Selenylation to charge transfer improvement at the counter electrode (CE)/electrolyte interface for nanocrystalline Cu1.8S1-xSex CEs.

Pt counter electrodes (CEs) have been widely used in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) due to their high conductivity and electrocatalytic activity. However, industrialization of DSSCs is limited by shortcomings of Pt CEs such as being expensive, and weak corrosion resistance in electrolytes. Reported in this paper is two simple approaches to Pt-free Cu1.8S1-xSex CEs. Nanocrystalline Cu1.8S1-xSex CEs were fabricated via two processes, that is, a solvothermal process to Cu1.8S1-xSex powder followed by CE fabrication, and a solvothermal process and CE fabrication to Cu1.8S films followed by selenylation to Cu1.8S1-xSex CEs. Photoelectric conversion efficiencies (PCE) of 4.02% and 4.16% were achieved respectively by the as-fabricated Cu1.8S1-xSex CEs. Compared with the cells with Cu1.8S CEs fabricated by the same processes, increases of 19% and 45% were achieved, respectively. The PCE improvement comes from the enhancement of charge transfer at the CE/electrolyte interface induced by the selenylation of the CEs.

Rapid host strain improvement by in vivo rearrangement of a synthetic yeast chromosome.

Synthetic biology tools, such as modular parts and combinatorial DNA assembly, are routinely used to optimise the productivity of heterologous metabolic pathways for biosynthesis or substrate utilisation, yet it is well established that host strain background is just as important for determining productivity. Here we report that in vivo combinatorial genomic rearrangement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast with a synthetic chromosome V can rapidly generate new, improved host strains with genetic backgrounds favourable to diverse heterologous pathways, including those for violacein and penicillin biosynthesis and for xylose utilisation. We show how the modular rearrangement of synthetic chromosomes by SCRaMbLE can be easily determined using long-read nanopore sequencing and we explore experimental conditions that optimise diversification and screening. This synthetic genome approach to metabolic engineering provides productivity improvements in a fast, simple and accessible way, making it a valuable addition to existing strain improvement techniques.

Correlations among copeptin, ischemia-modified albumin, and the extent of myocardial injury in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning.

This study evaluated the relationships among copeptin, ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), and extent of myocardial injury in patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning (ACOP). A total of 110 patients with different degrees of ACOP were selected as the poisoning group, and 30 healthy individuals as the control group. The levels of troponin I (cTnI), IMA, and copeptin were detected. Based on the presence of complications, the patients were assigned to the complication (26 patients) or non-complication (84 patients) group. Levels of cTnI, IMA, and copeptin were compared among the control, complication, and non-complication groups. Compared with the control group, in the 2 h after admission, the IMA levels decreased and copeptin levels increased in the poisoning group; these changes were more significant in patients with severe ACOP than in those with mild ACOP, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no differences in the IMA and copeptin levels between the groups 7 days after admission; the cTnI levels increased more significantly in patients with severe ACOP than in patients with mild and moderate ACOP, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the complication group, at 7 days after admission, the IMA levels decreased whereas the copeptin and cTnI levels were significantly higher than in the non-complication group, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). IMA was negatively correlated with copeptin. IMA and copeptin detection is clinically useful in the early diagnosis and prognosis of ACOP-related myocardial injury and in guiding early clinical drug application.

Effect of GABA on oxidative stress in the skeletal muscles and plasma free amino acids in mice fed high-fat diet.

Increased levels of plasma free amino acids (pFAAs) can disturb the blood glucose levels in patients with obesity, diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome (MS) and are associated with enhanced protein oxidation. Oxidation of proteins, especially in the muscles, can promote protein degradation and elevate the levels of pFAAs. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a food additive, can reduce high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperglycaemia; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of GABA on protein oxidation and pFAAs changes. One hundred male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into five groups that were fed with control diet, HFD and HFD supplied with 0.2%, 0.12% and 0.06% GABA in drinking water for 20 weeks respectively. HFD feeding led to muscular oxidative stress, protein oxidation, pFAA disorders, hyperglycaemia and augmented plasma GABA levels. Treatment with GABA restored normally fasting blood glucose level and dose-dependently inhibited body weight gains, muscular oxidation and protein degradation. While medium and low doses of GABA mitigated HFD-induced pFAA disorders, the high dose of GABA deteriorated the pFAA disorders. Medium dose of GABA increased the levels of GABA, but high dose of GABA reduced the levels of plasma GABA and increased the activity of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase in the liver. Therefore, treatment with GABA mitigated HFD-induced hyperglycaemia probably by repairing HFD-induced muscular oxidative stress and pFAA disorders in mice. Our data also suggest that an optimal dose of GABA is crucial for the prevention of excess GABA-related decrease in the levels of pFAA and GABA as well as obesity.

Using independent component analysis to research heart rate variability.

Independent component analysis (ICA) and neural networks were used to extract sub-signals of heart rate variability (HRV). Electrocardiogram (ECG) recording was consisted of six minutes when the volunteer was lying and another six minutes when the volunteer was standing. HRV was extracted from ECG. According to time-delay, HRV was divided into five groups as mixed signals. ICA and neural networks reconstructed five signals into two groups. Results showed that one group signal component centralized in low frequency (called IC1); the other did in high frequency (called IC2). The power of IC1 was significantly increased (P<0.05) and the ratio of IC1 to total power was significantly increased (P<0.01) from lying to standing. Comparing the two postural results, it shows that IC1 may express sympathetic activity, and IC2 represents parasympathetic activity. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous function can be evaluated respectively and quantificationally by data and graphs from the two decomposed components. Key word: Neural networks, Independent component analysis, Heart rate variability, Autonomic nervous system.

Double spectral theorem and two type magnitude-squared coherence functions.

Studying frequency domain representation for the coherence between two signals is an important basic theoretical problem in the fundamental theories of signal processing. However, the old magnitude-squared coherence function (OMSCF) has been proved identical to 1, so that to cannot be used to extract any coherence information. Here, we will prove a core theorem in frequency domain coherence theories in signal processing, called as the double spectral theorem (DST). Based on the theorem, we presented the two types of new magnitude-squared coherence functions (MSCFs), called as the same type magnitude-squared coherence function (SMSCF) and the difference magnitude-squared coherence function (DMSCF) respectively, which were mathematically derived from DST and the conditions that they are equal to 1 or 0 can be theoretically derived from DST. Here, we further demonstrated that SMSCF and DMSCF could be used to exactly extract the coherence between two signals by each component.

Association of beta-adrenoceptor single nucleotide polymorphisms with resting heart rate.

The association of beta-adrenoceptor (B-AR, including three subgroups: Beta1, Beta2 and Beta3) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with resting heart rate (RHR) were analyzed. RHR of 107 healthy subjects in the supine were detected by computerized system for 8 minutes. Genotyping SNPs of S/G49 and R/G389 of Beta1-AR and W/R64 of Beta3-AR in these subjects were by means of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Genotyping SNPs of R/G16 and Q/E27 of Beta1-adrenoceptor in these subjects were by means of allele specific primer-PCR (ASP-PCR) technique. It was found that there was no significant difference among RHRs corresponding above SNPs of B-AR, but the SNP of R/G389 of Beta1-AR, in which there was significant difference among RHRs (P<0.05). Either in the female individuals or in the male, those with Beta1-AR G/G389 genotype had the highest RHR. The females with R/R389 genotype had the lowest RHR, however, the males with R/G389 genotype had the lowest RHR. The RHR was not only associated with R/G389 polymorphism of Beta1-adrenoceptor gene significantly, but also was associated with gender in Chinese.

[Clinical significance of P-glycoprotein and CD34 expression of acute leukemia].

The expression of P-glycoprotein(P-170) and CD34 was detected in the bone marrow mononuclear cells of 30 patients with acute leukemia by immunocytochemical technique using JSB-1 and Tük 3 monoclonal antibody. The results were that expression of P-170 and CD34 had no significant difference between acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia(P > 0.05). The clinical therapeutic effect was poor in P-170 or CD34 positive patients and had significant difference compared with those negative patients(P < 0.05). Judgments of therapeutic effect for acute leukemia can be improved by detecting the expression of P-170 and CD34 simultaneously.

[Levels of plasma TF and TFPI activities in patients with acute leukemia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of plasma tissue factor(TF) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor(TFPI) activities in the patients with acute leukemia. METHODS: TF and TFPI activities were measured by using chromogenic assays. RESULTS: Plasma TF activity in the patients with acute leukemia was higher and TFPI activity was lower than those in normal(P < 0.01). In 7 patients who underwent the first chemotherapy, the plasma TF activity was decreased after chemotherapy(P < 0.01), while TFPI activity increased(P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The unbalance between plasma TF and TFPI activities contributes to the coagulant disorders in acute leukemia.

[The effects of jiexinkang on the apoptosis of leukemic cells].

UNLABELLED: The effects of Chinese medicine jiexinkang(JXK) on apoptosis of leukemic cells were studied by morphology approach and electrophoresis of DNA fragments. RESULTS: 1. The apoptotic cells and apoptotic bodies were found by electrical microscopy and the typical ladders of DNA fragments were detected by electrophoresis. 2. JXK induced apoptosis of leukemic cells(HL-60 and K562) in a certain range of concentration and at appropriate time. The time to K562 cell apoptosis was longer than that of HL-60 and its dosage was larger than that of HL-60. CONCLUSION: HL-60 and K562 leukemic cell apoptosis may be induced by JXK and there is correlation between dose and time. The study provides experimental evidences for the clinical treatment of leukemia.

[Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study on neoplastic endocrine cells and Paneth's cells in gastric carcinoma].

One hundred and twenty-eight cases of gastric carcinoma were examined with immunohistochemical technic for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), serotonin, gastrin and lysozyme. CEA were observed in 105 cases. Twenty-four cases were positive for HCG, 53 cases for serotonin, 31 cases for gastrin, 89 cases for lysozyme. Sixty-nine cases exhibited more than two hormones or one hormone and lysozyme simultaneously in different cells of the same tumor. Ultrastructurally, sometimes three types of secretory granules were noticed. The electron dense granules in the lysozyme-containing tumor cells were similar to those of Paneth's cells in intestinal metaplasia. The positive rates of the above three hormones, lysozyme and multi-marker expression in diffuse type carcinoma were higher than those in intestinal type, and 42/44 cases of the diffuse type carcinoma were histologically undifferentiated carcinomas or signet-ring cell carcinomas. Lymph node metastasis occurred more frequently in those carcinomas with hormone or lysozyme positivity. These findings suggest that these neoplastic endocrine cells and Paneth's cells have originated from multipotential differentiation of neoplastic stem cells in the stomach, reflecting the state of the gene activity in the tumor cells.

Efficacy of experimental Newcastle disease water-in-oil oil-emulsion vaccines formulated from squalane and squalene.

Water-in-oil inactivated Newcastle disease oil-emulsion vaccines were formulated with the terpene oils squalane or squalene, or mixtures thereof, and injected into 4-week-old broilers. Vaccine efficacy based on hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers was comparable to that of control mineral oil vaccines. Tissue reaction to intramuscular injection of the terpene oil emulsion vaccines was greatly reduced 3 weeks post-vaccination compared with that of mineral oil-based vaccine. Viscosity of the terpene oil vaccines was satisfactory but increased three to four times that of mineral oil vaccine when the antigen phase volume increased from 5% to 20%.

Immune response to oil-emulsion vaccines with single or mixed antigens of Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and infectious bronchitis.

Inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) antigens were evaluated for immunological efficacy in monovalent and polyvalent vaccines. Vaccinated broilers were bled for hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests at 1- or 2-week intervals. Half of the chickens were challenged with the Largo isolate of velogenic viscerotropic (VV) NDV at 8 weeks post-vaccination, and the remainder were challenged with the Massachusetts 41 strain IBV at 9 weeks post-vaccination. Newcastle disease HI titers were reduced significantly (P less than 0.05) from those of monovalent control vaccine groups when IBV antigen was emulsified in mixtures with low (1-3x) concentrated NDV or NDV and AIV antigens. Avian influenza HI titers were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower than those of the control monovalent groups when highly concentrated NDV was part of the polyvalent vaccine. Infectious bronchitis HI titers were higher than those of control monovalent groups in 13 of 15 vaccine groups when IBV antigen was in polyvalent formulations. VV NDV challenge killed all non-NDV vaccinates and induced increased HI titers in NDV vaccinates but no morbidity or mortality. Sixty of 80 IBV vaccinates experienced a fourfold or greater HI titer increase following challenge. All non-IBV vaccinates seroconverted at 1 week post-challenge.

Myocardial effects of calcium cyclamate in the BIO F1D Alexander Syrian golden hamster.

In a subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study, 5 groups (20 males, 20 females each) of F2-descendants of BIO F1D Alexander hamsters received 0, 275, 550, 1,100 and 2,200 mg/kg b.w./day doses, respectively, of calcium cyclamate in the drinking water. These doses caused no adverse health effects in any treated animal and the multifocal myocardial calcifications, detectable at a 100% incidence in the male and female control hamsters (20 males, 20 females), were not exacerbated by the sweetener. Instead, the myocardial lesions exhibited a striking negative dose-response relationship with a 0% incidence in the males and a 5% incidence in the female hamsters of the highest dose group.