Novel Hybrid Modeling and Analysis Method for Steam Reforming Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System Multifault Degradation Fusion Assessment.

Steam reforming solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems are important devices to promote carbon neutralization and clean energy conversion. It is difficult to monitor system working conditions in real time due to the possible fusion fault degradation under high temperatures and the seal environment, so it is necessary to design an effective system multifault degradation assessment strategy for solid oxide fuel cell systems. Therefore, in this paper, a novel hybrid model is developed. The hybrid model is built to look for the system fault reason based on first principles, machine learning (radial basis function neural network), and a multimodal classification algorithm. Then, stack, key balance of plant components (afterburner, heat exchanger, and reformer), thermoelectric performance, and system efficiency are studied during the progress of the system experiment. The results show that the novel hybrid model can track well the system operation trend, and solid oxide fuel cell system working dynamic performance can be obtained. Furthermore, four fault types of solid oxide fuel cell systems are analyzed with thermoelectric parameters and energy conversion efficiency based on transition and fault stages, and two cases are also successful by using the built model to decouple the multifault degradation fusion. In addition, the solid oxide fuel cell multifault degradation fusion assessment method proposed in this paper can also be used in other fuel cell systems.

[Study on drop-out from antiretroviral therapy among adult HIV-infected individuals in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province].

OBJECTIVE: To examine the proportion and reasons of drop-out from antiretroviral therapy (ART) among 8 367 adult HIV-infected individuals in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province. METHODS: All adult HIV-infected patients receiving ART before September 30 of 2014 were examined for the situation of drop-out from ART. RESULTS: The proportion of drop-out from ART among adult HIV-infected patients in Dehong prefecture was 14.4% (1 202/8 367). Results from the univariate logistic regression analyses indicated that drop-out from ART was significantly correlated with factors as: living area, gender, age, marital status, HIV transmission route, baseline CD4⁺ T cell counts and initial treatment regimen of the patients. After adjusted for potential confounding variables by multiple logistic regression model, drop-out from ART was significantly correlated with residential area, marital status, HIV transmission route, baseline CD4⁺ T cell count and initial treatment regimen of the patients. HIV-infected patients who were living in Mangshi city, Lianghe county or Yingjiang County, being married or living with partner, HIV infection through sexual contact, with baseline CD4⁺ T cell counts ≤ 200 cells/mm³, and ART included in the initial treatment regimen etc., were less likely to drop out from ART. The proportion of drop out from ART was significantly decreasing along with the increasing time of ART. Data from specific investigation revealed that among the 1 202 patients who dropped out from ART, 704 (58.6%) were lost to follow-up, 303 (25.2%) did not adhere to treatment, 74 (6.2%) moved out the region, 64 (5.3%) were Burmese that had returned to Burma, 29 (2.4%) stopped the treatment according to doctors' advice, 18 (1.5%) were incarcerated and 10 (0.8%) were under other reasons. Reasons for the drop-out varied, according to the situation of patients. CONCLUSION: The proportion of drop-out from ART varied significantly according to the characteristics of HIV-infected patients in Dehong prefecture that underscoring the needs for tailored responses to reduce drop-out of ART. Focus should be targeted on reducing the loss to follow-up and improving the treatment adherence.

[Study on HIV viral load in plasma and drug resistance among AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in Dehong prefecture,Yunnan province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand HIV rival suppression and drug resistance (HIVDR) among AIDS patients who were receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province. METHODS: All AIDS patients who were aged over 15 years and with experience more than six months on ART by the end of 2012 in Dehong prefecture, were enrolled to receive testing for HIV viral load in plasma and genetic mutations associated with HIVDR. RESULTS: A total of 4 390 AIDS patients were qualified for the study according to the selection criteria, of whom 3 964 (90.3%) finally participated in the study. Among them, 2 307(58.2%) had CD4(+) cell counts more than 350 cells/mm³. 3 169 (79.9%) patients showed undetectable plasma HIV viral load which was lower than the detection threshold. Those who had the following factors as:resided in Ruili city, being female, older than 45 years of age, married, heterosexually infected with HIV, having received ART more than 5 years, and CD4(+) cell counts >500 cells/mm³, were more likely to have undetectable plasma virus load, with the differences statistically significant. 402 (10.1%) patients had plasma viral load ≥ 1 000 copies/ml, of whom 353 (87.8%) were successfully amplified and examined for HIVDR. Among them, 198 (56.1% ) were identified to bear genetic mutations associated with HIVDR. Most mutations were related to the resistance to nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) or non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), with M184V and K103N most frequently seen. 12 patients (3.4%) were found to have mutations resistant to protease inhibitors (PI). Data from multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the period of receiving ART and the initial ART regimen could both significantly predict the occurrence of HIV resistance. CONCLUSION: Viral suppression was highly achieved among ART-prescribed AIDS patients in Dehong prefecture,Yunnan province. However, among those who did not show effective viral suppression, the proportion of HIVDR was high, underscoring the needs for health education so as to improve the adherence to drugs as well as for improving testing for viral load and HIVDR among AIDS patients.