Localized biogenic volatile organic compound emission inventory in China: A comprehensive review.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the precursors of forming ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Accurate estimates of biogenic VOC (BVOC) emissions is essential for understanding the formation mechanism of O3 and PM2.5 pollution and precise reduction on anthropogenic emissions and thereby mitigating O3 and PM2.5 pollution. To gain comprehensive knowledge of BVOC emissions and improve the accuracy of their estimation, this study reviewed localized national, regional, and municipal emission estimations in China. From their comparisons, BVOC emission characteristics and deficiencies in the inventory compilation methodology were also investigated. The estimated BVOC emissions in China ranged between 10 and 58.9 Tg yr-1 and 10.9-18.9 Tg C yr-1, with diverse contributions for different BVOC categories. The simulated historical and future BVOC emissions exhibited an increasing trend. The uncertainty of the BVOC estimates was mainly from the applications of incomplete emission models, less localized accurate emission factors, deficient vegetation cover information, and low-resolution meteorological data in the inventory compilation. The regional and municipal BVOC emission inventories mainly focused on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Pearl River Delta, Sichuan Basin, and Yangtze River Delta regions, as well as the cities therein. For the same area, different studies reported diverse BVOC emissions by a maximum of two orders of magnitude. There is usually a lack of basic data with more detailed investigations and higher precision for estimation of BVOC emissions. By summarizing the measurements on terrestrial and marine BVOC emission fluxes, they are mainly focused on the Guangdong, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces, and Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea, respectively. Expanding the temporal and spatial scales of observations is encouraged to enhance our understanding on the emissions and improve the emission estimates.

Variations in VOCs Emissions and Their O3 and SOA Formation Potential among Different Ages of Plant Foliage.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plant foliage play an important role in ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Their emissions can be influenced by the leaf age. We explored the VOCs emissions and their effects on the formation of O3 and SOA from plant foliage in different ages. VOCs emissions from the young, mature, and senescent leaves of Ginkgo biloba, Ligustrum lucidum, and Forsythia suspensa were measured using the dynamic enclosure system and the TD-GC-MS technique. Based on the emission rates of quantified compounds, their potential to form O3 and SOA was estimated. Results showed that there were significant differences in the VOCs emission rate and their composition among leaves in different ages. The emission rate of the total VOCs by young leaves was the highest, while the lowest by senescent leaves. Monoterpenes were the dominant VOCs category, and isoprene emission had the lowest contribution for the leaves at each age. With increasing leaf age, the proportion of monoterpenes emission increased, and the proportion of sesquiterpenes decreased. The variations of isoprene and other VOCs were different. The potentials of total VOCs, isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other VOCs to form O3 (OFP) and SOA (SOAP) varied significantly among leaves at different ages. The total OFP and SOAP were the highest by young leaves, while the lowest by senescent leaves. With increasing leaf age, the contribution of monoterpenes to OFP and SOAP also increased, while that of sesquiterpenes decreased. Our study will provide support for the more accurate parameterization of the emission model and help to understand the VOCs emissions and study the precise prevention and control of complex air pollution at different times.

Oral nifedipine versus intravenous labetalol for hypertensive emergencies during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aim: The optimal drug management strategy for severe hypertension during pregnancy remains inconclusive. Some randomized controlled trials found that oral nifedipine was more effective than intravenous labetalol in hypertensive emergencies during pregnancy, while others found otherwise. As a result, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of oral nifedipine versus intravenous labetalol for hypertensive emergencies during pregnancy.Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials that compared oral nifedipine versus IV labetalol in hypertensive emergencies during pregnancy.Results: 12 RCTs enrolling 1151 participants (573 in the labetalol group and 578 in the nifedipine group) were included in the meta-analysis. Patients who received oral nifedipine reached their target blood pressure more rapidly than those who received intravenous labetalol (MD 7.64, 95%CI 4.08-11.20, p < .0001). The nifedipine group required fewer doses to achieve the target blood pressure (MD 0.62, 95%CI 0.36 to 0.88, p < .00001). There were no meaningful differences on the maternal complications between the two groups, mainly including eclampsia (OR 1.51; 95% CI, 0.75-3.05; p = .25), headache (OR 0.86; 95% CI, 0.52-1.44; p = .57), nausea/vomiting (OR 1.50; 95% CI, 0.76-2.93; p = .24), hypotension (OR 0.49; 95% CI, 0.12-1.99; p = .32), dizziness (OR 2.01; 95% CI, 0.77-5.25; p = .16), HELLP (OR 0.27; 95% CI, 0.05-1.64; p = .16), palpitations (OR 0.63; 95% CI, 0.32-1.27; p = .20), flushing (OR 0.77; 95%CI, 0.18-3.22; p = .72). There were no significant difference in the neonatal complications, including NICU admission (OR 1.24; 95% CI, 0.87-1.77; p = .23), 5 min Apgar score < 7 (OR 1.07; 95% CI, 0.82-1.39; p = .63), neonatal deaths (OR 1.08; 95%CI, 0.66-1.76; p = .77), FHR abnormality (OR 0.94; 95%CI, 0.47-1.88; p = .86).Conclusion: In conclusion, oral nifedipine could achieve target blood pressure more rapidly and required fewer doses than intravenous labetalol in the management of hypertensive emergencies during pregnancy.

Anticancer Benefit of Metformin in Patients With Early-Stage Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Epidemiologic studies have produced conflicting results on the effects of metformin on pancreatic cancer. This study aimed to observe and analyze whether metformin use is associated with better prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, all baseline data were retrieved from The Chinese Medicine Information Retrieval System (https://dc.wzhospital.cn/vpn/index.html) of The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. Survival data were collected by follow-up visits and medical records. Overall survival was the primary endpoint, while progression-free survival and disease-free survival were secondary endpoints. Progression or recurrence was assessed with radiologic images. Results: Seventy-six metformin users and 92 metformin nonusers diagnosed with pancreatic cancer from 2012 to 2020 in this hospital were enrolled. The adjusted hazard ratio for overall survival for metformin users was 0.50 (95% confidence interval = 0.33-0.76), where median overall survival was 16.0 months for metformin users versus 11.5 months for metformin nonusers. The protective effect was also found by analyzing progression-free survival (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.39, 95% confidence interval = 0.18-0.86) and disease-free survival (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.30, 95% confidence interval = 0.14-0.68). In the subgroup analysis, metformin use had a statistically significant association with prolongation of survival in stage I to II pancreatic cancer patients (hazard ratio = 0.47, 95% confidence interval = 0.25-0.91), but not for advanced tumor stage (hazard ratio for IV stage = 0.62, 95% confidence interval = 0.33-1.19), after adjustment for other risk factors. Conclusion: Metformin use is related to favorable survival outcomes of pancreatic cancer, especially in early tumor stage.

Effects of methyl halide flux characteristics following Spartina alterniflora invasion in a seaward direction in a temperate salt marsh, China.

In this study, we explored the source-sink characteristics of methyl halide (CH3X; X = Cl, Br, I) in coastal wetlands located in temperate regions, and identified key factors affecting the spatio-temporal variation of CH3X during the invasion of Spartina alterniflora. We used static chamber-gas chromatography to monitor CH3X fluxes in the S. alterniflora area and bare flat area of the Jiaozhou Bay salt marsh for a long time from August 2015 to May 2017. Our results indicated that CH3X emissions showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variations. The S. alterniflora area was a source of CH3X, with higher fluxes in the spring and autumn seasons. CH3X fluxes were higher during the daytime than at night, and the diurnal difference in CH3Br was the most significant (4.51 times). The bare flat area was mainly a sink for CH3X, and the maximum absorption flux occurred in summer. At this time, the microbial activity was greater, and the consumption rate during the day was higher than that at night. Extreme linear correlations existed between the fluxes of CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I (P < 0.01), indicating that the production and consumption of the three gases were likely to have similar mechanisms and were affected by the same factors. S. alterniflora invasion increased CH3X emissions and shifted the original bare flat area from a sink to a source of CH3X. The biomass of S. alterniflora, especially the leaf, significantly affects CH3X fluxes. Additionally, S. alterniflora increased the content of total organic carbon, total sulfur, available sulfur, and iron (III) in the soil, which were the main factors promoting the source-sink transformation of CH3X. Based on the current invasive area of S. alterniflora in China, we estimated that the annual emissions of CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I from S. alterniflora into the troposphere were 9.04 × 106, 2.42 × 105 and 2.06 × 105 mol, respectively.

Cytotoxic tigliane diterpenoids from Euphorbia neorubella.

Two new tigliane diterpenes, named eupneonoids A (1) and B (2), together with four known analogues (3-6) were isolated from the whole plant of Euphorbia neorubella Bruyns. Their structures were deduced based on the detailed spectroscopic analysis. All the isolates displayed cytotoxic effects against A549 human tumor cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 1.318 to 7.042 µM.

Synthesis of 1-substituted phenazines as novel antichlamydial agents.

A novel series of 1-substituted phenazines 4a-4l were designed and synthesized via Palladium-catalyzed reactions from 1-phenazine trifluoromethanesulfonate. These phenazines showed antichlamydial activity with IC50 values from 1 to 10 µM. Among them, compounds 4c and 4i exhibited the best antichlamydial activity with IC50 values from 2.06 to 2.74 µM without apparent cytotoxicity to host cells.

[Effects of Spartina alterniflora Invasion on Soil Phosphorus Forms in the Jiaozhou Bay Wetland].

To investigate the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on soil phosphorus(P) cycling in coastal wetlands, we selected a S. alterniflora zone(SA zone) and mudflat zone(MF zone) in the Jiaozhou Bay as the target areas for the study. The variability of total phosphorus(TP), inorganic phosphorus(IP), and their component contents in wetland soils after S. alterniflora invasion and their influencing factors was evaluated. The results showed that the average contents of TP(472.70 mg·kg-1) and IP(239.00 mg·kg-1) in the soils were significantly higher than those of TP(386.19 mg·kg-1) and IP(212.68 mg·kg-1) in the pre-invasion area, with an increase of 22.40% and 12.38%, respectively. The IP fractions in the study area were dominated by calcium-phosphorus(Ca-P) and iron-phosphorus(Fe-P), accounting for 45%-61% and 31%-49% of IP, respectively. The Ca-P content of the soil in the 10-30 cm layer decreased significantly(P<0.05) after S. alterniflora invasion, which was especially significant in July. The Fe-P content increased significantly(P<0.05); in the 0-40 cm soil layer, Fe-P was higher than that in the 40-60 cm layer(P<0.05), and showed significant enrichment in the 10-40 cm soil in July. The structural equation model showed that organic matter(OM) had a significant positive effect on TP and Fe-P after S. alterniflora invasion(P<0.01), and the normalized path coefficients were 0.775 and 0.724, respectively. Fe-P had a significant negative effect on Ca-P after invasion(P<0.01) with a normalised throughput coefficient of -0.435. The study found that S. alterniflora invasion generally increased wetland soil P content, while promoting the conversion of Ca-P to Fe-P, improving wetland P bioavailability.

[Influence of Impervious Surface Roughness on Accumulation and Erosion of Urban Non-Point Source Particles].

At present, there are few reports about how impervious surface microstructure characteristics affect the runoff output process of street dust. Based on field observations of 12 rainfall events, this study quantified the microstructure characteristics of impervious surfaces by structural depth (roughness) and analyzed the correlation between roughness and accumulation characteristics of street dust on sunny days as well as scouring characteristics in rainy days. The results show that the roughness of the underlying surface notably affects dust accumulation on sunny days and scouring in rainy days. The correlation between roughness and street dust accumulation (r=0.664, P<0.01) was enhanced on sunny days, and the correlation between roughness and street dust erosion (r=0.527, P<0.01) was enhanced by rainfall. The correlation of street dust accumulation and roughness of each particle size segment increased as particle size increased (0.529 ≤ r<0.757), and the correlation between street dust scouring amount and roughness decreased as particle size increased (0.603 > R > 0.209). By establishing the linear regression model of roughness and rainfall, the cumulative pollution load of TSS in rainfall runoff can be well predicted. The effects of roughness and rainfall on the cumulative load of grain sizes<20 µm and >250 µm are significant. These results elucidate the role of roughness and rainfall analysis in predicting surface runoff pollution load characteristics, which can provide new information for predicting and evaluating urban non-point source pollution.

Inhibitory Activity of Pyrroloisoxazolidine Derivatives against Chlamydia trachomatis.

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is a group of worldwide human pathogens that can lead to serious reproductive problems. The frequent clinical treatment failure promoted the development of novel antichlamydial agents. Here, we firstly reported a group of pyrroloisoxazolidine-inhibited C. trachomatis in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity with IC50 values from 7.25 to 9.73 µM. The compounds disturbed the whole intracellular life cycle of C. trachomatis, mainly targeting the middle reticulate body proliferation stages. Besides, the compounds partially inhibited the chlamydial infection by reducing elementary body infectivity at high concentration. Our findings suggest the potential of pyrroloisoxazolidine derivatives as promising lead molecules for the development of antichlamydial agents.

Deciphering nitrogen removal mechanism through marine anammox bacteria treating nitrogen-laden saline wastewater under various phosphate doses: Microbial community shift and phosphate crystal.

The effect of phosphate on marine anammox bacteria (MAB)-dominated anammox process in nitrogen-laden saline wastewater was first investigated. The activity of MAB was enhanced by dosing low concentrations of phosphate (5-30 mg/L PO43--P), and the time of complete ammonium removal was shortened by 0.5 h. When PO43--P exceeded 160 mg/L, the calcium magnesium phosphate precipitation was formed in the reactor. The contact between substrates and biomass was hindered by the sediments, and the nitrogen removal performance of MAB was also worsened. At 400 mg/L PO43--P, the ammonium removal rate and nitrite removal rate decreased to 0.45 and 0.43 kg/(m3⋅d), respectively. During the 158-day operation, MAB was still the dominant strain, but its relative abundance decreased by 15.4% at 400 mg/L PO43--P. Besides, the presence of sediments stimulated the production of extracellular polymeric substances and the maximum yield reached 11.25 mg/g⋅wet weight at 200 mg/L PO43--P.

[Transition of Particulate Pollutant in the Parcel-based Catchment of Sponge City].

Most sponge city constructions in China are carried out in urban parcel-based catchments, and the quality and quantity of surface runoff can be controlled by several low impact development (LID) facilities. However, there are few reports on the generation and control of urban diffuse pollution. In this study, two areas with different hardening rates were compared to analyze the load conditions during the accumulation-wash-off-transport process of particulate pollutants. The results showed that the road surface in the catchment was the main underlying surface that the particulate pollutants contributed to. The road dust accumulation in the medium hardening rate (61.1%) and high hardening rate (73.6%) plots accounted for 88.4% (2.22-12.51 g ·m-2) and 90.1% (4.99-33.43 g ·m-2) of the catchment area unit, respectively. The contribution to the suspended solids (SS) load of runoff was 91.7% (0.97-7.34 g ·m-2) and 90.5% (0.92-18.77 g ·m-2), respectively. The SS load of road runoff accounted for approximately 95.2% and 83.1%, respectively. The pollution load (SS) after treatment by the LID facilities was approximately 24.0% and 40.2% of the surface runoff, respectively. The particle size distribution of road dust during the accumulation and wash-off processes was>150 µm, while that in surface and output runoff was <50 µm. With the increase in the impervious area, the distribution of finer particles (<105 µm) in the process of accumulation and wash-off increased (24.4%, 106.4%), while the distribution of particles <50 µm in road runoff decreased (12.4%). The particle size distribution of the accumulated, washed dust, and the rain runoff on the roof were roughly similar to those on the road. However, compared to the particle size distribution of road dust, in the accumulation and wash-off processes, the coarser particles (>1000 µm) of the medium hardening rate plot and the particles of size 250-450 µm and <45 µm of the high hardening rate plot increased significantly (>1000 µm: 58.1%, 108.5%; 250-450 µm: 72.9%, 41.8%; <45 µm: 59.2%, 64.8%). The results revealed the entire distribution process (accumulation-wash-off-transport) of particulate pollutants and the effect of LID facilities on the total SS pollution load of the catchment, which can provide an important reference for the scientific assessment of the project performance of LID installation in urban parcel-based catchments.

[Influence of Pervious/Impervious Pattern on Runoff and Pollution in Parcel-based Catchment].

Determining the influence of pervious/impervious underlying surface pattern (composition, position, proportion, etc.) on the generation capacity of surface runoff and pollution in the urban parcel-based catchment could aid in alleviating the urban waterlogging and control non-point source pollution significantly. Landscape metrics were used to analyze the relationship between the characteristics of pervious/impervious underlying surface pattern and total runoff (Q) and the cumulative load of dissolved pollutants (Ld) and particulate pollutants (Lp). The results showed that: ① For the metrics of fragmentation, the patch density (PD) was positively correlated with Q and Ld. and largest patch index (LPI) was negatively correlated with them. Especially, the PD exhibited a significantly positive correlation with Ld(r=0.59, P<0.05, calculated in COD). However, the LPI exhibited a significantly negative correlation with Ld (r=-0.60, P<0.05, calculated in COD). ② For the metrics of complexity, landscape shape index (LSI) was positively correlated with Q and Lp, and mean shape index (MSI) was negatively correlated with them. Especially, the LSI exhibited a significantly positive correlation with Lp (r=0.61, P<0.05, calculated in TP) significantly. However, the MSI exhibited a significantly negative correlation with Lp (r=-0.62, P<0.01, calculated in TP) significantly. ③ For the metrics of vergence, the split index (SPLIT) was positively correlated with Q and Ld, and the cohesion index (COHESION) was negatively correlated with them. The COHESION exhibited a significantly negative correlation with Ld(r=-0.59, P<0.05, calculated in COD), whereas the SPLIT exhibited a significantly positive correlation with Ld (r=0.6, P<0.05, calculated in COD). ④ In the planning on the distribution and pattern of pervious surface under small-scale catchment, it is suggested that the scattered small-regular patches should be transformed to large-irregular patches or patch group. The relationship of the fragmentation, complexity, and vergence of pervious/impervious surface, with the runoff generation, and pollution output in parcel-based catchment was analyzed, which provided a new method for rainfall runoff and pollution control by considering rational allocation of LID facilities in terms of its pattern characteristics (area, distance, shape, etc.).

Microglia polarization of hippocampus is involved in the mechanism of Apelin-13 ameliorating chronic water immersion restraint stress-induced depression-like behavior in rats.

Chronic stress induces the activation of hippocampal microglia, which produces many inflammatory mediators and mediates the occurrence of depression. Two phenotypes of microglia polarization, the classical M1 and alternative M2, play important regulatory roles in neuroinflammation and are involved in the occurrence and development of depression. Apelin is derived from a precursor peptide consisting of 77 amino acids and is a natural ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor APJ. Apelin-13 is one of the subtypes of Apelin and has a wide range of biological effects. Studies have shown that Apelin-13 has an antidepressant effect, but its specific mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, the purpose of this study is to explore the possible mechanism of Apelin-13 to improve depression-like behaviors induced by chronic stress in rats from the perspective of microglial polarization in vivo. Adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats received 28 days of chronic water immersion restraint stress (CWIRS). Apelin group was injected with Apelin-13 (2 µg/2 µL) through the intracerebroventricular for 7 days. The results showed that CWIRS can induce depression-like behaviors in rats. Compared with the CWIRS + saline group, the CWIRS + Apelin-13 group was significantly improved the depression-like behaviors in rats. Compared with the CWIRS + saline group, the CWIRS + Apelin-13 group was significantly down-regulated the protein expression of M1-type marker iNOS and the pro-inflammatory factors IL-1ß and IL-6 secret by microglia decreased. Compared with the CWIRS + saline group, the protein expression of M2-type marker Arg1 and anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10 secreted by microglia was significantly increased in CWIRS + Apelin-13 group. Double-labelling immunofluorescence co-localization showed that, compared with the CWIRS + saline group, CWIRS + Apelin-13 group significantly inhibited the co-localization expression of Iba-1 and iNOS, and promoted the co-localization expression of Iba-1 and Arg1 in hippocampus microglia. Taken together, our study suggests that Apelin-13 improves depression-like behavior in rats induced by CWIRS and its mechanism may be related to the regulation of microglial polarization.

[Pollutant Transport Analysis and Source Apportionment of the Entire Non-point Source Pollution Process in Combined Sewer Systems].

A comprehensive and scientific understanding of non-point source pollutant transport pathways and source apportionment in combined sewer systems is essential for managing and improving the urban water environment. This study analyzed build-up and wash-off processes of pollutants on road surfaces and in sewers within a catchment of combined sewer systems in a typical old district in Zhuhai. Besides, source apportionment of the entire urban non-point source pollution was investigated by using the mass conservation method. The outcomes revealed that the build-up load of road deposited sediments in the study area was (28.81±10.69) g·m-2. The average wash-off load of road deposited sediments during five different rainfall events was (19.27±10.90) g·m-2 and the wash-off percentage was (52.69±13.3)%. The event mean concentrations of suspended solids (SS) in road runoff were 52-109 mg·L-1, and the event mean concentrations of SS in sewer runoff were 68-158 mg·L-1. Source apportionment analysis showed that road runoff, domestic wastewater, and sewer sediments contributed 39%-72%, <20%, and 13%-56% to SS, respectively. The thickness of sewer sediments increased by 1-14 cm during light and moderate rains, and the thickness decreased by 7-17 cm during heavy rains. It was found that rainfall characteristics affected the contribution percentages of pollution sources. The contribution of pollution from road runoff, domestic sewage, and sewer sediments in combined sewer systems were 2%-52%, 9%-65%, and 8%-81%, respectively. The derived outcomes should be useful for developing recommendations to control non-point source pollution in combined sewer systems and improve urban receiving water quality in China.

Adenosine A2A Receptor Mediates Inhibition of Synovitis and Osteoclastogenesis after Electroacupuncture in Rats with Collagen-Induced Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: This study was to investigate the role of adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) in inhibiting the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on osteoclastogenesis in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS: Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham-control group, CIA-control group, CIA-EA group, and CIA-EA-SCH58261 (A2AR antagonist) group. We detected tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), protein kinase A (PKA), and extracellular regulatory protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in peripheral blood by ELISA. PKA, ERK1/2, and NF-κB in ankle joints were determined by western blotting. We evaluated the arthritis damage by histological examination and determined the number of osteoclasts by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. RESULTS: EA treatment downregulated the expression of TNF-α, RANKL, PKA, ERK1/2, and NF-κB in peripheral blood but increased the levels of PKA and ERK1/2 in ankle joints. Importantly, EA treatment reduced bone erosion as evidenced by the histological findings and inhibited osteoclastogenesis as revealed by TRAP staining. All these effects of the EA treatment were reversed by combining EA treatment with the A2AR antagonist SCH58261. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that EA treatment activated A2AR. The effects of the A2AR antagonist SCH58261 suggest that the inhibition of osteoclast formation, the inhibition of TNF-α, RANKL, and NF-κB expression, and the increase of ERK1/2 are all dependent on this EA-induced A2AR activation. It is therefore likely that these pathways with clearly defined roles in inflammation and bone erosion are at least partially involved in the mediation of the inhibition of synovitis and osteoclast formation induced by EA.

Influence of urban surface roughness on build-up and wash-off dynamics of road-deposited sediment.

An in-depth understanding of the impacts of surface roughness on road-deposited sediment (RDS) build-up and wash-off is essential for the estimation of surface runoff loads and design of RDS control measures. In this study, RDS build-up and wash-off dynamic processes were investigated on paired asphalt and concrete road surfaces with 35 days of continuous sampling during different natural rainfall events. Our results showed that RDS build-up loads and grain size composition were affected by surface roughness, while the impact of surface roughness on the length of the dynamic equilibrium period was not notable. Selective wash-off of RDS with different effects according to grain size are more likely to occur on asphalt road surfaces during rainfall-runoff, but the RDS wash-off percentage is not affected by surface roughness during snowmelt-runoff. Both total apparent depression depth and micro-depression structures influence RDS build-up and wash-off dynamics. These results imply that surface roughness has combined effects on RDS build-up and wash-off dynamics during the generation and control of urban diffuse pollution.

Pain management of surgical abortion using transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation: An orthogonal prospective study.

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the optimal combination of parameters for the management of pain during surgical abortion using transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation (TEAS). METHODS: This study recruited patients scheduled for surgical abortion between October 2014 and August 2015. The treatment protocol was created using three levels for each factor (stimulating time, acupoints, age, and parity). The primary outcomes were intraoperative visual analog scale (VAS), postoperative VAS, cervical relaxation degree and intraoperative blood loss. The secondary outcomes were the vital signs. RESULTS: Stimulation time was associated with intraoperative VAS scores (P < 0.001), acupoints were associated with postoperative VAS scores (P = 0.037), and age was associated with postoperative VAS scores (P < 0.043). Parity (P = 0.025) was associated with heart rate. A comprehensive analysis of the parameters revealed the best levels for each (stimulation time: from 15 min before operation to immediate postoperative; acupoints: SP 6 and LR 3; patient age 25.1-30.0 years; and parity: G≥2 P0 A≥1 ). Seven patients did not complete follow-up. The remaining 135 subjects did not show continuous vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, fever or any other adverse effect. CONCLUSION: During surgical abortion, TEAS stimulation from 15 min before operation to immediate postoperative, SP 6 and LR 3, age 25.1-30.0 years and G≥2 P0 A≥1 were associated with the best analgesic effect.

Photocatalytic degradation of cooking fume on a TiO2-coated carbon nanotubes composite filter.

A TiO2/MWCNTs/Al2O3/NF (TiO2 nanoparticles/multi-walled carbon nanotubes /Al2O3-modified nickel foams) composite filter was prepared through grown of MWCNTs upon Al2O3-modified nickel foams using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method and then coated TiO2 nanoparticles onto MWCNTs using dip-coating method. The MWCNTs forms a network-like structure on the surface layer of composite filter. The BET surface area of TiO2/MWCNTs/Al2O3/NF composite filter is more than 375 times higher than that of the pristine nickel foam. The degradation performance of oil particles was evaluated. Under optimized reaction conditions, 90% of the oleic acid on the filter was decomposed after 25 h. In addition, the effect of reaction temperature and light intensity were studied. Increased reaction temperature and light intensity were found to significantly improve the degradation rate and restrain the formation of refractory product. Furthermore, a parallel reaction kinetic model was adopted for degradation of oleic acid on the composite filter. The composite filter can reduces the accumulation of oil particles on the filter and the energy consumption of the filter. This approach proposes a new way to treat the cooking fume emission at residential building roofs.

[Clinical observation of the phased acupuncture for ischemic stroke hemiplegia].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect difference among the staged acupuncture combined with conventional rehabilitation, traditional acupuncture combined with conventional rehabilitation, and conventional rehabilitation in the patients with ischemic stroke hemiplegia. METHODS: A total of 145 patients with ischemic stroke hemiplegia were randomly assigned into an observation group (49 cases), a control group A (49 cases) and a control group B (47 cases). All the patients were received aspirin tablets 100 mg orally, once a day. The staged acupuncture according to Brunnstrom's theory combined with conventional rehabilitation were used in the observation group, at the acupoints in the yangming meridian during the flaccid paralysis phase, at the acupoints in the antagonistic muscle and the tendon of spastic dominant muscle during the spasm stage, and at the acupoints in the yangming meridian and Taixi (KI 3), Guanyuan (CV 4) and Qihai (CV 6) during the sequela stage. Conventional traditional acupuncture at the acupoints in the yangming meridian combined with conventional rehabilitation were applied in the control group A. Simple conventional rehabilitation was used in the control group B. Patients in the observation group and the control group A were received acupuncture and rehabilitation once a day from Monday to Friday, 2 weeks as 1 course; patients in the control group B were received the same rehabilitation as the observation group. The indexes were observed before treatment and at the end of the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks of treatment, including National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), short form Fugl-Meyer motor function assessment (FMA) scale, Fugl-Meyer balance (FM-B) scale, comprehensive spasm scale (CSS) and modified Barthel index (MBI). RESULTS: Compared with those before treatment, except the MBI score in the control group B after 2 weeks' treatment, the NIHSS, FMA, FM-B and MBI scores were improved in all three groups at the end of the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks of treatment (P<0.01, P<0.05). At the end of the 2nd week of treatment, the NIHSS and CSS scores were lower (P<0.05, P<0.01), the FMA, FM-B and MBI scores were higher (all P<0.05) in the observation group and the control group A than those in the control group B. After 4, 6 and 8 weeks' treatment, the FMA, FM-B and MBI scores were higher (P<0.05, P<0.01), the NIHSS and CSS scores were lower (all P<0.01) in the observation group than those of control group A and control group B; the FMA, FM-B and MBI scores in the control group A were higher than those in the control group B (P<0.05, P<0.01); the NIHSS and CSS scores in the control group A were lower than those in the control group B (P<0.05, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Staged acupuncture combined with conventional rehabilitation are consistent with the rehabilitation rule of patients with hemiplegia. They can improve motor function and the ability of daily life. They achieve better effect than traditional acupuncture combined with rehabilitation.