living environment and health conditions.Inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry was applied to test the Pb and Cd levels in the samples, and the distribution of Pb and Cd in blood and urine for different ages, genders, areas and life habits were then analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the general population in China, the geometric mean (GM) of blood Pb concentration was 34.9 µg/L; the GM of blood Pb in male and female groups were 40.1 and 30.4 µg/L (Z = -28.05, P < 0.05), respectively; the GM from eastern, central and western China were 31.2, 38.8 and 58.9 µg/L (χ(2) = 1 483.33, P < 0.05) , respectively. The GM of urine Pb of the whole population was 1.05 µg/L;while the GM in male and female groups were 1.06 µg/L and 1.05 µg/L (Z = -0.73, P > 0.05) , respectively;the values from eastern, central and western China were 0.76, 2.85 and 3.22 µg/L (χ(2) = 1 982.11, P < 0.05), respectively. The GM of blood Cd concentration among general population was 0.49 µg/L; and the values in male and female group were 0.60 and 0.41 µg/L (Z = -11.79, P < 0.05) , respectively; the GM from eastern, central and western China were 0.45, 0.65 and 0.67 µg/L (χ(2) = 69.87, P < 0.05), respectively; the GM of urine Cd concentration of the whole population was 0.28 µg/L, while the GM in male and female groups were 0.29 and 0.28 µg/L (Z = -3.86, P < 0.05), respectively; the values from eastern, central and western China were 0.29,0.42 and 0.18 µg/L (χ(2) = 402.76, P < 0.05), respectively. the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient for Cd in blood and Cd in urine was 0.22, for Pb in blood and Pb in urine was 0.21. Both the correlations were statistic significant (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The Pb and Cd levels in blood and urine were relatively higher among general population in China varying by gender and area. There were positive correlations between Pb and Cd levels in blood and those in urine.</p>

Study of distribution and influencing factors of arsenic in whole blood and urine among population in 8 provinces in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluated the levels of arsenic (As) in blood and urine among general population in China and analyze its influencing factors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 18 120 subjects from general population aged 6-60 years were recruited from 24 districts in 8 provinces in eastern, central and western China mainland from 2009 to 2010, by cluster random sampling method. Blood samples and urine samples were collected, the information of the life-style was collected by questionnaire.Inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry was applied to test the As level in the samples, and the distribution of As in blood and urine for different ages, genders, areas and life habits were then analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The geometric mean (GM) of blood As concentration among general population was 2.33 µg/L;the GM of blood As in male (2.35 µg/L) was higher than and female (2.30 µg/L) (Z = -1.42, P < 0.05); from eastern, central to western China, the blood As level were 2.94, 1.30 and 0.98 µg/L (χ(2) = 643.22, P < 0.05) , respectively; the GM in smokers (2.84 µg/L) was higher than non-smokers (2.27) (Z = -6.28, P < 0.05) ;the seafood consumer had a higher blood As level (2.59 µg/L) than people not consuming seafood (1.47 µg/L) (Z = -23.68, P < 0.05). The urine As level of the whole population was 13.72 µg/L;while its GM in male (14.10 µg/L) was higher than female (13.33 µg/L) (Z = -3.94, P < 0.05); the values from eastern, central to western China were 14.14, 16.02 and 9.57 µg/L (χ(2) = 353.89, P < 0.05), respectively;the level in smokers (16.06 µg/L) was higher than nonsmokers (13.70 µg/L) (Z = -2.63, P < 0.05); the level in seafood consumers (14.82 µg/L) was higher than people not consuming seafood (10.99 µg/L) (Z = -3.20, P < 0.05). The blood As level had a positive correlation with urine As level (correlation coefficient:0.285, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The As level in blood and urine varied by gender and area among general population in China, and related to life-styles. There was a positive correlation between As level in blood and that in urine.</p>

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons monohydroxy metabolites level in urine of general population in eight provinces of China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons monohydroxy metabolites in urine of general population in China among 8 provinces, provide the baseline of the metabolites in the general population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 2009 to 2010, 18 120 subjects of general population aged 6-60 years old were recruited from 24 areas among 8 provinces in east, west and central areas of China mainland by cluster random sampling. The information of the living environment and health condition were collected by questionnaire and spot urine samples were collected, 4 680 urine samples were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and monohydroxy metabolites distribution in urine among groups of gender and ages were analysed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Geometric means (GM) of 2-naphthol, 1-naphthol, 3-phenanthrol and 1-hydroxypyrene concentration in urine (95%CI) were 1.85 (1.75-1.95), 1.55 (1.50-1.61), 0.57 (0.54-0.59) and 0.82 (0.78-0.85) µg/L, respectively;and median are 2.44, <0.50, 0.72 and 0.90 µg/L, respectively. The concentration between male and female were significantly different (P < 0.01), and the concentration among the groups of population were significantly different (P < 0.01), the GM of 2-naphthol among the groups of population aged 6-12, 13-16, 17-20, 21-30, 31-45 and 46-60 years old were 1.60, 1.56, 1.69, 2.23, 1.91 and 1.86 µg/L (χ(2) = 17.90, P < 0.01), the GM of 1-naphthol in the groups were 1.30, 1.16, 1.53, 1.68, 1.80 and 1.52 µg/L (χ(2) = 76.22, P < 0.01), the GM of 3-phenanthrol in the groups were 0.78, 0.76, 0.55, 0.42, 0.50 and 0.99 µg/L (χ(2) = 66.48, P < 0.01), the GM of 1-hydroxypyrene in the groups were 0.77,0.64, 1.00, 0.84, 0.84 and 0.57 µg/L (χ(2) = 51.48, P < 0.01), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The distribution of monohydroxy metabolites levels in urine of general population were different, it provided a basic data for the further study of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biomonitoring in the population.</p>

Distribution of copper and zinc in blood among general population from 8 provinces in China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the level of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in whole blood among general population from 8 provinces in China, and to analyze the characteristics of distribution among different regions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This cross-sectional study was performed in 8 provinces from eastern, middle and western China between 2009 and 2010, including 13 110 subjects from 24 regions, and the blood and urine samples were collected. The ICP-MS was applied to test the content of ICP-MS in blood samples, and the results were used to analyze the characteristics of contents and distributions of Zn and Cu among population from different ages, genders and regions groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Totally, the mean (95%CI) contents of Cu and Zn in blood were 795 (791-799)µg/L and 3 996(3 976-4 015) µg/L, respectively. The characteristics of distribution of Cu content were as followed, the content of males were lower than it of females (male:767 µg/L; female: 822 µg/L, t = -13.302, P < 0.01). The contents of blood Cu in groups of people aging 6-12, 13-16, 17-20, 21-30, 31-45 and 46-60 years old were separately 860(853-868), 758(748-769), 734(728-734), 782(774-790), 811(795-827) and 820(815-826) µg/L. The differences showed statistical significance (F = 78.77, P < 0.01). The blood Cu content of people in eastern China (800µg/L) were also significantly higher than it in middle (774 µg/L)and western China (782 µg/L) (F = 10.94, P < 0.01). Distribution of blood Zn content showed characteristics as follows: the Zn content was higher in males than in females (male 4 085 µg/L and female 3 908 µg/L, t = 8.78, P < 0.01). The contents of blood Zn in groups of people aging 6-12, 13-16, 17-20, 21-30, 31-45 and 46-60 years old were separately 3 306 (3 261-3 350), 3 888 (3 839-3 937), 3 948 (3 902-3 994), 4 272(4 228-4 315), 4 231(4 180-4 281) and 4 250 (4 205-4 294)µg/L, which showed significant statistical differences (F = 233.68, P < 0.01). The blood Zn content of people in eastern China (3 938 µg/L) were significantly lower than it in middle (4 237 µg/L)and western China (4 105 µg/L) (F = 53.16, P < 0.01). In addition, the study also compared the relation between content of Cu and Zn and the frequency of eating seafood. The results found that the frequency of eating seafood could influence the content of Cu and Zn (Cu: F = 13.54, P < 0.01; Zn: F = 200.20, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The contents and distributions of Cu and Zn in blood differs among people from different groups in ages, genders and regions. The baseline data of this study provided reliable scientific evidence for further research.</p>

Distribution of manganese, cobalt and molybdenum in blood and urine among general population in 8 provinces of China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluated the manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) levels in blood and urine among general population in China, and thereby to analyze their prevalent features.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From 2009 to 2010, a total of 18 120 subjects of general population aged 6-60 years were recruited from 24 districts in 8 provinces in eastern, central and western China mainland, by cluster random sampling method. The information about their living environment and health status were collected by questionnaire, and their blood and urine samples were also collected.Inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to test the Mn, Co and Mo levels of blood and urine samples, and the Mn, Co, Mo distribution in blood and urine among groups of population in different ages and genders were then analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among general population in China, the geometric mean (GM) of Mn concentration in blood was 8.98 µg/L. The Mn concentration in blood among males and females were separately 8.14 µg/L and 9.88 µg/L (Z = -18.84, P < 0.01). The GM of Mn concentration in urine was 0.63 µg/L. The Mn concentration in urine among males and females were separately 0.62 µg/L and 0.63 µg/L (Z = -0.67, P > 0.05). The geometric mean (GM) of Co concentration in blood was 0.194 µg/L. The Co concentration in blood among males and females were separately 0.166 µg/L and 0.225 µg/L (Z = -23.04, P < 0.01). The GM of Co concentration in urine was 0.282 µg/L. The Co concentration in urine among males and females were separately 0.260 µg/L and 0.307 µg/L (Z = -7.35, P < 0.01). The GM of Mo concentration in blood was 0.25 µg/L. The Mo concentration in blood among male and female group were separately 0.27 µg/L and 0.23 µg/L (Z = -5.03, P < 0.01). The GM of Mo concentration in urine was 27.7 µg/L. The Mo concentration in urine among males and females were 29.8 µg/L and 25.6 µg/L (Z = -6.31, P < 0.01), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The Mn, Co and Mo levels in blood and urine varied by gender and area among general population in China, the study provided basic data evidence for the following Mn, Co and Mo biological monitoring studies in near future.</p>

Benefits and challenges of medical student volunteer involvement in community diabetes education / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To investigate the benefits and challenges of medical student volunteers'involvement in community diabetes education and to provide evidence for future development and suggestions.Methods Self-made questionnaire survey and interview were conducted among members of community health education volunteer in Southeast University.Data concerning basic group composition,major service contents,intention and gain,sources of motivation,knowledge acquisition and skill training were analyzed.Results 88.t04％ volunteers chose professional work as the kind of work they were most interested in,in contrast,69.56％ did nonprofessional work in reality.Initial intention of 66.30％ volunteers was ‘to beautify curriculum vitae'.‘Morality promotion' was taken as major gain by most volunteers (36.96％) while ‘morality promotion' was the initial intention of only 4.89％ volunteers.46.20％volunteers thought that their sources of motivation came from ‘ recognition of society and university'.Through training and voluntary service,it was evident that volunteers gained increased diabetes knowledge,stronger professional identity and confidence as well as deeper understanding of patients' needs,but there were real demand for training in education and clinical skills.Conclusions The introduction of medical student voluntary service into community diabetes education is a win-win cooperation,which can cultivate college students' high morality as well as strengthen the community health education team.However,we still face challenges in volunteer team building and management.

Evaluation of the cellulase cost during the cassava cellulose ethanol fermentation process / 生物工程学报

Cellulose takes nearly 10% (W/W) dry weight of cassava tubers. In this study, the cellulase cost of different ethanol fermentation from cassava cellulose was evaluated. The processes include the direct saccharification and fermentation of original cassava cellulose residues, the direct saccharification and fermentation of pretreated cassava cellulose residues, and the simultaneous co-saccharification and fermentation of cassava starch and cassava cellulose. The results show that the cassava cellulose utilization in the first two processes were low with the enzyme cost of 13 602 and 11 659 RMB Yuan per tone of ethanol, respectively. In the third process, the final ethanol concentration increased from 101.5 g/L to 107.0 g/L when cassava cellulose and cassava starch were saccharified simultaneously. Comparing to the first two processes, the third one demonstrated the lowest enzyme cost at 3 589 RMB Yuan per ton of ethanol, which was less than the ethanol price and no additional equipment and operation cost input were added. The conclusion provided a practical way of cassava cellulose utilization in cassava ethanol industry.

The prevalence and dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus-1 subtypes among men who have sex with men in Beijing / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To investigate the subtype distribution and changing trend of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 strains among men who have sex with men (MSM) during 2005-2011 in Beijing.Methods Five serial cross-sectional surveys of MSM were conducted in the year of 2005-2006,2007,2008,2009,and 2010-2011 in Chaoyang district of Beijing.Whole blood samples were collected and then RNA was extracted.HIV-1 gag gene was characterized by reverse transcriptase and nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification,DNA sequencing,and phylogenetic analysis of viral sequences to determine the HIV-1 subtypes.Results Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that the predominant subtypes of HIV-1 gag gene included subtype B,CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC.And CRF15_01B was detected from the year of 2008.In addition,significant changes of the distributions of subtypes and CRFs occurred from 2005 to 2011 in HIV+ MSM.Subtype B showed a significant decreased trend,while the proportions of CRF01 _AE and CRF07_BC significantly increased in the 7-year period,particularly that of CRF01_AE.Conclusions The substantial changes are observed in the diversity of HIV-1 strains circulating among MSM in Beijing during a 7-year period.

Analysis of the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA levels in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumor cells by real-time RT-PCR / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To compare the levels of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) from HIV-1 infected and HIV-1 negative individuals and in human tumor cells in the presence or absence of TLR ligand stimulation.Methods TaqMan probe real-time RT-PCR method for human IDO mRNA was established; IDO mRNA levels in the PBMCs from HIV-1+ and HIV-1-individuals were tested; IDO mnRNA levels in mucosal origin(T84,Caco-2,Hela) and leukocyte origin(THP-1,MT-4) tumor cells before and after exposure to agonists for TLR4,TLR7/8 and TLR9 were examined.Results It was found that a high level of IDO mRNA could be found in HIV-1+ individuals( 103.42 copy IDO mRNA/106 copy GAPDH mRNA) ; however,some high risk HIV-1-individuals may have also a high level of IDO mRNA.Some of the tumor cells could express higher level of IDO mRNA after exposure to TLR agonist.Conclusion This study indicated a role for IDO in the viral persistence and tumor formation in HIV/AIDS and further studies were warranted.

The investigation and analysis of the current status of drug-resistant tuberculosis among migratory population in Chaoyang district in Beijing / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the latest situation in the period 2006-2008 of drug resistance tuberculosis among migratory population in Chaoyang district of Beijing.Methods All sputum culture-positive specimens from migratory population were collected.Drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to M,H,R and E were tested by proportion method.Results Drug susceptibility of 371 isolates from 2006-2008 were tested.Total drug resistance wag 22.4%(83/371),the primary drug resistance and the acquired drug resistance were 17.5%(58/331)and 62.5%(25/40)respectively.The multi-drug resistance was 5.9%(22/371);the primary multi-drug resistance was 4.2%(14/331)and acquired multi-drug resistance wag 20.0%(8/40).The drug resistance and multi-drug resistance were higher in treated cases than that in new cases.and the difference wag statistically significant(χ~2 was 39.020 and 13.210,P<0.01).The drug resistance to 4 anti-tuberculosis drugs from high to low was M(16.7%).H(12.1%),R(11.3%),E(1.9%).The primary drug resistance rate were 13.3%(S),8.8%(H),8.2%(R),1.8%(E).The acquired drug resistance rate were 45.5%(S),40.0%(H),37.5%(R),2.5%(E).The drug resistance to S,H and R were higher in treated cases than that in new cases,and the difference was statistically significant(χ~2 was 23.549,29.810 and 27.754,P<0.01).Conclusion The drug resistance to mycobacterium tuberculosis among migratory population was relatively high in chaoyang district of Beijing,suggesting the necessity to strength the tuberculosis control program for migratory population.

Process strategy for ethanol production from lignocellulose feedstock under extremely low water usage and high solids loading conditions / 生物工程学报

The massive water and steam are consumed in the production of cellulose ethanol, which correspondingly results in the significant increase of energy cost, waster water discharge and production cost as well. In this study, the process strategy under extremely low water usage and high solids loading of corn stover was investigated experimentally and computationally. The novel pretreatment technology with zero waste water discharge was developed; in which a unique biodetoxification method using a kerosene fungus strain Amorphotheca resinae ZN1 to degrade the lignocellulose derived inhibitors was applied. With high solids loading of pretreated corn stover, high ethanol titer was achieved in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process, and the scale-up principles were studied. Furthermore, the flowsheet simulation of the whole process was carried out with the Aspen plus based physical database, and the integrated process developed was tested in the biorefinery mini-plant. Finally, the core technologies were applied in the cellulose ethanol demonstration plant, which paved a way for the establishment of an energy saving and environment friendly technology of lignocellulose biotransformation with industry application potential.