Enhancing the Antitumor Efficacy of Oncolytic Adenovirus Through Sonodynamic Therapy-Augmented Virus Replication.

The therapeutic efficacy of oncolytic adenoviruses (OAs) relies on efficient viral transduction and replication. However, the limited expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptors in many tumors, along with the intracellular antiviral signaling, poses significant obstacles to OA infection and oncolysis. Here, we present sonosensitizer-armed OAs (saOAs) that potentiate the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy through sonodynamic therapy-augmented virus replication. The saOAs could not only efficiently infect tumor cells via transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis but also exhibit enhanced viral replication and tumor oncolysis under ultrasound irradiation. We revealed that the sonosensitizer loaded on the viruses induced the generation of ROS within tumor cells, which triggered JNK-mediated autophagy, ultimately leading to the enhanced viral replication. In mouse models of malignant melanoma, the combination of saOAs and sonodynamic therapy elicited a robust antitumor immune response, resulting in significant inhibition of melanoma growth and improved host survival. This work highlights the potential of sonodynamic therapy in enhancing the effectiveness of OAs and provides a promising platform for fully exploiting the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy.

Critical Threshold for Bubble-like Nucleation during Pseudoboiling at Supercritical Pressures.

Supercritical pseudoboiling was proposed in the 1950s-1960s. Recently, evaporation-like and boiling-like heat transfer have been directly observed in macroscopic scales, and the contribution of pseudoboiling to the total heat transfer rate has been quantitatively characterized experimentally. Here, we explore the critical threshold to generate a bubble-like nucleus at supercritical pressure at the atomic scale, characterized by the total energy (Te = Ke + Pe, where Ke and Pe are kinetic energy and potential energy, respectively). Molecular dynamics simulations are performed, including an argon fluid box heated by a solid wall having its temperature above the fluid temperature. The fluid pressure is controlled by a movable piston wall opposite the heating wall. The effects of pressure, nonuniform heating, and surface wettability on pseudoboiling are investigated. It is found that the criterion Te > 0 should be satisfied for subcritical boiling, matching that reported previously. The criterion for supercritical pseudoboiling was newly obtained such that Te > 0.012 eV at 8 MPa for argon, but the threshold increases as pressure increases. Nonuniform heating and surface wettability do not affect the critical threshold of Te for bubble-like nucleation but affect the location of the initially generated bubble-like nucleus and the stabilized pseudofilm or pseudonucleate heat transfer modes, where the former is similar to (vapor) film boiling and the latter is similar to nucleate boiling at subcritical pressure. Because pseudoboiling occurs without surface tension at supercritical pressure, we observe that the bubble-like structure may not display a perfectly smooth gas-liquid interface but may display an irregular pattern instead. Our work explains pseudoboiling from the viewpoint of the competition between kinetic energy and potential energy and presents a link regarding boiling in the two domains of subcritical pressure and supercritical pressure.

Peptide-TLR7/8a-Coordinated DNA Vaccines Elicit Enhanced Immune Responses against Infectious Diseases.

DNA vaccines represent an innovative approach for the immunization of diverse diseases. However, their clinical trial outcomes are constrained by suboptimal transfection efficiency and immunogenicity. In this work, we present a universal methodology involving the codelivery of Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists (TLR7/8a) and antigen gene using TLR7/8a-conjugated peptide-coated poly(ß-amino ester) (PBAE) nanoparticles (NPs) to augment delivery efficiency and immune response. Peptide-TLR7/8a-coated PBAE NPs exhibit advantageous biophysical attributes, encompassing diminutive particle dimensions, nearly neutral ζ potential, and stability in the physiological environment. This synergistic approach not only ameliorates the stability of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and gene delivery efficacy but also facilitates subsequent antigen production. Furthermore, under optimal formulation conditions, the TLR7/8a-conjugated peptide coated PBAE NPs exhibit a potent capacity to induce robust immune responses. Collectively, this nanoparticulate gene delivery system demonstrates heightened transfection efficacy, stability, biodegradability, immunostimulatory effect, and low toxicity, making it a promising platform for the clinical advancement of DNA vaccines.

Identification of ADAM23 as a Potential Signature for Psoriasis Using Integrative Machine-Learning and Experimental Verification.

Background: Psoriasis is a common chronic, recurrent, and inflammatory skin disease. Identifying novel and potential biomarkers is valuable in the treatment and diagnosis of psoriasis. The goal of this study was to identify novel key biomarkers of psoriasis and analyze the potential underlying mechanisms. Methods: Psoriasis-related datasets were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to screen differential genes in the datasets. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were performed on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Candidate biomarkers for psoriasis were identified from the GSE30999 and GSE6710 datasets using four machine learning algorithms, namely, random forest (RF), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and support vector machine recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), and were validated using the GSE41662 dataset. Next, we used CIBERSORT and single-cell RNA analysis to explore the relationship between ADAM23 and immune cells. Finally, we validated the expression of the identified biomarkers expressions in human and mouse experiments. Results: A total of 709 overlapping DEGs were identified, including 426 upregulated and 283 downregulated genes. Enhanced by enrichment analysis, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were spatially arranged in relation to immune cell involvement, immune-activating processes, and inflammatory signals. Based on the enrichment analysis, the DEGs were mapped to immune cell involvement, immune-activating processes, and inflammatory signals. Four machine learning strategies and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis showed that ADAM23, a disintegrin and metalloprotease, may be a unique, critical biomarker with high diagnostic accuracy for psoriasis. Based on CIBERSORT analysis, ADAM23 was found to be associated with a variety of immune cells, such as macrophages and mast cells, and it was upregulated in the macrophages of psoriatic lesions in patients and mice. Conclusion: ADAM23 may be a potential biomarker in the diagnosis of psoriasis and may contribute to the pathogenesis by regulating immunological activity in psoriatic lesions.

Overcoming the Heat Transfer Paradox: Nano Ridges Induce "Pistol Bubbles" and Reverse the Boiling Curve.

To increase the boiling heat transfer limit, we disrupted the previously nonevaporating region and increased the vaporization activity of "inert" liquid molecules by introducing nano ridges on the boiling surface. This solved the paradox of no heat transfer occurring through the thinnest liquid film in boiling bubbles; thus, the internal heat transfer limit of the bubbles was exceeded. We found that vigorous boiling occurred immediately once the nonevaporating region was activated, and the bubble frequency increased by an order of magnitude, reaching 1186 Hz, which has not been previously reported. With an increase in heat flux, the boiling curve exhibited a "return". We achieved an extremely high bubble frequency by experimentally quantifying the major influence of nonevaporating region disruption on boiling heat transfer. The mechanism behind the generation of the ultrahigh-frequency bubbles was discovered. This study also reveals a new mechanism for the reversed boiling curve.

Extended theory of planned behavior to explain the influence mechanism of low-speed driving behavior.

Low-speed driving is an underestimated dangerous behavior that may cause safety issues, such as speed dispersion and traffic flow bottlenecks. To investigate the influence mechanism of low-speed driving behavior, this study constructed the low-speed specific model (LSSM) by extending theory of planned behavior (TPB). The LSSM incorporated two factors, namely, risk perception and behavior habit, into the standard TPB components (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavior intention). Web-based questionnaires were used to collect data from a valid sample of 374, of which males accounted for 50%. The participants were aged from 18 to 65 years (M = 35.40, SD = 0.88). The structural equation model was applied to calculate and validate the interrelationships among the components of LSSM. Results showed that the LSSM could explain the variance in low-speed driving behavior and behavior intention by 46% and 76%, respectively. Meanwhile, attitude (ß = 0.52, p < 0.001) and behavior habit (ß = 0.48, p < 0.001) had the strongest positive influence and prediction power over low-speed driving behavior, respectively, whereas subjective norm (ß = 0.05, p > 0.01) and perceived behavioral control (ß = -0.12, p > 0.01) showed few significant in influencing the intention. LSSM also showed that people who were sensitive to driving risk perception would avoid low-speed driving behaviors and attitudes. Our findings may provide theoretical support for interventions on low-speed driving behavior.

A rollover safety margin-based approach for quantifying the tractor-semitrailers' emergency lane-changing response on expressway curves.

In emergency scenarios, lane changing can provide a considerable advantage over braking by aiding in the prevention of rear-end collisions. However, executing lane changes on horizontal curves might lead to rollover collisions. This study proposes a systematic methodology for quantifying the rollover safety margin during lane-changing maneuvers by encompassing the complex characteristics of vehicle-road interactions. Specifically, an enhanced six-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model was developed for a tractor-semitrailer and integrates road superelevation. Using this model, the rollover safety margin reduction rate (fS) was calculated. The fS represents the ratio of the difference between the lateral load transfer ratio margins under both reference state and emergency lane change conditions to the lateral load transfer ratio margin in the reference state. The reference state corresponds to vehicles maintaining 80 km·h-1 on a 270 m radius curve, while the emergency condition is defined as lane change durations of less than 4 seconds. The results reveal that emergency lane change maneuvers and roadway alignment significantly affect rollover safety margin. Shorter lane change duration, higher speed, and smaller radius worsen the rollover safety margin; these effects are further amplified when the lane change direction is opposite to the curve's bending direction. When the tractor-semitrailer performs a lane change at 60 km·h-1 within a 4-second duration on a 600 m radius curve, the fS exceeds 100%, indicating an imminent rollover. Consequently, this study contributes valuable evidence to the development of more reliable and secure lane-change strategies.

Prolactin is a Key Factor for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Obese Children.

This study investigates whether serum prolactin (PRL) is a key factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children. A total of 691 obese childred participated in this study and were divided into a NAFLD group (n=366) and simple obesity (SOB) group (n=325) according to the hepatic ultrasound results. The two groups were matched for gender, age, pubertal development, and body mass index (BMI). All patients underwent an OGTT test, and fasting blood samples were collected to measure prolactin. Stepwise logistic regression was performed to identify significant predictors of NAFLD. Serum prolactin levels were significantly lower in NAFLD subjects than in the SOB subjects [82.4 (56.36, 118.70) vs. 99.78 (63.89, 153.82), p<0.001] (mIU/l). NAFLD was strongly associated with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and prolactin, with lower levels of prolactin increasing the risk of NAFLD (adjusted ORs=1.741; 95% CI: 1.059-2.860) across the prolactin concentration tertiles after adjustment for confounders. Low serum prolactin levels are associated with the presence of NAFLD; thus, increased circulating prolactin might be a compensatory response for obesity in children.

Cryo-Shocked Cancer Cells as an Oncolytic Adenovirus Reservoir for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy.

Glioblastoma is the most common type of primary brain tumor, which has a high recurrence rate and a high mortality rate. Immunotherapy shows promise in cancer therapy due to its capacity to manipulate the immune system to attack tumor cells with less toxic and durable immune responses. However, the low immunogenicity and limited immune cell infiltration in a glioblastoma lead to a weakened antitumor immune response, resulting in suboptimal therapeutic efficacy. A compelling solution is provided by oncolytic adenovirus (OAs), which can selectively replicate within tumor cells while simultaneously promoting antitumor immunity. Herein, we constructed an oncolytic adenovirus reservoir (OAR) by shocking OA-loaded tumor cells in liquid nitrogen to eliminate proliferation and pathogenicity. OARs showed sustained OAs release and effectively lysed tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In a mouse intracranial glioblastoma model, OARs could efficiently induce dendritic cells' maturation, facilitate the tumor recruitment, and promote the infiltration of cytotoxic effector T lymphocytes via a single treatment, resulting in specific antitumor immune responses and long-term animal survival. Taken together, these results demonstrated that OAR is a promising synergistic therapeutic strategy for treating glioblastoma.

Carbon emission model of vehicles driving at fluctuating speed on highway.

Carbon emission changes significantly when the vehicle is driving at a variable speed. Given that the rule of vehicle carbon emissions under different driving behaviors is underexplored, this study filled this research gap by establishing a theoretical carbon emission model when vehicles are driving at fluctuating speed. The model was established based on the law of conservation of mechanical energy, the first law of thermodynamics, the theory of vehicle dynamics. Two passenger cars and three trucks were selected as typical vehicles. A field test was carried out under different driving behaviors with uniform acceleration. The proposed model can forecast the carbon emissions of vehicles that fluctuate in speed during travel and showed strong accuracy in model validation. As the speed fluctuation increased, the influence of acceleration on carbon emissions became more apparent. Gradient has a more significant influence on vehicle carbon emissions, followed by acceleration. By controlling the driving behavior of the vehicle on the round trip, the same carbon emissions as driving on a flat route at a constant speed can be achieved. The findings of this study will provide a theoretical basis for low-carbon transportation.

Effect of surface roughness on the solar evaporation of liquid marbles.

HYPOTHESIS: Nanostructured materials are widely used for solar energy harvesting and conversion due to their excellent photothermal properties. It is generally accepted that the better the light absorption ability, the better the photothermal conversion efficiency. EXPERIMENT: A series of experiments in solar evaporation of liquid marbles (LMs) by coating the droplets with Fe3O4, Ni nanoparticles (NPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are conducted. FINDINGS: Conversely, we found that the surface roughness of solar absorber plays a significant role in solar evaporation rather than the light absorption. The results disclose that the Fe3O4 NPs with the lowest absorptivity has the largest roughness on drop surface, while that of CNTs show the opposite properties. The evaporation dynamics of LMs are featured with dome or constant spherical collapse with different roughness. Such dynamic difference arises from the mechanical competition between the capillary force and interparticle interaction. Besides, the strong light-harvesting and near-field radiation enabled by the rough surfaces enhance the solar evaporation. The Fe3O4-LM shows the highest evaporation rate of 6.55 µg/s, which is 1.09 and 1.30 times larger than that of Ni-LM and CNT-LM, respectively. Numerical analysis reveals that the rough surface with stacking arrangement of NPs greatly enhances the light-induced electromagnetic field and heat concentration over the interface, leading to a plasmon-coupling boundary with high temperature for the fast evaporation. Uncovering these properties could be of much help for developments of heatable miniature evaporators or reactors and their counterparts, permitting a broad range of processes with precise temperature and kinetic control.

Why Do Drivers' Collision Avoidance Maneuvers Tend to Cause SUVs to Sideslip or Rollover on Horizontal Curve and Grade Combinations?-An Analysis of the Causes Based on a Modified Multibody Dynamics Model.

The extent to which drivers' collision avoidance maneuvers affect the safety margins of sideslip and rollover is not captured by road geometric design theory. To quantify the effects of drivers' collision avoidance maneuvers on the safety margins of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) on horizontal curve and grade combinations, a modified 8-degree-of-freedom multibody model based on SUVs was developed. The model was then used to calculate the design safety margins of sideslip and rollover for steady states and the actual safety margins for collision avoidance maneuvers. Subsequently, the design safety margin reduction rate (the difference between the design and actual safety margins divided by the design safety margin) was calculated and used to assess the safety margins. The results showed that the safety margins of SUVs were significantly reduced by braking, lane changing, and lane changing with braking. The marginal effects indicated that the greater the deceleration and the shorter the lane change duration, the greater the effect on the safety margins, particularly the sideslip safety margin. Furthermore, when the SUV was driven at 80 km·h-1 on grades with a horizontal curve radius of 270 m and 400 m, the sideslip safety margin with emergency braking (deceleration over -4.5 m·s-2) was reduced by 71% and 21%, and the rollover safety margin was reduced by 11% and 5%, respectively. Under these conditions, an emergency lane change (lane change duration less than 2 s) caused the SUV to sideslip and reduced the rollover safety margin by 47% (curve radius 270 m) and 45% (curve radius 400 m). Therefore, drivers' collision avoidance maneuvers are a factor that cannot be neglected in alignment design.

The effectiveness of web-based interventions on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Aim: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most prevalent liver disease in the world, increasing the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and contributing to the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease. This study aims to carry out a web-based continuum of a care intervention model to provide comprehensive care interventions for obese children with NAFLD, to improve the effectiveness of treatment of children with NAFLD. Design: A 1-year single-blinded randomized clinical trial in hospital in Zhejiang Province. Methods: Eighty subjects will implement the program in a randomized order. The interventions for the control group mainly consisted of the routine distribution of health education materials and health education by holding health-themed lectures, and the preliminary proposed interventions including establishing management teams, regularly delivering related health knowledge, daily uploading of health intervention records, regular supervision and mutual encouragement, home visiting and psychological guidance. The primary outcomes are serum biomarkers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase, and imaging (liver ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging). Second outcomes are: BMI, waist-to-hip ratio and quality of life. In addition, socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender and ethnicity will be recorded. Children aged 7-18 years old and diagnosed with NAFLD will be included, patients will be not eligible if they do not agree to participate or are participating in other health intervention programs. This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05527938). Results: Over the past 30 years, NAFLD has been recognized as one of the most common liver diseases in adults and children. The current studies have focused on promoting lifestyle changes in children with NASH by providing some education and advice to children and their families to improve the histological features of NASH and lose weight. Because of the convenience and efficiency of the internet can provide some new strategies and ways for lifestyle interventions for children with NAFLD. In addition, we have designed a high-quality RCT based on the SPIRIT guidelines, which also provides strong evidence in this area.

Review of Research on Road Traffic Operation Risk Prevention and Control.

Road traffic safety can be ensured by preventing and controlling the potential risks in road traffic operations. The relevant literature was systematically reviewed to identify the research context and status quo in the road traffic operation risk prevention and control field and identify the key study contents needing further research. As research material, the related English and Chinese literature published between 1996 and 2021 (as of 31st December 2021) was obtained through the Web of Science Core Collection and Chinese Science Citation Database. These research materials include 22,403 English and 7876 Chinese papers. Based on the bibliometrics, this study used CiteSpace software to conduct keyword co-occurrence analysis in the field. The results show that the relevant research topics mainly covered the risks of drivers, vehicles, roads, and the traffic environment. In the aspect of driver risks, the studies focused on driving behavior characteristics. In terms of vehicle risks, the related studies were mainly about the vehicle control system, driving assistance system, hazardous material transportation, automated driving technology, safe driving speed, and vehicle collision prediction. For the road risks, the safe driving guarantee of high-risk road sections, driving risks at intersections, and safe road alignment design were the three study hotspots. In terms of traffic environment risks, identifying traffic risk locations and driving safety guarantees under adverse weather conditions were the two main research highlights. Moreover, mathematical modeling was the main method for studying road traffic operation risk. Furthermore, the impact of environmental factors on drivers, the emergency rescue system for road traffic accidents, the connection between automated driving technology and safe driving theory, and the man-machine hybrid traffic flow characteristics are the subjects needing further research.

Multivariate analysis of roadway multi-fatality crashes using association rules mining and rules graph structures: A case study in China.

Roadway multi-fatality crashes have always been a vital issue for traffic safety. This study aims to explore the contributory factors and interdependent characteristics of multi-fatality crashes using a novel framework combining association rules mining and rules graph structures. A case study is conducted using data from 1068 severe fatal crashes in China from 2015 to 2020, and 1452 interesting rules are generated using an association rule mining approach. Several modular rules graph structures are constructed based on graph theory to reflect the interactions and patterns between different variables. The results indicate that multi-fatality crashes are highly associated with improper operations, passenger overload, fewer lanes, mountainous terrain, and run-off-the-road crashes, representing the key variables of factors concerning driver, vehicle, road, environment, and accident, respectively. Furthermore, crashes involving different severity levels, road categories, and terrain are verified to possess unique association rules and independent crash patterns. Moreover, the proportion of severe crashes caused by a combination of human-vehicle-road-environment factors (43%) is much higher than that of normal crashes (3%). This study reveals that the hidden associations between various factors contribute to the overrepresentation and severity of multi-fatality crashes. It also demonstrates that the crash mechanisms involving multi-fatality crashes and their interactions are more complex at the system level than those for normal crashes. The proposed framework can effectively map the intrinsic link between multiple crash factors and potential risks, providing transportation agencies with helpful insights for targeted safety measures and preventive strategies.

The influence of the pavement friction coefficient evolution caused by traffic flow on the risk of motorway horizontal curves.

The friction coefficient between the tire and the road is one of the key parameters affecting road traffic safety. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the risk of skidding for the vehicles due to the friction evolution caused by the traffic polishing in the horizontal curve. Based on the reliability theory, an innovative dynamic risk assessment model is developed in the present study for passenger cars and trucks. The influence of two traffic characteristics for pavement friction is quantified: cumulative traffic volume (CTV) and annual average daily traffic of trucks (AADTT). The speed distribution on the horizontal curve of the motorway is obtained through field experiments as the basic parameter of the model. The Hasofer-Lind Method is adopted to solve the reliability and the risk probability of vehicle skidding. The results show that in the traffic characteristics, the AADTT has a significant impact on the pavement friction; When the AADTT on the road exceeds 2000 veh/d, the increasing CTV leads to friction decrease rapidly and therefore has a significant impact on the risk of horizontal curve. Especially for roads with more than 50 million vehicles of the CTV, the risk of the horizontal curve shows a sharp increase with CTV rising. The research results can provide reference for the road maintenance department to determine the timing of road maintenance.

Study on the Applicability and Modification of the Design Hourly Volume on Rural Expressways Considering Holiday Traffic Polarization.

The design hourly volume (DHV) of traffic based on the 30th highest hourly volume (30 HV) of the year has been widely applied in expressway design in various countries to balance the benefit and economy of expressway engineering. However, this design method has barely changed since it was first adopted in China, which may be contrary to the rapidly changing traffic macroenvironment. In this study, annual hourly traffic volume (HV) data pertaining to expressways in East China, Southwest China and Northwest China were collected. Based on the descending order of the obtained HV and HV factor data, the distribution patterns of the traffic demand throughout the year and peak hours were analyzed. The distribution characteristics of the HV, typicality of 30 HV and applicability of the DHV factor were investigated. It was found that severe polarization occurred in the HV distribution in China. The actual 30 HV factor is more than 0.5 times the recommended value in the specification. Continued use of the current DHV would result in more than 200 h of inefficient travel time, 5.7 times more than expected, with the DHV factor is currently no longer applicable in China. Furthermore, the annual 30 HV value loses its typical status. Depending on the level of local economic development, using 10 HV factor or 80 HV factor as the new DHV factor can better alleviate the congestion problem. This study determines the reasons for the widespread congestion issues in China from the perspective of expressway design, which is beneficial to adjust the basis of expressway design in China.

Impacts of COVID-19 Travel Restriction Policies on the Traffic Quality of the National and Provincial Trunk Highway Network: A Case Study of Shaanxi Province.

According to recent research, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted road traffic quality. This study aims to analyze the impacts of COVID-19 travel restriction policies on the traffic quality of the national and provincial trunk highway network (NPTHN) in Shaanxi Province. We collected the traffic data of the NPTHN for three consecutive years (from 2019 to 2021), before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, including weekly average daily traffic, weekly traffic interruption times, weekly traffic control time, weekly traffic accidents, weekly traffic injuries, and weekly traffic deaths. Using descriptive statistics and dynamic analysis methods, we studied the safety and service levels of the NPTHN. We set up an assessment model of the NPTHN operational orderliness through dissipative structure theory and entropy theory to study the operational orderliness of the NPTHN. Results show that in 2020, the service level, safety level, and operational orderliness of the NPTHN dropped to the lowest levels. The pandemic was gradually brought under control, and the travel restriction policies were gradually reduced and lifted. The adverse impacts on the operational orderliness of the NPTHN decreased, but the operational orderliness did not yet recover to the pre-pandemic level. Meanwhile, the service and safety levels of the NPTHN did not recover. Taken together, the COVID-19 travel restriction policies had adverse impacts on the traffic quality of the NPTHN in Shaanxi Province.

Peptide-decorated nanocarriers penetrating the blood-brain barrier for imaging and therapy of brain diseases.

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) is one of the most important physiological barriers strictly restricting the substance exchange between blood and brain tissues. While the BBB protects the brain from infections and toxins and maintains brain homeostasis, it is also recognized as the main obstacle to the penetration of therapeutics and imaging agents into the brain. Due to high specificity and affinity, peptides are frequently exploited to decorate nanocarriers across the BBB for diagnosis and/or therapy purposes. However, there are still some challenges that restrict their clinical application, such as stability, safety and immunocompatibility. In this review, we summarize the biological and pathophysiological characteristics of the BBB, strategies across the BBB, and recent progress on peptide decorated nanocarriers for brain diseases diagnosis and therapy. The challenges and opportunities for their translation are also discussed.

Evaluation Method of the Driving Workload in the Horizontal Curve Section Based on the Human Model of Information Processing.

The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of radius over horizontal curve sections on driving workload (DW). Twenty-five participants participated in the driving simulation experiments and completed five driving scenes. The NASA-TLX scale was used to measure the mental demand, physical demand, and temporal demand in various scenes, which were applied to assess subjective workload (SW). Objective workload (OW) assessment methods were divided into three types, in which the eye tracker was used to measure the blink frequency and pupil diameter, and the electrocardiograph (ECG) was used to measure the heart rate and the heart rate variability. Additionally, the simulator was used to measure the lateral position and the steering wheel angle. The results indicate that radius is negatively correlated with DW and SW, and the SW in a radius of 300 m is approximately twice that in a radius of 550 m. Compared with the ECG, the explanatory power of the OW can be increased to 0.974 by combining eye-movement, ECG, and driving performance. Moreover, the main source of the DW is the maneuver stage, which accounts for more than 50%. When the radius is over 550 m, the DW shows few differences in the maneuver stage. These findings may provide new avenues of research to harness the role of DWs in optimizing traffic safety.