RESUMEN
Infant formulas are designed to provide sufficient energy and the necessary nutrients to support the growth and development of newborns. Currently, research on the functions of formula milk powder focuses on clinical research and cell experiments, and there were many cell experiments that investigated the effect of infant formulas on cellular growth. However, most of the cells used are tumor cell lines, which are unable to simulate the real digestion process of an infant. In this study, we innovatively proposed a method that integrates human small intestinal organoids (SIOs) with transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. We induced directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into SIOs and simulated the intestinal environment of newborns with them. Then, three kinds of 1-stage infant formulas from the same brand were introduced to simulate the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of the infant intestine. The nutritional value of each formula milk powder was examined by multi-omics sequencing methods, including transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis. Results showed that there were significant alterations in gene expression and metabolites in the three groups of SIOs after absorbing different infant formulas. By analyzing transcriptome and metabolome data, combined with GO, KEGG, and GSEA analysis, we demonstrated the ability of SIOs to model the different aspects of the developing process of the intestine and discovered the correlation between formula components and their effects, including Lactobacillus lactis and lactoferrin. The study reveals the effect and mechanisms of formula milk powder on the growth and development of infant intestines and the formation of immune function. Furthermore, our method can help to construct a multi-level assessment model, detect the effects of nutrients, and evaluate the interactions between nutrients, which is helpful for future research and development of infant powders.
RESUMEN
Introduction: Human milk is widely acknowledged as the optimal food for infant aged 0 ~ 6 months. While there has been extensive documentation on the mineral and trace element composition of human milk, results on the relationship between mineral content and infant growth remain mixed. This cross-sectional study aims to explore human milk mineral patterns and to investigate associations between human milk mineral patterns, human milk metabolomic profile and infant growth. Methods: A total of 200 breast milk samples from seven cities in China was included. Human milk mineral and trace elements was detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). K-means cluster analysis was utilized to derived human milk mineral patterns. Untargeted human milk metabolomic profiles was determined using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Differences of infant growth rate and metabolomic profiles were then compared across patterns identified. Results: Three human milk mineral patterns were identified. Cluster I was characterized as the highest levels of potassium, magnesium and calcium, while the lowest levels of copper, zinc, manganese and selenium. Cluster II showed the most abundant sodium, iron, zinc, manganese and selenium. Cluster III had the lowest levels of sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron and calcium. Infants of cluster I showed significantly higher length-for-age z score (0.60 ± 2.03, p = 0.03). Compared with other clusters, samples of cluster I showed lower expression of metabolites of arachidonic acid (ARA) and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathway. Discussion: A human milk mineral pattern was identified which is related to increased infant growth rate and altered metabolic signature. Future work is needed to understand these human milk patterns in terms of biologic mechanisms and generalization to other populations.
RESUMEN
This investigation was to study the effects of different formula components on the brain growth of rats. Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: a basic diet group; a 20% ordinary milk powder group; a 20% special milk powder group; a 30% ordinary milk powder group; and a 30% special milk powder group by weight. LC-MS was used to detect brain lipidomics. After 28 days of feeding, compared with the basic diet group, the brain/body weights of rats in the 30% ordinary milk powder group were increased. The serum levels of 5-HIAA in the 30% ordinary milk powder group were lower than in the 20% ordinary milk powder group. Compared with the basic diet group, the expressions of DLCL, MePC, PI, and GM1 were higher in the groups with added special milk powder, while the expressions of LPE, LdMePE, SM, and MGTG were higher in the groups with added ordinary milk powder. The expression of MBP was significantly higher in the 20% ordinary group. This study found that different formula components of infant milk powder could affect brain growth in SD rats. The addition of special formula infant milk powder may have beneficial effects on rat brains by regulating brain lipid expression.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Fórmulas Infantiles , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Animales , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratas , Leche/química , Suplementos Dietéticos , Lipidómica , Polvos , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta/métodosRESUMEN
This scoping review aims to investigate longitudinal changes in minerals and vitamins concentrations in human milk among the Chinese population. Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a comprehensive and systematic literature search was conducted using both English and Chinese databases. Data were extracted and categorized into six defined lactation stages. We found that the concentration of most minerals decreased throughout the lactation period, although calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) fluctuated slightly across lactation periods. Fat-soluble vitamins also showed a decline throughout the lactation period, while water-soluble vitamins exhibited an increasing trend. However, folic acid, biotin, and pantothenic acid demonstrated a downward trend. Overall, this review has identified the longitudinal changes in minerals and vitamins concentrations in human milk among the Chinese population. In order to conduct a more in-depth examination of maternal characteristics and nutritional factors of the composition of human milk, it is recommended to utilize standardized protocols for the collection and analysis of human milk samples.
Asunto(s)
Lactancia , Leche Humana , Minerales , Vitaminas , Humanos , Leche Humana/química , Femenino , Minerales/análisis , Vitaminas/análisis , China , Estudios Longitudinales , Pueblo Asiatico , Adulto , Pueblos del Este de AsiaRESUMEN
Phospholipids (PLs) and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are naturally present in breast milk and play important roles in promoting the growth of the infant. Several studies have investigated the effects of the combination of PLs and LCPUFAs on neurodevelopment. However, data on the effectiveness of infant formula containing both PLs and LCPUFAs on the neurodevelopment of infants is still scarce. This randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical study was designed to evaluate the effect of an infant formula enriched with PLs and LCPUFAs on growth parameters and neurodevelopmental outcomes in term infants up to 365 days of age. Infants were enrolled within 30 days of birth who were then randomly assigned to either a control group (n = 150) or an investigational group (n = 150). Both groups consist of cow's milk-based formula which were generally identical in terms of composition, except that the investigational formula was additionally supplemented with PLs and LCPUFAs. The infants were followed for the first year of life. Breastfed infants were the reference (n = 150). Bayley Scales of Infant Development [3rd edition (Bayley-III)], Carey Toddler Temperament Scales (TTS), MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI), Single Object Attention and Free Play Tasks were used to evaluate neurodevelopmental outcomes of infant at 365 days of age. In addition, Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) were also conducted at 120, 180, and 275 days of age. Compared to breastfeeding, both infant formulas were well-tolerated and provided adequate growth, with no adverse events being reported throughout the study. Infants of the investigational group showed higher mean scores in Bayley-III cognitive performance (104.3 vs. 99.0, p < 0.05), language (106.9 vs. 104.5, p < 0.05), and motor skills (109.2 vs. 103.9, p < 0.05) compared the control group. Similar results were being reported for other developmental scales including TTS and ASQ. Notably, the test scores of infants fed the investigational formula were similar to those who were breastfed. Our results indicate that PL and LCPUFA supplementation may be beneficial for neurodevelopment of infants throughout the first year of life. Further studies are needed to investigation long-term effects PL and LCPUFA on neurodevelopment in early life.
RESUMEN
This research aimed to investigate the characteristics of casein phosphopeptides in Chinese human milk, and their potential relationship to infant growth. Using the liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry technique, a total of 15 casein phosphopeptides were identified from 200 human milk samples. Also, our results indicate that casein phosphopeptides were phosphorylated with only one phosphate. The relative concentrations of casein phosphopeptides at 6 months postpartum were increased compared with milk at 2 months (FDR < 0.05). Significantly positive correlations were observed between casein phosphopeptides and infant growth, as shown by four casein phosphopeptides were positively correlated with the infants' weight-for-age Z-scores (rs range from 0.20 to 0.29), and three casein phosphopeptides were positively correlated with the infants' length-for-age Z-scores (rs range from 0.19 to 0.27). This study is the first to reveal the phosphorylated level and composition of casein phosphopeptides in Chinese human milk, and their potential relationship with infant growth.
Asunto(s)
Leche Humana , Fosfopéptidos , Lactante , Femenino , Humanos , Animales , Leche Humana/química , Fosfopéptidos/química , Caseínas/química , Estudios Transversales , Leche/química , ChinaRESUMEN
Natural components of breast milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and osteopontin (OPN) have been shown to have a variety of functional activities and are widely used in infant formulas. However, the preventive and therapeutic effects of both on influenza viruses are not known. In this study, antiviral assays using a human laryngeal carcinoma cell line (HEP-2) showed that 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and OPN had the best antiviral ability with IC50 values of 33.46 µM and 1.65 µM, respectively. 3'-SL (10 µM) and OPN (4 µM) were used in combination to achieve 75% inhibition. Further studies found that the combination of 200 µg/mL of 3'-SL with 500 µg/mL of OPN exerted the best antiviral ability. The reason for this was related to reduced levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS in relation to mRNA expression. Plaque assay and TCID50 assay found the same results and verified synergistic effects. Our research indicates that a combination of 3'-SL and OPN can effectively reduce inflammatory storms and exhibit anti-influenza virus effects through synergistic action.
Asunto(s)
Gripe Humana , Orthomyxoviridae , Lactante , Femenino , Humanos , Osteopontina/genética , Gripe Humana/tratamiento farmacológico , Leche Humana/metabolismo , Oligosacáridos/farmacología , AntiviralesRESUMEN
Milk proteins are well known to produce aerated food due to the amphiphilicity. However, milk proteins are commonly added in blends for the desirable properties in food industry. In this study, the foaming properties of milk protein mixtures (MPM), a mixtures of whey protein isolated (WPI) and milk protein concentrate (MPC), was studied through foaming capacity (FC), foam stability (FS), and foam morphology at pH 3.0-9.0. Physiochemical, structural, surface properties, and Pearson correlation analysis were measured to gain insight into foaming behavior. Results indicated that MPM showed excellent FC (113.0-114.3 %) and FS (90.7-93.0 %) at pH 6.0-9.0, and foam displayed a smaller size and uniform distribution. MPM solutions showed smaller particles, higher solubility, and lower apparent viscosity at pH 6.0-9.0, which resulted in an increase in surface pressure and adsorption rate (Kdiff), facilitating more protein absorbed to interface. To further investigate structural changes, various spectral methods were used, in which the structure of MPM was changed with pH. Correlation analysis further suggests that Kdiff and solubility positively affect the formation of foam, while free sulfhydryl and ß-sheet contributed to stabilizing foams. These findings provide valuable information on MPM as ingredients for aerated foods under acidic, neutral, and alkaline conditions.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de la Leche , Proteínas de la Leche/química , Propiedades de Superficie , Viscosidad , Solubilidad , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Proteína de Suero de Leche/químicaRESUMEN
This multiscale study aimed to evaluate the effects of different salts (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2) on the foaming capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS) of model protein systems (MPS) for infant formula via changes in surface and structural properties. Our results showed that the FC and FS of MPS were increased with the addition of NaCl, KCl, and MgCl2, whereas CaCl2 significantly decreased FC (79.5 ± 10.6%) and increased FS (93.2 ± 2.2%). The surface hydrophobicity was increased and the net charge and surface tension were reduced after the addition of salts. Structural analysis revealed the reduction of intensity of intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy and UV absorption, and the conversion of α-helix into ß-strand, which was attributed to protein agglomeration. Additionally, MgCl2 and CaCl2 exhibited larger size and lower net charge compared with NaCl and KCl, indicating a greater ability to bind to charged amino acids and form larger aggregates. Correlation analysis indicated that FC was positively related to adsorbed protein and ß-turn and negatively correlated with particle size. In addition, FS showed a positive correlation with ß-strand, apparent viscosity, and zeta potential. However, it exhibited a negative correlation with ß-turn, α-helix, and sulfhydryl content. These results provide a theoretical reference for further understanding of the effect of salts on the foaming properties of MPS.
RESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the covalent binding of flaxseed protein (FP) and chlorogenic acid (CA) on the structure and functional properties of FP-CA complexes fabricated using the alkali method. The results suggested that the encapsulation efficiency of CA encapsulated by FP ranged from 66.11% to 72.20% and the loading capacity of CA increased with an increasing addition ratio of CA with a dose-dependent relationship, which increased from 2.34% to 10.19%. The particle size, turbidity, zeta potential and PDI of FP and the FP-CA complexes had no significant discrepancy. UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra showed the existence of the interaction between FP and CA. SEM images showed that the surface of the FP-0.35%CA complex had more wrinkles compared to FP. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated the decomposition temperature of FP at 198 °C was higher than that (197 °C) of the FP-0.35%CA complex, implying that the stability of the FP-CA complexes was lower than FP. The functional properties suggested that the FP-CA complex with 1.40% CA had a higher water holding capacity (500.81%), lower oil holding capacity (273.495%) and lower surface hydrophobicity. Moreover, the FP-CA complexes had better antioxidant activities than that of FP. Therefore, this study provides more insights for the potential application of FP-CA covalent complexes in functional food processing.
RESUMEN
Lactobacillus plantarum is a kind of probiotic that benefits the host by regulating the gut microbiota, but it is easily damaged when passing through the gastrointestinal tract, hindering its ability to reach the destination and reducing its utilization value. Encapsulation is a promising strategy for solving this problem. In this study, transglutaminase (TGase)-crosslinked gelatin (GE)/sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) hydrogels were used to encapsulate L. plantarum. The effects of TGase concentration and drying method on the physiochemical properties of the hydrogels were determined. The results showed that at a TGase concentration of 9 U/gGE, the hardness, chewiness, energy storage modulus, and apparent viscosity of the hydrogel encapsulation system were maximized. This concentration produced more high-energy isopeptide bonds, strengthening the interactions between molecules, forming a more stable three-dimensional network structure. The survival rate under the simulated gastrointestinal conditions and storage stability of L. plantarum were improved at this concentration. The thermal stability of the encapsulation system dried via microwave vacuum freeze drying (MFD) was slightly higher than that when dried via freeze drying (FD). The gel structure was more stable, and the activity of L. plantarum decreased more slowly during the storage period when dried using MFD. This research provides a theoretical basis for the development of encapsulation technology of probiotics.
Asunto(s)
Lactobacillus plantarum , Probióticos , Gelatina/farmacología , Viabilidad Microbiana , Transglutaminasas/farmacología , Hidrogeles/farmacología , Liofilización , Probióticos/químicaRESUMEN
Odor analysis of human milk (HM) is often challenging. Here, a new strategy for the analysis of odorants in HM using dynamic headspace sampling combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (DHS/GC × GC-O-MS) was established based on the comparison of different extraction methods and instrument modes. Overall, DHS/GC × GC-O-MS was proved to be able to provide higher extraction efficiency and better analytical results of the odor-active compounds (OACs) in HM, meanwhile, the salt addition during the extraction further promoted the release of the odorants. Twenty key OACs in HM were identified by flavor dilution analysis and odor activity calculation, of which 1-octen-3-one, 2,3-butanedione, (E)-2-nonenal, and nonanal contributed significantly to the odor of HM. In addition, 2,3-pentanedione was detected as a key OAC in HM for the first time. This study provided a powerful analytical strategy for the comprehensive odor analysis of HM.
Asunto(s)
Leche Humana , Odorantes , Humanos , Odorantes/análisis , Olfatometría/métodos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodosRESUMEN
Intestinal flora is very important for improving the development of the immune system in newborns. Maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation is one of the key factors affecting the growth and development of offspring. The objective of the present study was to examine whether supplementation of maternal diet with milk oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium could influence the development of the intestinal flora and immune system of neonatal mice. In total, 30 pregnant Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly divided into six groups: a control group (basal diet) and five intervention groups (basal diet supplemented with different doses of 2'-fucosyllactose [2'-FL] and Bifidobacterium Bb12) during the pregnancy period. All female mice were monitored for physical health during gavage. After delivery, the number of mice in each litter, any deformity, and the development of the offspring were recorded. The spleen, blood, and fecal samples of six groups of 10-12 day-old offspring were collected. The results demonstrated that maternal milk oligosaccharides and probiotics conferred protective effects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immunosuppression in mice offspring by significantly enhancing the immune organ indexes, splenocyte proliferation, immunoglobulin (immunoglobulin G, A, M) production as well as improving the macrophage phagocytosis (p < .05). The abundance of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria in the feces of offspring mice in the intervention groups was significantly higher than that of the offspring mice in the control group (p < .05). These findings suggest that the combination of 2'-FL and Bifidobacterium Bb12 displayed synergistic interactions between the two components that could promote the development of the immune system of the offsprings and improve their microbiota through maternal ingestion.
RESUMEN
Lactoferrin (LF) from bovine milk possesses antioxidant activity, immune regulatory and other biological activities. However, the effects of epicatechin (EC) and epigallocatechin (EGC) interacting with LF on the antioxidant activity of LF have not been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore their interaction mechanism and the antioxidant activity of LF. UV spectra revealed that EGC (100 µM) induced a higher blue shift of LF at the maximum absorption wavelength than that of EC (100 µM). Fluorescence spectra results suggested that LF fluorescence was quenched by EC and EGC in the static type, which changed the polarity of the microenvironment around LF. The quenching constants Ksv (5.91 × 103-9.20 × 103) of EC-LF complexes at different temperatures were all higher than that (1.35 × 103-1.75 × 103) of the EGC-LF complex. EC could bind to LF via hydrophobic interactions while hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces drove the binding of EGC to LF. Both the EC-LF complex and EGC-LF complex could bind to LF with one site. EGC formed more hydrogen bonds with LF than that of EC. The antioxidant activity of LF was increased by the high addition level of EC and EGC. These findings would provide more references for developing LF-catechin complexes as functional antioxidants.
RESUMEN
Osteopontin is a crucial protein ingredient that has been applied in fortified dairy products and infant formula. It has great significance to infant gut health and brain development. However, current techniques including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are still facing the bottleneck of low sensitivity and indirect quantification. Moreover, the unavailable certified commercial OPN standard hinders its accurate quantification. Herein, a novel method of anion-exchange chromatography was established to determine OPN concentration in several dairy matrices. The polarity-reversed capillary isoelectric focusing was utilized to measure the exact isoelectric point (pI) to support method development for OPN separation. Analytical ultracentrifugation was used to calibrate the purity of intact OPN to develop an in-house reference standard. The method showed the merits of limits of detection to 0.04 mg/100 g, relative standard deviation of reproducibility <5% for 13 out of 14 tested matrices, and an average recovery rate of 101.3%. This method has shown the potential to be adopted as an international standard method for the quantification of intact OPN in infant formula and dairy products.
Asunto(s)
Fórmulas Infantiles , Osteopontina , Lactante , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Cromatografía Liquida , Aniones , Productos Lácteos , UltracentrifugaciónRESUMEN
Oxylipins and their precursors (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, LCPUFAs) are key intercellular signaling molecules influencing the inflammatory response. Each oxylipin has pro- and/or anti-inflammatory effects, and the relative abundance of different oxylipins can alter the inflammatory balance, making it important to clarify the oxylipin profile of breast milk for optimal infant health. The extraction, identification, and simultaneous quantification of oxylipins in breast milk are challenging due to the structural similarity, limited stability, and the low endogenous concentration of oxylipins and the complex matrix of breast milk. This study aimed to develop a solid phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) method for the comprehensive and specific quantification of oxylipins and their precursors in breast milk. The LC conditions (including column, mobile phase, and gradient conditions) and SPE procedure (including SPE cartridges, elution solvent, and elution volume) were optimized to achieve accurate quantification and better analyte recovery. A single 18-minute chromatographic run allows for the quantification of 20 oxylipins and 5 PUFAs. The results showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99) over the concentration range of 2 to 100 ng/mL, with the instrument detection limits ranging from 0.01 to 0.90 ng/mL for oxylipins and 0.02 to 0.59 ng/mL for PUFAs. The method is rapid, sensitive, and reproducible (RSD ≤ 10%) and is suitable for the quantitative analysis of oxylipins and their precursors in infant formula samples.
Asunto(s)
Leche Humana , Oxilipinas , Humanos , Femenino , Leche Humana/química , Oxilipinas/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida , Extracción en Fase Sólida , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/análisisRESUMEN
Changes in the functions of the intestinal barrier occur in parallel with the development of sepsis. The protection by Bifidobacterium strains (BB, BL, BB12, and BLBB) was evaluated in mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results revealed an increase in the ratio of ileal villus length to crypt depth in the BLBB group compared with that in the LPS group, as were the number of IgA+ plasma, CD4+/CD8+ T, and dendritic cells. The levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) and d-lactic acid in the serum were lessened in the BLBB group after LPS injection compared with that in the LPS group. In addition, the BLBB group exhibited an increased expression level of tight junction proteins (zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-1), mucin (MUC2) mRNA, reduced NFκB/MAPK signaling pathways, and decreased expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α). The BLBB group enriched the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Clostridia_Ucg-014, and Alistipes, resulting in an increase in strains producing short-chain fatty acids. Furthermore, the BLBB group leads to higher levels of deoxycholic acid and biosynthesized linoleate. This study suggested that the BLBB group could enhance the capacity of the intestinal barrier and intestinal mucosal immunity, reduce intestinal inflammation, and improve the composition of gut microbiota. Bifidobacterium bifidum E3 combined with Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis E4 may thus serve as a probiotic against the intestinal injury caused by LPS.
Asunto(s)
Bifidobacterium bifidum , Bifidobacterium longum , Enfermedades Intestinales , Ratones , Animales , Lipopolisacáridos/efectos adversos , Lipopolisacáridos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/genética , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/genética , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Bifidobacterium longum/genética , Bifidobacterium longum/metabolismoRESUMEN
Staphylococcus aureus is a common foodborne pathogen which can form biofilms to help them resist to antimicrobials. It brings great harm to human health. Punicalagin has good antimicrobial activities against S. aureus, but its effect on biofilm formation has not been clearly illustrated. The aim of this study was to explore the antibiofilm effects of punicalagin against S. aureus. Results showed that punicalagin did not significantly interfere with the growth of S. aureus at the concentrations of 1/64 MIC to 1/16 MIC. The biomass and metabolic activity of biofilms were significantly reduced when exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of punicalagin. The number of viable cells in the biofilms was also decreased after punicalagin treatment. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy images confirmed that punicalagin damaged the structure of biofilms. The antibiofilm mechanism was partly due to the modification of the cell surface which led to the reduction of cell surface hydrophobicity. These findings suggest that punicalagin has the potential to be developed as an alternative to control S. aureus biofilms.
RESUMEN
The gut microbiota plays an evolutionarily conserved role in host metabolism, which is influenced by diet. Here, we investigated differences in shaping the gut microbiota and regulating metabolism in cow milk-based infant formula, goat milk-based infant formula, and mix milk-based infant formula compared with pasteurized human milk. 16S rRNA results showed that goat milk-based infant formula selectively increased the relative abundance of Blautia, Roseburia, Alistites and Muribaculum in the gut compared to other infant formulas. Metabolomics identification indicated that goat milk-based infant formula mainly emphasized bile acid biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism and steroid biosynthesis metabolic pathways. Metabolites associated with these metabolic pathways were positively associated with increased microorganisms in goat milk-based infant formula, particularly Alistipes. Furthermore, we found a deficiency of Akkermansia abundance in three infant formula-fed compared to pasteurizedhuman milk-fed. This study presents new insights into the improvement and application of goat milk-based infant formulas in terms of intestinal microecology.
Asunto(s)
Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Fórmulas Infantiles , Bovinos , Femenino , Humanos , Animales , Lactante , Ratones , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Leche Humana , Heces , Cabras/genéticaRESUMEN
Staphylococcus aureus has posed a huge threat to human health and the economy. Oleuropein has antibacterial activities against various microorganisms but research on its effect on the S. aureus biofilm is limited. This research aimed to estimate the antibiofilm activities of oleuropein against S. aureus. The results suggest that the minimum inhibitory concentration of oleuropein against S. aureus ATCC 25923 was 3 mg/mL. The biomass of biofilms formed on the microplates and coverslips and the viability of bacteria were significantly reduced after the treatment with oleuropein. The scanning electron microscopy observation results indicated that the stacking thickness and density of the biofilm decreased when S. aureus was exposed to oleuropein. It had a bactericidal effect on biofilm bacteria and removed polysaccharides and proteins from mature biofilms. The effects of oleuropein on the biofilm could be explained by a reduction in bacterial secretion of extracellular polymeric substances and a change in bacterial surface hydrophobicity. Based on the above findings, oleuropein has the potential to be used against food pollution caused by S. aureus biofilms.