[Potential short-term effects of tobacco control scheme under various application scenarios of tobacco control measures across the globe: a Meta-analysis].

Objective: based on summarizing the simulation and prediction of tobacco control measures across the globe and sorting out the various scenarios of tobacco control measures, the potential short-term effects of seven tobacco control measures in different scenarios were systematically analyzed. Methods: Until April 2022, PubMed, Embase, EconLit, PsychINFO, and CINAHL databases were used to retrieve literature about tobacco control measures simulation and prediction models across the globe. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly followed. Meta-analysis for the potential short-term effects of seven tobacco control measures in different scenarios was performed using the R software. Results: A total of 22 papers covering 16 countries were selected. Five studies were conducted in the United States, three in Mexico, and two in Italy. There were all papers with the measures to tax increases, smoke-free air laws, and mass media campaigns, 21 papers with youth access restrictions, 20 with marketing restrictions, and 19 with cessation treatment programs and health warnings. The tax increases had diverse influences on the price elasticity of different age groups. The price elasticity in the age group 15-17 years was the highest, which was 0.044 (95%CI: 0.038-0.051). The potential short-term effects of smoke-free air laws in workplaces were higher than in restaurants and other indoor public places. The effects of youth access restrictions were greater in the age group <16 years than in the age group 16-17. The stronger the implementation of other measures, the greater the potential short-term effects. A comparison of seven tobacco control measures showed that the cessation treatment programs increase in cessation rate was the highest, 0.404 (95%CI: 0.357-0.456). The reduction in smoking rate and reduction in initiation rate of youth access restrictions strongly enforced and publicized was the highest in the age group <16 years, 0.292 (95%CI: 0.269-0.315), and 0.292 (95%CI: 0.270-0.316). Conclusions: The potential short-term effects of seven tobacco control measures in different scenarios were evaluated more accurately and objectively through Meta-analysis. In the short term, cessation treatment programs will substantially increase smoking cessation rates, and strong youth access enforcement will sharply reduce smoking and initiation rates among adolescents under 16. These results also offer strong data-related support for the simulation and prediction of tobacco control measures in China and other countries.

[Predictions of achievement of Sustainable Development Goal to reduce age-standardized mortality rate of four major non-communicable diseases by 2030 in China].

Objective: To predicate whether China can achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3.4.1 to reduce the age-standardized mortality rate of four major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in residents aged 30-70 years by 2030 based on the trend of the mortality from 1990 to 2019. Methods: We collected the mortality data on cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes by age, gender and year in China from the Global Disease Burden Study 2019 (GBD2019). The age-period-cohort (APC) Bayesian model was applied for modeling the age-standardized mortality rate of four major NCDs in China during 2020-2030 according to the trend of the mortality during 1990-2019, and comparing the predicted value in 2030 with the observed value in 2015 to evaluate the possibility of achieving SDGs 3.4.1. Results: The age-standardized mortality rate of the four major NCDs in China showed a downward trend during 1990-2019. It is predicted that the number of death of the four NCDs in Chinese residents aged 30-70 years would increase from 2.96 million in 2020 to 3.19 million in 2030, while the age-standardized mortality rate would decrease from 308.49/100 000 in 2020 to 277.80/100 000 in 2030. The age-standardized mortality rate in 2030 would only decrease by 15.94% (18.73% for males and 14.31% for females) compared with 330.46/100 000 in 2015, with a 25.09% decrease for cardiovascular diseases, 4.76% for cancers, 37.21% for chronic respiratory diseases, and unchanged for diabetes. Conclusion: Although the age-standardized mortality rate of four major NCDs declined from 1990 to 2019 in China, it is difficult to achieve the SDGs of a 1/3 mortality rate reduction by 2030 according to the current declining trend, suggesting more active and effective efforts for NCD prevention and control are needed.

Effects of early weaning on intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, and cytokine status in domestic pigeon squabs (Columba livia).

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of early weaning on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant status, and cytokine status in domestic pigeon squabs (Columba livia). The conclusion is based on body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), length index and weight index of small intestine, small intestinal morphology, activity of digestive enzymes in duodenum content, the concentrations of jejunal antioxidant status and cytokines. A completely randomized design with 2 treatments, the control group (CON) and early weaning (EW) group, was utilized. Eight squabs per treatment were sampled at the age of 25 d. The results showed that early weaning reduced BW (P < 0.05), ADG (P < 0.05), ileac length index (P < 0.05), and weight index (P < 0.01). Compared with the CON group, small intestinal morphology was altered in the EW group. Ileac crypt depth (CD) increased significantly (P < 0.01). The villus area was decreased in the duodenum (P < 0.05), jejunum (P < 0.01), and ileum (P < 0.05). The ileac ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VCR) in the EW group was lower than the ileac ratio of villus height to VCR in the CON group (P < 0.01). The activity of trypsin (P < 0.05), sucrase (P < 0.01) and aminopeptidase-N (APN) (P < 0.01) in the duodenum was reduced. Jejunal malondialdehyde (MDA) (P < 0.01) was increased and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) (P < 0.01) was reduced significantly. Early weaning decreased the concentrations of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (P < 0.01), interleukin-4 (IL-4) (P < 0.05) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) (P < 0.01) but induced significant upregulation of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggested that early weaning did harm the BW and ADG, intestinal length index and weight index, intestinal morphology, activity of digestive enzymes, and antioxidant and cytokine status.

[A cross-sectional study on psychological needs of family members of critically ill inpatients in semi-closed wards and analysis of influence factors].

Objective: To analyze and discuss the psychological needs of family members of critically ill burn inpatients in semi-closed wards and their related influence factors. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the 82 burn patients, who met the inclusion criteria and were admitted to the Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery of Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from October 2018 to April 2019, and their family members. A general condition questionnaire of 15 indexes was applied to investigate the general data of burn patients and their family members including cause of burn, gender, age, total burn area, burn depth, burn severity, burn site, and type of medical insurance of patients, kinship with the patients, gender, age, experience of accompanying in intensive care isolation wards, occupation, education level, and monthly income of their family members. The Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI) was used to assess each item, each factor, and total scores of the family members of patients including 5 factors and 45 items such as support scale (SS), comfort scale (CS), information scale (IS), proximity scale (PS), assurance scale (AS). CCFNI was used to assess the total scores of patients and their family members after classification according to the general data, the data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance or independent sample t test. Indicators with statistical significance in the above analysis were selected for multiple linear regression analysis to screen the independent influence factors of psychological needs of patients' family members. CCFNI was used to assess each dimension scores of patients and their family members after classification according to the aforementioned selected independent influence factors including age and burn area of patients, gender, educational level, and experience of accompanying in intensive care isolation wards of their family members, and the data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance or independent sample t test. Results: A total of 82 questionnaires were sent out in this study, and 80 were effectively received, with s a recovery rate of 97.6%. In 80 patients, there were 45 males and 35 females; 35 cases (43.75%) were ≤14 years; most of the patients had flame and thermal burns; 33 patients (41.25%), 21 patients (26.25%), and 26 patients (32.50%) had moderate, severe, and extremely severe burns, respectively; and only 3 patients (3.75%) had no health insurance. In 80 family members of patients, 34 (42.50%) were males and 46 (57.50%) were females; 62.50% in the family members of patients were concentrated between 18 and 45 years old; and 12 family members of patients had experience of accompanying in intensive care isolation wards, accounting for 15.00%. The total CCFNI score of the family members was (141±14) points, and the scores of AS, PS, IS, CS, and SS were (3.77±0.23), (3.43±0.37), (3.53±0.34), (2.50±0.59), and (2.69±0.45) points, respectively. The top five items of the psychological needs of family members of patients were concentrated in three factors (AS, PS, and IS), and the item "ensuring that patients receive the best treatment" ranked the first, with a score of (3.99±0.11) points. There were significant differences on the CCFNI total scores of patients with different age, total burns area, and severity of burns and of their family members with different gender, education level, and whether or not experience of accompanying in intensive care isolation unit (F=4.378, 5.481, 5.913, t=4.027, 14.339, 7.265, P<0.05 or P<0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the patient's age (≤14, 15-45 years) and total burn area (11%-30%, 31%-49%, ≥50% TBSA) and the patient's family members' gender, educational level, experience of accompanying in intensive care isolation unit could affect the psychological needs of family members of patients (t=3.133, 2.260, 2.297, 2.433, 3.015, 2.200, 2.102, 2.463, P<0.05 or P<0.01). There was statistically significant difference in AS score of the patients' family members with different age (F=4.390, P<0.05). There were significant differences in both IS and AS scores of the patients' family members of patients with different burn area (F=5.042, 3.131, P<0.05 or P<0.01). The AS score of the patients' family members with experience of accompanying in intensive care isolation unit was significantly lower than those without (t=-1.040, P<0.05). The SS score of the patients' family members with college education or above was significantly higher than those with high school (technical secondary school) or below (t=0.657, P<0.05). The IS score of the patients' family members with college education or above was significantly lower than those with high school (technical secondary school) or below (t=-1.438, P<0.05). The SS score of male family members of patients was significantly lower than those of female patients (t=4.149, P<0.05). Conclusions: The family members of burn patients in semi-closed ward have the most urgent need to ensure the patients receive the best treatment. Patients' age, total burn area, and their family members' gender, education level, experience of accompanying in intensive care isolation unit are the main factors affecting the psychological needs of family members of patients.

[Prediction of severe outcomes of patients with COVID-19].

Objective: To establish a new model for the prediction of severe outcomes of COVID-19 patients and provide more comprehensive, accurate and timely indicators for the early identification of severe COVID-19 patients. Methods: Based on the patients' admission detection indicators, mild or severe status of COVID-19, and dynamic changes in admission indicators (the differences between indicators of two measurements) and other input variables, XGBoost method was applied to establish a prediction model to evaluate the risk of severe outcomes of the COVID-19 patients after admission. Follow up was done for the selected patients from admission to discharge, and their outcomes were observed to evaluate the predicted results of this model. Results: In the training set of 100 COVID-19 patients, six predictors with higher scores were screened and a prediction model was established. The high-risk range of the predictor variables was calculated as: blood oxygen saturation <94%, peripheral white blood cells count >8.0×10(9), change in systolic blood pressure <-2.5 mmHg, heart rate >90 beats/min, multiple small patchy shadows, age >30 years, and change in heart rate <12.5 beats/min. The prediction sensitivity of the model based on the training set was 61.7%, and the missed diagnosis rate was 38.3%. The prediction sensitivity of the model based on the test set was 75.0%, and the missed diagnosis rate was 25.0%. Conclusions: Compared with the traditional prediction (i.e. using indicators from the first test at admission and the critical admission conditions to assess whether patients are in mild or severe status), the new model's prediction additionally takes into account of the baseline physiological indicators and dynamic changes of COVID-19 patients, so it can predict the risk of severe outcomes in COVID-19 patients more comprehensively and accurately to reduce the missed diagnosis of severe COVID-19.

Effects of parental dietary linoleic acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary linoleic acid (LA) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in pigeon squabs by supplementing LA in their parental diets. A completely randomized design that consisted of a control group, 1% dietary LA addition group (LA1%), 2% dietary LA addition group (LA2%), and 4% dietary LA addition group (LA4%) was used. Six squabs from each treatment were randomly sampled at the day of hatch and days 7, 14, and 21 after hatch. The results showed that parental dietary LA had no significant influence (P > 0.05) on body weight (BW) gain or relative organ weights (% of BW) in squabs. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in the LA1% were significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control group. The malondialdehyde content in the LA1% was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in the control group. The levels of serum triglyceride in the LA1% and LA2% were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control group, whereas the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in the LA1% and LA2% and the free fatty acid level in the LA4% were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the control group. The activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and hormone-sensitive lipase in the LA1% were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the control group. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in the LA1% and the hormone-sensitive lipase activity in the LA4% were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control group. The mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, acyl-CoA 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α was significantly upregulated (P < 0.05) in the LA1% compared with that in the control group. The Oil Red O staining area in the LA1% and LA2% was significantly reduced compared with that in the control group. The results indicated that although supplemental LA had negligible effects on growth and development in pigeon squabs, parental dietary LA at a concentration of 1% could have beneficial effects on maintaining squabs healthy as reflected by improved antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism.

[Endoscopic treatment for ureterovesical junction stenosis in patients with kidney transplantation: 13 cases report].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic treatment for ureterovesical junction (UVJ) stenosis in patients with kidney transplantation. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted among the patients with kidney transplantation diagnosed as UVJ stenosis from 2012 March to 2018 July in Urology and Lithotripsy Center, Peking University People's Hospital. Only the patients who received endoscopic treatment were included, with staged or same-session nephrostomy followed by a retrograde ureteroscopy to evaluate the ureteral stenosis. Incisions with laser, mono- or bipolar energy, or balloon dilation were used to manage the stenosis depending on different situations. Demographic characteristics and clinical data were gathered and analyzed, including age, gender, preoperative serum creatinine, hemoglobin, operation time, success rate, postoperative serum creatinine, hemoglobin, postoperative complications rate, and long-term stenosis recurrence rate. RESULTS: In this study, 13 patients were included (9 males and 4 females). All the UVJ stenoses were diagnosed with preoperative ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, or urethrography. The mean age was 45 years (range 34-57 years). The mean preoperative serum creatinine was 243 µmol/L. Four patients developed UVJ stenosis 1 month after kidney transplantation, while the rest developed long-term stenosis. Fifteen operations were performed in all, of which 14 cases were successful while one failed. The first 8 cases received first-stage nephrostomy and second-stage endoscopic management of the stenosis, while the last 7 cases received the same session surgery. The mean operation time was 95.4 min vs. 68.9 min, and the immediate success rate was 87.5% vs. 100.0% in the first 8 cases and last 7 cases, respectively. The mean decrease of postoperative hemoglobin was 0.6 g/L and mean postoperative serum creatinine was 105 µmol/L. No postoperative fever, severe hematuria, and urine leak were observed. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.8 days. Three patients were able to remove ureteral stents and no recurrence was found with a follow-up time of 9, 17, and 82 months. The long-term stenosis recurrence rate was 76.9% (10/13). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic approach for the treatment of UVJ stenosis in patients with kidney transplantation was safe and efficient in our study cohort. However, long term stenosis recurrence rate was high and needed to be paid attention to.

[Experimental study on the effect of acid stimulation on human cell characteristics].

Objective:The purpose of the present study was to explore the characteristics and differentiation of somatic cells in vitro undergoing a low pH treatment, so as to provide new therapeutic strategies for treating sensorineural hearing loss.Method: The human mature somatic cells were selected as the target cells, and the cells were treated with different pH values to observe the cell morphology. The cell characteristics were identified from alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, immunohistochemical staining and molecular biology, and the most suitable pH value was selected. In addition, a mouse model of the cochlear lesion was constructed using bilirubin. Subsequently, the characteristics and therapeutic effect of somatic cells undergoing low pH treatment were examined by morphology, AKP activity, immunofluorescence assay and Q-PCR.Result:The cell growth of the experimental group was significantly better than those in the control group. The activity of AKP in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group. The expression of Nanog and Oct4 was both positive in the two groups. When the cells were changed to neurobasol medium, the marker of Nestin was positive.Conclusion:The human somatic cells undergoing a low pH treatment showed the similar characteristics as those of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells; although the functions and therapeutic effect of these altered human somatic cells need to be further studied.

Effects of in ovo injection of L-histidine on hatch performance and post-hatch development in domestic pigeons (Columba livia).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of in ovo injection of histidine on hatch performance and post-hatch development by determining hatchability, hatching time, BW gain, carcass traits, and intestinal morphology in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). A completely randomized design (n = 3) with a L-histidine injection treatment (His group, 0.55 mg histidine dissolved in 200 µL 0.75% saline as 1% Conc compared to total histidine in the egg), a 0.75% saline injection treatment (SC group), and non-injection treatment (NC group) was used. Six squabs from each treatment were randomly sampled at day of hatch (DOH), day 7 (D7), and day 14 (D14) post hatch, respectively. Results showed that in ovo injection of histidine solution increased (P < 0.01) the hatchability in comparison with that of other groups. The hatching time of His group was earlier (P = 0.05) than that of the NC group. In ovo injection of histidine had no influence (P > 0.05) on BW gain and carcass traits, but had a significant effect on the organ index of pigeons. The index of pancreas on DOH, the indices of leg, gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine, and pancreas on D7, and the index of head on D14 were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by injection of histidine. Moreover, in ovo injection of histidine had significant effects on the weight indices of different intestinal segments and jejunal morphology in squabs. Ileum weight index on D7 from His group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of other groups. Compared with the NC group, the jejunal crypt depth on DOH and D7 of His group decreased (P < 0.05), while jejunal villus area and villus crypt ratio on D7 of His group increased (P < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that in ovo injection of histidine may have beneficial effects on squabs' hatchability, intestinal development but have negligible effects on their growth performance during early post-hatch period.

Effects of in ovo injection of sulfur-containing amino acids on heat shock protein 70, corticosterone hormone, antioxidant indices, and lipid profile of newly hatched broiler chicks exposed to heat stress during incubation.

This study hypothesizes that in ovo sulfur amino acids (SAA) injection can alleviate the heat or oxidative stress of hatched chicks. Thus, the study aimed to assess the impact of in ovo injection of SAA with heat stress during the incubation on heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), corticosterone hormone, antioxidant indices, and lipid profile of newly hatched broiler chicks. Eggs were incubated under optimal incubation temperature (37.8°C) from days 1 to 10 then under high temperature (39.6°C for 6 h daily) between 10 and 18 D of the incubation. At day 17.5 of incubation, 150 eggs were randomly divided into 3 groups of 50 replicate eggs. The first group served as control (non-injected group, NIG), the second group was only injected with saline solution (saline-injected group, SIG), and the third group was injected with a mixture of 5.90 mg L-methionine plus 3.40 mg L-cysteine (sulfur amino acids-injected group, SAAIG). The results exhibited that serum HSP70 and corticosterone concentrations were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) in the SAAIG compared with the NIG and SIG. In ovo SAA injection significantly augmented the antioxidant indices in the serum and tissues compared with the NIG and SIG. HSP70 mRNA relative expression was decreased but glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) mRNA relative expression was augmented in the tested tissues (P < 0.001) in the SAAIG compared with the NIG. The SAAIG had significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels in serum lipid profile compared to those of the control and SIG. In conclusion, in ovo SAA injection (methionine plus cysteine) in the embryonated eggs exposed to heat stress increased GSH-Px gene expression and antioxidant indices, and reduced HSP70 gene expression, corticosterone concentrations, and lipid profile of newly hatched broiler chicks.

[Changes of platelet aggregability in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease].

Objective: To explore the change and value of platelet aggregability(PA)in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD). Methods: A total of 108 patients with SIVD hospitalized in the Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from October 2015 to July 2017 were enrolled as SIVD group and 30 healthy cases were also in cluded as normal controlgroup (NC). According to magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), the SIVD group was further divided into two subtypes: lacunar infarction(LI) (n=31)and leukoaraiosis(LA) (n=77). The severity of LA was further graded according to the Fazekas scale. The maximum aggregation rate of platelets was measured by optical turbidimetry, respectively, using four arachidonic acid (ACA), two adenosine monophosphate (ADP) and collagen (COLL) as inducerin all subjects. The change of PA between the subtypes of SIVD and NC were compared, and the relationship between PA and the severity of LA was analyzed. Results: The level of PA in SIVD was significantly higher than those in NC (P<0.001). In comparison with NC, the level of PA was significantly higher in both LI and LA subgroups(P<0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between LA group and LI group (P>0.05). Moreover, between LA groups, the PA induced by COLL were significantly different between the LA3 group and the LA1 group (P=0.026). Correlation analysis showed that ageand the level of PA induced by COLL was positively correlated with LA grade (r=0.382, P=0.001; r=0.260, P=0.026). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that after controlling for various factors, when induced by ACA, the risk of SIVD in the highest group (>86.80%) and higher group (82.63%-86.80%) was 13.95 and 3.09 times respectively higher than in the normal group(<82.63%), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001, P=0.038); when induced by ADP, the risk of SIVD in the highest group (>87.63%) and higher group (82.80%-87.63%) was 20.78 and 5.85 times respectively higher than in the normal group (<82.80%), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001, P=0.003); When induced by COLL, the risk of SIVD in the highest group (>87.60%) and higher group (83.80%-87.60%)was 28.53 and 9.02 times respectively higher than in the normal group (<83.80%), the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001, P=0.002). Conclusions: The increasedlevel of PA is an independent risk factor of SIVD and closely related with the severity of LA .This study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding of the SIVD's pathogenesis and for the prevention and treatment of SIVD in the clinical practice.

[Analysis on epidemiological and temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Shandong province, 2010-2016].

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological and temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Shandong province during 2010-2016 and provide references for developing prevention and control measures. Methods: Based on the data of Infectious Disease Reporting Information System in China, the incidence and temporal-spatial distribution of HFRS in Shandong from 2010 to 2016 were analyzed by spatial autocorrelation and space-time scan statistics. Results: A total of 9 114 HFRS cases were reported in Shandong during this period. The cases were mainly distributed in age group 30-70 years, and the male to female ratio of the cases was 2.63 ∶ 1. Most cases were farmers. The higher incidence rate was reported in southeastern Shandong, while the lower incidence rate was reported in northwestern Shandong. Among the epidemic periods, the highest incidence rate was 1.87/100 000 in 2013. The results of spatial autocorrelation and space-time scanning indicated that the high-high clusters of HFRS were concentrated in southeastern Shandong and then spread to central Shandong. The cluster mainly occurred from the end of 2011 to the first half of 2015. Both the incidence rate and the cluster decreased in 2016. Conclusions: The epidemic and cluster of HFRS still existed in Shandong from 2010 to 2016. The key areas for the prevention and control of HFRS were in southeastern and central Shandong.

[Effects of percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the treatment of medullary sponge kidney with calculi].

Objective: To evaluate the effects of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) in the treatment of medullary sponge kidney with calculi. Methods: A total of 77 patients (91 renal units) of medullary sponge kidney with calculi (MSK group) and 77 patients (77 renal units) with common kidney stone (control group) received PNL at Department of Urology in Peking University People's Hospital from September 2006 to February 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. The MSK group included 33 males and 44 females with a mean age of (42.1±13.2) years, the mean stone burden was (3.9±1.8) cm. The control group included 36 males and 41 females with a mean age of (45.3±13.0) years, the mean stone burden was (3.6±1.5) cm. The numbers of tracts, the time of operation, the drop of hemoglobin, the change of creatine, the time of hospitalization, the stone free rate and major complications were compared between the two groups. The measurement data and numeration data were compared with t test and χ(2) test. Results: There were no significant differences in sex, age, preoperative urinary tract infection, stone type, and stone burden between the two groups (all P>0.05). The proportion of bilateral renal calculus in MSK group was higher (18.2% vs. 0, χ(2)=15.400, P=0.000). There were 159 percutaneous channels were established in MSK group while 90 percutaneous channels were established in control group. Compared with the control group, the operation time ((88.1±37.5) minutes vs. (68.5±30.1) minutes, t=3.543, P=0.000) and hospitalization time ((15.1±8.3) days vs. (10.1±3.6) days, t=4.816, P=0.000) were longer, the creatinine level increased ((101.2±62.6) µmol/L vs. (71.3±23.6) µmol/L, t=3.777, P=0.000), the rate of stone free decreased (27.5% vs. 83.1%, χ(2)=51.840, P=0.000) and the rate of complications increased (29.9% vs. 11.7%, χ(2)=8.114, P=0.004) in MSK group. There was no statistically difference in hemoglobin drop ((12.5±13.2) g/L vs. (13.0±10.9) g/L, t=-0.260, P=0.795). Conclusions: Using PNL for patients of MSK with calculi has a lower stone free rate and a higher complications. It is an effective method for patients of MSK with large and complex calculi.

[Application of State Space model in the evaluation of the prevention and control for mumps].

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in 2012 and 2014, and to explore the preventive effect of the second dose of mumps-containing vaccine (MuCV) in mumps in Shandong province. Methods: On the basis of certain model assumptions, a Space State model was formulated. Iterated Filter was applied to the epidemic model to estimate the parameters. Results: The basic reproduction number (R(0)) for children in schools was 4.49 (95%CI: 4.30-4.67) and 2.50 (95%CI: 2.38-2.61) respectively for the year of 2012 and 2014. Conclusions: Space State model seems suitable for mumps prevalence description. The policy of 2-dose MuCV can effectively reduce the number of total patients. Children in schools are the key to reduce the mumps.

[Characteristics of ureteral stone position and dilatation of ureter in patients before treated with endourologic lithotripsy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the position and the size of ureteral stone in patients before treated with ureteroscopic lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), as well as the dilatation of ureter caused by stone, which may be helpful for better understanding of pathogenesis of ureteral stone and improvement of the diagnosis and treatment in clinic. METHODS: A total of 129 cases with ureteral stone for endourologic lithotripsy in Peking University People's Hospital from Aug. 2016 to Mar. 2017 were included for the retrospective review. The CT data of the ureteral stones and the ureteral dilatation were collected, including the position of stone, the transverse and longitudinal diameter of stone, and the transverse diameter of dilated upper ureter and ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). The distribution of ureteral stones and dilatation in different parts of ureter were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: All of the 129 cases of ureteral stone, stones were located at UPJ in 9 cases (7.0%), proximal ureter in 75 (58.0%), ureter crossing external iliac vessel (UEIV) in 6 (4.7%), distal ureter in 26 (20.2%), and ureterovesical junction (UVJ) in 13 (10.1%). The mean transverse diameter of proximal ureteral stones was greater than that of distal ureteral stones [(8.47±2.36) mm vs. (6.74±1.99) mm, P<0.001], as the same as the mean longitudinal diameter [(11.00±4.41) mm vs. (7.50±4.28) mm, P<0.001]. In 114 cases of dilated ureter for stone, the UPJ had a greater transverse diameter compared with the upper ureter [(14.39±6.09) mm vs. (11.45±3.85) mm, P<0.001]. CONCLUSION: The most common location of stone is the proximal ureter in patients for endourologic lithotripsy, as the location in UEIV is rare. Both transverse and longitudinal diameters of stone in proximal ureter are greater than those in distal ureter. For dilated ureter, it is more severe in UPJ than in upper ureter. Traditionally, it is accepted that the stones lodge at 3 sites of natural narrowing in ureter, which may be questioned.

[Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor type â ¡-IgG Fc fusion protein for treatment of occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis induced by trichloroethylene].

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of the recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor Ⅱ-IgG Fc fusion protein (rhTNFR: Fc, etanercept) for the treatment of occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis induced by trichloroethylene (OMLDT) . Methods: In September 2011 to February 2016, 12 patients with OMLDT were treated with etanercept 25 mg, subcutaneous injection, twice per week, doubling of first dose. The course of treatment was 6 weeks. The drug eruption area and severity index (DASI) score, the proportion of patients achieving a 50%, 75% and 90% reduction in DASI (DASI50, DASI75, DASI90) and the serum level of TNF-α were used to assess the efficacy at different times. Adverse reactions were also recorded and evaluated. The results were statistically analyzed by nonparametric Friedman test and repetitive measurement ANOVA using the software SPSS19.0. Results: After 4 weeks treatment, the DASI score decreased form 56.33±7.02 to 0.50±0.91 (P<0.01) . The DASI50, DASI75 and DASI90 were all increased to 12 (100%) . The serum level of TNF-α decreased form (43.74±41.62) pg/ml to (3.03±0.47) pg/ml (P<0.01) . Statistically significant difference was observed from the above indexes. There were no adverse reactions in clinical application. Conclusion: Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor Ⅱ-IgG Fc fusion protein may be a safe and effective drug in the treatment of OMLDT.

[Cloning and expression analysis of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1ß and its receptor, IL-1R2, in the Asian swamp eel Monopterus albus].

Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) is the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine, whose functions are mediated through interaction with its receptors (IL-1R1 and IL-1R2). Herein, we cloned the full-length cDNA and genomic DNA of IL-1ß and IL-1R2 in the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus). The eel IL-1ß cDNA encodes a putative polypeptide of 246 amino acids. The protein sequence includes a typical IL-1 family signature, but lacked an interleukin-converting enzyme cleavage site. The genomic DNA of eel IL-1ß was 2520 bp and comprised five exons and four introns. The eel IL-1R2 cDNA encoded a putative propeptide of 423 amino acid residues, comprising a signal peptide, a transmembrane region and two Ig-like domains in the extracellular region. Similar to other vertebrates, the genomic DNA of the eel IL-1R2 has nine exons and eight introns. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that IL-1ß and IL-1R2 were constitutively expressed in all tissues, especially in the liver and immune-related organs. After infection with Aeromonas hydrophila, the transcript levels of IL-1ß and IL-1R2 were induced in the head kidney and spleen, reaching their highest levels at 6 h post injection. In vitro, IL-1ß and IL-1R2 mRNA levels were also upregulated rapidly at 1h post infection with A. hydrophila. Furthermore, acanthocephalan Pallisentis (Neosentis) celatus could induce the expression of both genes in the head kidney and intestine. In infected intestines, the transcript levels of IL-1ß and IL-1R2 were increased by 21.4-fold and 20.8-fold, respectively, relative to the control. The present study indicated that IL-1ß and IL-1R2 play an important role in inflammation and host defense, especially in the antiacanthocephalan response.

[Risk factor analysis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in type 2 diabetics after percutaneous nephrolithotomy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in the patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with kidney stone after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: In this study, 461 patients with type 2 diabetes who received PCNL in Peking University People's Hospital from June 2006 to December 2015 were reviewed. There were 281 males and 180 females with an average age of 57 years were included, of whom, 137 were diagnosed with SIRS after PCNL. The demographic data, clinical features, and test results were compared between the patients with SIRS and without SIRS, trying to identify the correlation between their clinical characters and the occurrence of SIRS. RESULTS: The SIRS was significantly correlated with the patients' preoperative white blood cell counting (×10(9)/L) [7.76 (4.00-17.96) vs. 6.31 (2.00-17.40), P<0.001], preoperational blood glucose level (mmol/L) [7.30 (3.08-19.90) vs. 6.40 (3.42-16.78), P<0.001], operative time (min) [75 (20-270) vs. 60 (20-200), P<0.001], length of stay (d) [12 (2-46) vs. 11 (3-29), P=0.019], staghorn stones [38.8% (33/85) vs. 27.7% (104/376), P=0.042], and preoperational urinary tract infection [36.8% (50/136) vs. 26.6% (81/304), P=0.032]. There was no significant correlation between the SIRS and the patients' age, body mass index, preoperative hemoglobin level, preoperative serum creatinine, and transfusion. In multivariate analysis, abnormal preoperative white blood cell counting (OR=3.194, 95% CI: 1.531-6.666, P=0.002), operative time longer than 60 min (OR=1.635, 95% CI: 1.088-2.456, P=0.018), and preoperational blood glucose level higher than normal 7.1 mmol/L were significantly correlated with the presence of SIRS. CONCLUSION: The high level of preoperational blood glucose, abnormal preoperative white blood cell counting, and long operative time were significantly correlated with the presence of SIRS in patients with type 2 diabetes after PCNL.

[Risk factor analysis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in type 2 diabetics after percutaneous nephrolithotomy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk factors of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in the patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed with kidney stone after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). METHODS: In this study, 461 patients with type 2 diabetes who received PCNL in Peking University People's Hospital from June 2006 to December 2015 were reviewed. There were 281 males and 180 females with an average age of 57 years were included, of whom, 137 were diagnosed with SIRS after PCNL. The demographic data, clinical features, and test results were compared between the patients with SIRS and without SIRS, trying to identify the correlation between their clinical characters and the occurrence of SIRS. RESULTS: The SIRS was significantly correlated with the patients' preoperative white blood cell counting (×109/L) [7.76 (4.00-17.96) vs. 6.31 (2.00-17.40), P<0.001], preoperational blood glucose level (mmol/L) [7.30 (3.08-19.90) vs. 6.40 (3.42-16.78), P<0.001], operative time (min) [75 (20-270) vs. 60 (20-200), P<0.001], length of stay (d) [12 (2-46) vs. 11 (3-29), P=0.019], staghorn stones [38.8% (33/85) vs. 27.7% (104/376), P=0.042], and preoperational urinary tract infection [36.8% (50/136) vs. 26.6% (81/304), P=0.032]. There was no significant correlation between the SIRS and the patients' age, body mass index, preoperative hemoglobin level, preoperative serum creatinine, and transfusion. In multivariate analysis, abnormal preoperative white blood cell counting (OR=3.194, 95% CI: 1.531-6.666, P=0.002), operative time longer than 60 min (OR=1.635, 95% CI: 1.088-2.456, P=0.018), and preoperational blood glucose level higher than normal 7.1 mmol/L were significantly correlated with the presence of SIRS. CONCLUSION: The high level of preoperational blood glucose, abnormal preoperative white blood cell counting, and long operative time were significantly correlated with the presence of SIRS in patients with type 2 diabetes after PCNL.