The Verticillium dahliae effector VdPHB1 promotes pathogenicity in cotton and interacts with the immune protein GhMC4.

Verticillium dahliae is a kind of pathogenic fungus that brings about wilt disease and great losses in cotton. The molecular mechanism of the effectors in V. dahliae regulating cotton immunity remains largely unknown. Here we identified an effector of V. dahliae, VdPHB1, whose gene expression is highly induced by infection. VdPHB1 protein is localized in the intercellular space of cotton plants. Knockout VdPHB1 gene in V. dahliae had no effect on pathogen growth, but decreased the virulence in cotton. VdPHB1 ectopically expressed Arabidopsis plants were growth-inhibited and significantly susceptible to V. dahliae. Further, VdPHB1 interacted with the type II metacaspase GhMC4. GhMC4 gene silenced cotton plants were more sensitive to V. dahliae with reduced expressions of pathogen defense-related and programmed cell death genes. The accumulation of GhMC4 protein were concurrently repressed when VdPHB1 protein expressed during infection. In summary, these results revealed a novel molecular mechanism of virulence regulation that the secreted effector VdPHB1 represses the activity of cysteine protease for helping V. dahliae infection in cotton.

Identification of anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts and their contribution to knee osteoarthritis progression using single-cell analyses.

The mechanical properties of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee have been highlighted, but its role in the regulation of the joint microenvironment remains unclear, especially in the progression of Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA). Here, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq) data were integrated to reveal the transcriptional and epigenomic landscape of ACL in normal and OA states. We identified a novel subpopulation of fibroblasts in ACL, which provides new insights into the role of the ACL in knee homeostasis and disease. Degeneration of the ACL during OA mechanically alters the knee joint homeostasis and influences the microenvironment by regulating inflammatory- and osteogenic-related factors, thereby contributing to the progression of KOA. Additionally, the specific mechanism by which these Inflammation-associated Fibroblasts (IAFs) regulate KOA progression was uncovered, providing new foundation for the development of targeted treatments for KOA.

Patients' expectancy scale of acupuncture: Development and clinical performance test.

PURPOSE: This study aims to develop and validate a concise tool for evaluating acupuncture expectancy that is easy to understand and conforms to acupuncture characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A draft was created using the Delphi consensus method. Reliability, validity, discrimination, and feasibility tests were conducted at the item and scale levels. RESULTS: The scale themes were defined as disease-related, treatment-related, process-related, and outcome-related. After two rounds of Delphi surveys with good experts' reliability (authority coefficients of experts were 0.86 and 0.87 in the two rounds) and agreement (Kendall's concordance coefficient of the participants were 0.33 and 0.15 in the two rounds, P < 0.05), 11 items (the mean score for item importance, full mark ratios, and coefficient of variation of items were ≥3.5, ≥25%, and ≤0.30, respectively) were included in the draft. A total of 145 individuals were recruited to test the draft. Reliability was assessed by Cronbach's α coefficient (0.90), split-half reliability coefficient (0.89), and test-retest reliability (Pearson's coefficient = 0.74, P < 0.05). Content validity was assessed by the content validity index (Item-CVI ≥ 0.78 and Scale-CVI/Ave = 0.92), and a confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess the construct validity. The discrimination of scale items was evaluated by the critical ratio (CR > 3.00) and the homogeneity test (item-total correlations >0.40). Feasibility was assessed through the acceptance rate (recovery rate = 98.60%, response rate = 100%), completion rate (100%), and completion time (4.99 ± 6.80 min). CONCLUSION: The patients' expectancy scale of acupuncture (PESA) consists of 11 items with four themes, disease-related, treatment-related, process-related, and outcome-related. It has great reliability, validity, discrimination, and feasibility and has the potential to evaluate acupuncture expectancy in clinical trials.

Sleep duration is associated with metabolic syndrome in adolescents and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Studies on the associations between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome in adolescents and children have reported mixed results. To shed more light on this issue, we conducted this meta-analysis by synthesizing the results of previous studies. METHODS: Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Ovid, Cochrane, and Embase from inception to October 2021. Fixed-effects models and random-effects models were used to analyze the effects of sleep time on metabolic syndrome in adolescents. RESULTS: Data from 7 studies, including 13,305 adolescents and children, were meta-analyzed. Compared with the control group, short sleep durations were not associated with a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents and children using a random-effects model (odds ratio = 0.92, 95% confidence interval = 0.48-1.37, I2 = 56.5%, P = .378). Using a fixed-effects model on long sleep duration, this association was statistically significant (odds ratio = 0.57, 95% confidence interval = 0.38-0.76, I2 = 0.0%, P < .001) as a protective factor compared with shorter sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS: Long sleep duration, instead of short sleep duration, was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adolescents and children. CITATION: Xu Y, Hua J, Wang J, Shen Y. Sleep duration is associated with metabolic syndrome in adolescents and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(10):1835-1843.

Convergent Synthesis of the Precursors to Thiophene-Based Quinoids.

A convergent (outside-to-center) route was adopted to synthesize the precursors of quinoidal compounds in high yields of 85-93%. With subsequent rearrangement/dehydroxylation and oxidation, a series of thiophene-based quinoids with indandione or oxindole terminal groups were successfully synthesized. This strategy shows good compatibility with versatile central and terminal units, leading to quinoidal compounds with tunable properties.

Exercise combined with administration of adipose-derived stem cells ameliorates neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury.

Experimental studies have shown that exercise and human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) play positive roles in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, whether ADSCs and/or exercise have a positive effect on SCI-induced neuropathic pain is still unclear. Thus, there is a need to explore the effects of exercise combined with administration of ADSCs on neuropathic pain after SCI. In this study, a thoracic 11 (T11) SCI contusion model was established in adult C57BL/6 mice. Exercise was initiated from 7 days post-injury and continued to 28 days post-injury, and approximately 1 × 105 ADSCs were transplanted into the T11 spinal cord lesion site immediately after SCI. Motor function and neuropathic pain-related behaviors were assessed weekly using the Basso Mouse Scale, von Frey filament test, Hargreaves method, and cold plate test. Histological studies (Eriochrome cyanine staining and immunohistochemistry) were performed at the end of the experiment (28 days post-injury). Exercise combined with administration of ADSCs partially improved early motor function (7, 14, and 21 days post-injury), mechanical allodynia, mechanical hypoalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia, and thermal hypoalgesia. Administration of ADSCs reduced white and gray matter loss at the lesion site. In addition, fewer microglia and astrocytes (as identified by expression of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively) were present in the lumbar dorsal horn in the SCI + ADSCs and SCI + exercise + ADSCs groups compared with the sham group. Our findings suggest that exercise combined with administration of ADSCs is beneficial for the early recovery of motor function and could partially ameliorate SCI-induced neuropathic pain.

Aging Characteristics and Ecological Effects of Primary Microplastics in Cosmetic Products Under Different Aging Processes.

Microplastics are becoming an increasingly environmental concern, but only a few studies have focused on primary microplastics. Herein, four primary microplastics (Lapis, Jade, Topaz and White) commonly used in cosmetic products were selected to investigate the effects of sunlight, seawater, and soil aging on their environmental behaviors. After sunlight and seawater aging, the surfaces of all four microplastics developed breaks and cracks, with particle sizes decreased and specific surface areas increased. Topaz exhibited the most significant changes under sunlight and seawater aging and its maximum adsorption capacity of phenanthrene significantly increased by 22.50% and 47.86%, respectively. Under soil aging, amending with either White or Topaz changed the soil bacterial community composition and diversity, but they had less ecological impacts than polyvinyl chloride plastic. The results of this study provide vital information for understanding the aging characteristics, environmental behavior, and ecological effects of primary microplastics under natural aging processes.

Nanofibrous polytetrafluoroethylene/poly(ε-caprolactone) membrane with hierarchical structures for vascular patch.

With the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, developing cardiovascular supplements is becoming increasingly urgent. The ability of cells to rapidly adhere and proliferate to achieve endothelialization is extremely important for vascular grafts. In this work, we electrospun polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanofibrous membranes and used induced crystallization to manufacture poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) shish-kebab microstructures on PTFE nanofibers to overcome the inertness of PTFE, and promote cell adhesion and proliferation. PCL lamella periodically grew on the surface of PTFE nanofibers yielding a hierarchical structure, which improved the biocompatibility and mechanical properties of the PTFE nanofibrous membrane. The deposition of PCL lamella improved the hydrophilicity of electrospun PTFE nanofibers membrane, leading to good cell proliferation and adhesion. Also, due to the surface inertness of the substrate material PTFE, this PTFE/PCL composite film has good anti-platelet adhesion properties. Furthermore, cell proliferation could be regulated by controlling the integrity of the PCL crystal network. The vascular patch showed similar mechanical properties to natural blood vessels, providing a new strategy for vascular tissue engineering.

Circular RNA CREBBP modulates cartilage degradation by activating the Smad1/5 pathway through the TGFß2/ALK1 axis.

Osteoarthritis, characterized by articular cartilage degradation, is the leading cause of chronic disability in older adults. Studies have indicated that circular RNAs are crucial regulators of chondrocyte development and are involved in the progression of osteoarthritis. In this study, we investigated the function and mechanism of a circular RNA and its potential for osteoarthritis therapy. The expression levels of circCREBBP, screened by circular RNA sequencing during chondrogenic differentiation in adipose tissue-derived stem cells, and TGFß2 were significantly increased in the cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis and IL-1ß-induced chondrocytes. circCREBBP knockdown increased anabolism in the extracellular matrix and inhibited chondrocyte degeneration, whereas circCREBBP overexpression led to the opposite effects. Luciferase reporter assays, rescue experiments, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pulldown assays confirmed that circCREBBP upregulated TGFß2 expression by sponging miR-1208, resulting in significantly enhanced phosphorylation of Smad1/5 in chondrocytes. Moreover, intra-articular injection of adeno-associated virus-sh-circCrebbp alleviated osteoarthritis in a mouse model of destabilization of the medial meniscus. Our findings reveal a critical role for circCREBBP in the progression of osteoarthritis and provide a potential target for osteoarthritis therapy.

Jianghuaimon dabiense gen. nov. et sp. nov (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae), a new genus and new species of freshwater crab from eastern-central China.

A new genus and new species of freshwater crab, Jianghuaimon dabiense gen. et sp. nov., is described from Anhui and Hubei Provinces of China based on morphology and mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences. Externally, the new genus resembles several other potamid genera from China. However, its combination of carapace, male pleon, third maxilliped, and uniquely structured male first gonopod distinguish it from the others. Phylogenetic analysis using the 16S gene supports the new genus new species and shows that it, together with morphologically similar Neilupotamon and Bottapotamon, form a distinct clade.

tRNA-Derived Fragment tRF-5009A Regulates Autophagy and Degeneration of Cartilage in Osteoarthritis via Targeting mTOR.

tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) have been reported to have critical regulatory roles in osteoarthritis (OA). Recent studies have suggested that autophagy promotes the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix of chondrocytes in OA. However, the role of tRFs in posttranscriptional gene regulation during autophagy in OA is unknown. Therefore, we explored the role of tRF-5009A in the posttranscriptional gene regulation of autophagy and cartilage degeneration in OA. Using RNA sequencing, we identified tRF-5009A, the tRNAValCAC-derived fragment, in OA tissues and explored its expression by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. We further investigated the relationship between the expression of tRF-5009A and clinical factors in OA. Chondrocytes were transfected with a tRF-5009A inhibitor or mimic to determine their functions, including in relation to autophagy and the cartilage phenotype. A rescue experiment and dual-luciferase reporter assay were conducted to determine whether the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of mTOR contains a tRF-5009A-binding site. tRF-5009A was downregulated in the cartilage of OA knees, especially in damaged areas. mTOR was highly expressed in damaged cartilage and negatively correlated with the expression of tRF-5009A; transfection with a tRF-5009A inhibitor promoted the expression of mTOR and suppressed autophagy, whereas transfection with a tRF-5009A mimic had the opposite effect. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that tRF-5009A silenced the expression of mTOR by binding to its 3'-UTR. Thus, tRF-5009A regulates autophagy and cartilage degeneration in OA by targeting mTOR. In summary, these findings provide an additional tool for the clinical diagnosis and novel targeted therapy of OA.

CircNFIX regulates chondrogenesis and cartilage homeostasis by targeting the miR758-3p/KDM6A axis.

OBJECTIVES: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease causing the progressive destruction of articular cartilage; however, the aetiology has not yet been elucidated. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are reportedly involved in cartilage degeneration and OA development. In the present study, we identified that circNFIX regulates chondrogenesis and cartilage homeostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microarray analysis was performed to explore circRNA expression during the chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose-drived stem cells (hADSCs). CircNFIX expression was determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Gain- and loss-of-function assays were performed to validate the role of circNFIX in cartilage homeostasis. RNA pull-down, Argonaute2-RNA immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays were performed to evaluate the interactions among circNFIX, miR758-3p and KDM6A. RESULTS: CircNFIX expression was upregulated in the early and middle stages, whereas downregulated in the late stage of hADSC chondrogenesis. CircNFIX inhibition attenuated hADSC chondrogenesis. CircNFIX was remarkably downregulated in OA samples, circNFIX overexpression protected against chondrocyte degradation and alleviated OA progression in the destabilization of the medial meniscus OA model. Mechanistically, circNFIX acted as a sponge of miR758-3p and played a role in the chondrogenesis and chondrocyte degeneration by targeting the miR-758-3p/KDM6A axis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed a key role of circNFIX in chondrogenesis and cartilage homeostasis, which may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for OA treatment.

Experimental study on the effect of the split-type air-conditioner on the transmission of smoking pollutants in a room.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has become one of the most important sources of indoor air pollution. The study aimed to obtain the variation characteristics of typical air pollutant concentrations when people smoke in a closed room and explore the effect of the air-conditioner. A closed and air-conditioned room of 21 m2 was taken as the research object. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) were measured while 10 cigarettes were burnt in smoldering or smoking mode, with the air-conditioner on or off. The contents of nicotine in condensate samples were obtained by liquid chromatography. The impact of ETS on indoor air quality lasted for hours, causing typical pollutant concentrations to far exceed the Chinese standard. The PM2.5 produced by smoking was 11 times higher than by smoldering, but the TVOC produced by smoldering was more than by smoking. After one hour of the cigarette burning off, the PM2.5 concentration would be decreased by 96.1% with the air-conditioner on, in contrast to 67.9% with the air-conditioner off. Nicotine was detected in all samples of condensate from the air-conditioner. It is concluded that smoking cigarettes cannot be replaced by smoldering to evaluate the pollution of ETS. The air-conditioner has a positive effect on reducing the concentration of air pollutants produced by cigarette burning. More than 10% of the indoor nicotine may be taken away by condensate discharge, and its possible pollution should be paid attention to.Implications: This study provides new evidence of the effect of the split-type air-conditioner on ETS. The TVOC concentrations, which were less considered previously, were measured. PM2.5 concentration in human breathing zone can be reduced more quickly with the air-conditioner on. This study shows that there is a big difference in the concentrations of typical pollutants between smoking and smoldering. And it could be a guide for the formulation of relevant research methods. This study also demonstrates that the air conditioning condensate from the smoking room may contain nicotine. Attention should be paid to the recovery and utilization of such condensate.

Mitochonic Acid-5 Inhibits Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Improves Human Chondrocyte Survival by Upregulating SIRT3-Mediated, Parkin-dependent Mitophagy.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is related to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA); however, there are no effective drugs to treat OA for maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Studies have shown that mitochonic acid-5 (MA-5) has a protective effect against mitochondrial damage and plays a role in mitophagy. However, it is not clear whether MA-5 has a beneficial effect on inflammatory articular cartilage. Here, human OA cartilage was obtained from patients undergoing total joint replacement. Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) was used to stimulate chondrocytes and induce inflammatory injury. Cell Counting Kit-8, TUNEL, and flow cytometry assays were used to assess apoptosis. Gene expression was examined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Mitochondrial function was evaluated using immunoblotting, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, JC-1 staining, and immunofluorescence analysis. Mitophagy was detected using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. 3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl) pyridine (3-TYP), a specific inhibitor of Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), was used to block the SIRT3/Parkin pathway. Mitophagy in the cartilage sections was evaluated via immunohistochemistry. IL-1ß was found to induce chondrocyte apoptosis by inhibiting SIRT3 expression and mitophagy. In addition, inflammatory damage reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential and promoted the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to increased mitochondrial division, mitochondrial fusion inhibition, and the consequent mitochondrial damage. In contrast, the MA-5 treatment inhibited excessive ROS production by upregulating mitophagy, maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential, and reducing mitochondrial apoptosis. After chemically blocking SIRT3 with 3-TYP, Parkin-related mitophagy was also inhibited, an effect that was prevented by pretreatment of the chondrocytes with MA-5, thereby suggesting that SIRT3 is upstream of Parkin. Overall, MA-5 was found to enhance the activity of SIRT3, promote Parkin-dependent mitophagy, eliminate depolarized/damaged mitochondria in chondrocytes, and protect cartilage cells. In conclusion, MA-5 inhibits IL-1ß-induced oxidative stress and protects chondrocytes by upregulating the SIRT3/Parkin-related autophagy signaling pathway.

[Effect of wheat-grain moxibustion on the expression of Beclin-1/GRP78 in spinal dorsal horn in rats with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of wheat-grain moxibustion at "Dazhui" (GV 14) on the expressions of Beclin-1 and GRP78 in spinal dorsal horn in rats with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR), and to explore the possible analgesic mechanism of wheat-grain moxibustion for CSR. METHODS: A total of 48 SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, a model group, a wheat-grain moxibustion group and a wheat-grain moxibustion+3-MA group, 12 rats in each group. The CSR model was prepared by spinal cord insertion method. Three days after modeling, the rats in the model group were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution; the rats in the wheat-grain moxibustion group were treated with wheat-grain moxibustion at "Dazhui" (GV 14, 6 cones per time) on the basis of the model group; the rats in the wheat-grain moxibustion+3-MA group were intraperitoneally injected with 3-MA solution and wheat-grain moxibustion at "Dazhui" (GV 14, 6 cones per time). The three groups were intervened for 7 days, once a day. The gait score and mechanical pain threshold were observed before treatment and 7 days into treatment; after the treatment, the expressions of mRNA and protein of Beclin-1 in spinal dorsal horn were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry; the expression of GRP78 protein in spinal dorsal horn was detected by Western blot method; the autophagosomes and ultrastructure in spinal dorsal horn neurons were observed by electron microscope. RESULTS: After the treatment, compared with the sham operation group, in the model group, the gait score was increased and the mechanical pain threshold was decreased (P<0.01), and the expression of GRP78 protein in spinal dorsal horn was increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group and the wheat-grain moxibustion+3-MA group, in the wheat-grain moxibustion group, the gait score was decreased and mechanical pain threshold was increased (P<0.01), and the expression of GRP78 protein in spinal dorsal horn was decreased, and the expressions of mRNA and protein of Beclin-1 were increased (P<0.01). Under electron microscope, the ultrastructure of spinal dorsal horn neurons in the wheat-grain moxibustion group was not significantly damaged, and its structure was basically close to normal, and the number of autophagosomes was more than the other three groups. CONCLUSION: Wheat-grain moxibustion at "Dazhui" (GV 14) has analgesic effect on CSR rats. The mechanism may be related to moderately up-regulate the expression of Beclin-1, enhance autophagy and reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Liposome Loaded Ion/Temperature Dual Responsive Gellan Gum Hydrogel as Potential Nasal-To-Brain Delivery System.

Intranasal administration, which can bypass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is widely recognized as a promising strategy for high-efficiency drug delivery to the brain. Herein, for the purpose of effectively delivering drugs to the brain via intranasal administration, glutathione (GSH)-modified gellan gum (GSH-GG) with ion/temperature dual responsive properties was synthesized and encapsulated on galanthamine hydrobromide (GH)-loaded liposomes (GH-Lipo) for effective GH delivery to the brain (GH-Lipo@GSH-GG). Our results demonstrated that GSH-GG greatly decreased the gelation temperature of GG from 44.0 °C to 22.1 °C without compromising its ion responsiveness. Moreover, GSH-GG had a good protection ability for GH-loaded liposomes without affecting its drug release. Most importantly, the finally obtained GH-Lipo@GSHGG showed acceptable targeted delivery of GH to the brain upon in vivo administration. Therefore, this formulation can be employed as a potential delivery system in nasal-to-brain delivery.

tRNA-derived fragment TRF365 regulates the metabolism of anterior cruciate ligament cells by targeting IKBKB.

tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are new noncoding RNAs, and recent studies have shown that tRNAs and tRFs have important functions in cell metabolism via posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. However, whether tRFs regulate cellular metabolism of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and action mechanism of tRFs in ACL cell metabolism. A tRF array was used to determine tRF expression profiles in different human ACL cells, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridisation were used to determine TRF365 expression. ACL cells were transfected with a TRF365 mimic or a TRF365 inhibitor to determine whether TRF365 regulates IKBKB expression. A rescue experiment and dual-luciferase reporter assay were conducted to determine whether the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of IKBKB has a TRF365-binding site. TRF365 was weakly expressed in osteoarthritis (OA) ACL and interleukin-1ß-treated ACL cells. IKBKB was highly expressed in OA ACL and interleukin-1ß-treated ACL cells; transfection with the TRF365 mimic suppressed IKBKB expression, whereas transfection with the TRF365 inhibitor had the opposite effect. A dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that TRF365 silenced the expression of IKBKB by binding to its 3'-UTR. Thus, TRF365 regulates the metabolism of ACL cells by targeting IKBKB. In summary, TRF365 may provide a new direction for the study of ACL degeneration and on the pathophysiological process of OA.

Nanofibrous tissue engineering scaffold with nonlinear elasticity created by controlled curvature and porosity.

Micro-crimped fibers have been widely used in the field of tissue repair to mimic the natural tissue structure and mechanical properties. However, the electrospun nanofibrous membrane is a kind of dense structure, which cannot meet the requirements of mechanical properties and permeability. In this study, we prepared nanofibrous scaffold with controllable porosity and crimpness by sacrificing fiber components and releasing residual stress. The results show that the crimpness of the fiber is positively related to the porosity, and with the increase of porosity, the fiber crimpness increases greatly. Meanwhile, the scaffold modulus was reduced by 86% and the elongation at break doubled, which is similar to natural blood vessels. Moreover, it is found that the porous micro-crimped fiber scaffold promotes the adhesion and diffusion of endothelial cells, and facilitates the rapid endothelialization of the scaffold, which has a great potential for practical application.

Perlodinellashennongjia sp. nov., a new species of Perlodinella Klapálek (Plecoptera, Perlodidae) from the central area of China.

Background: Perlodinella Klapálek, 1912 is a small stonefly genus in the Palearctic areas of China and its biodiversity is underestimated. New information: This paper reports a new species of Perlodinella, Perlodinellashennongjia sp. nov. in the Dajiuhu National Wetland Park of Shennongjia Forestry District, Hubei Province, central China. The description and illustrations of the new species are provided, based on male adults, female adults and eggs. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the characters of male and female genitalia and the egg structure.