RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is the most common cardiac surgery worldwide. The reported mortality rates for this operation vary greatly. We aimed to determine the risk factors of in-hospital mortality for isolated on-pump CABG surgery. METHODS: This was a large-scale retrospective cohort study of two heart centers in Golestan province. Patients over the age of 18 from both genders who underwent isolated on-pump CABG procedures from 2007 to 2016 were included. The study outcome was in-hospital mortality, which was determined according to the clinical records of study patients. RESULTS: A total of 3704 patients were included in the study, and 63% were men. In-hospital mortality occurred in 2.8% (n=103) of the patients. The median (IQR) age of survived and not-survived patients were 59 (53-65) and 62 (55-75) years, respectively. 44% of the mortalities occurred in patients older than 65, while 28% of the survivors were older than 65. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that emergency CABG (OR 4.52, 95% CI, 1.45, 14.02; P = 0.009) and cardiopulmonary bypass time (CPB) (OR 1.004, 95% CI 1.001, 1.008; P = 0.034) were the risk factors of in-hospital mortality. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of the model consisting of operative and preoperative variables was 0.70 (acceptable performance). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed an acceptable mortality proportion for CABG surgeries conducted in the region. Emergency CABG and CPB time were the main risk factors for in-hospital mortality after CABG.
Asunto(s)
Puente de Arteria Coronaria Off-Pump , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Puente de Arteria Coronaria Off-Pump/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Irán/epidemiología , Puente de Arteria Coronaria/métodos , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Background/aim: Patients in the intensive care units (ICUs) are at high risk of developing delirium and agitation. Physical restraint (PR) has increased to control these patients which accompanies by adverse consequences. The aim was to determine the PR use and associated factors in patients hospitalized at the ICUs in the North of Iran. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 272 patients in 3 ICUs of 5 Azar referral hospital affiliated to Golestan University of Medical Sciences (Gorgan, Iran) in 2018 were included. Confusion assessment method for the ICU (CAM-ICU), Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were used to evaluate delirium, sedation level, disease severity, and level of consciousness, respectively. Analysis was done by STATA version 14.2 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas), univariate and multiple analyses. Results: Data from 272 patients were analyzed (mean age of 45.8 ± 21.3 years). PR was used for 74.5% of patients. Restrained patients had more severe disease [mean of APACHE II score, 20.20 (7.5) vs 11.6 (7.1)], longer length of stay [mean of 10 (5.5) vs 5.5 (4.6) days], and lower level of consciousness [mean of GCS score, 8.7 (3.5) vs 13.5 (3.3)] than patients without it. CAM-ICU was positive in majority of patients (79.5 vs 10.4%) and agitation level of RASS score was higher in restrained patients (31.7 vs 3.0%). Associated factors in multiple analysis were use of sedative and psychoactive drugs [odds ratio (OR), 2.85; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-7.82], presence of delirium (OR, 15.13; 95% CI: 4.61-49.65), deep sedation (OR, 0.04; 95% CI: 0.00-0.45), and GCS score (OR, 0.69; 95% CI: 0.53-0.9). Conclusion: This study revealed the high use of PR in the ICUs, and use of sedative and psychoactive drugs, presence of delirium, deep sedation, and GCS score were such associated factors. How to cite this article: Nomali M, Ayati A, Yadegari M, Nomali M, Modanloo M. Physical Restraint and Associated Factors in Adult Patients in Intensive Care Units: A Cross-sectional Study in North of Iran. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(2):192-198.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Limited knowledge exists on the virulence factors of Candida tropicalis and the mechanisms of azole resistance that lead to an intensified pathogenicity and treatment failure. We aimed to evaluate the virulence factors and molecular mechanisms of azole resistance among C. tropicalis isolated from patients with candidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Several virulence factors, including extracellular enzymatic activities, cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), and biofilm formation, were evaluated. Antifungal susceptibility pattern and expression level of ERG11, UPC2, MDR1, and CDR1 genes of eight (4 fluconazole resistance and 4 fluconazole susceptible) clinical C. tropicalis isolates were assessed. The correlation between the virulence factors and antifungal susceptibility patterns was analyzed. RESULTS: During a 4 year study, forty-five C. tropicalis isolates were recovered from candidemia patients. The isolates expressed different frequencies of virulence determinants as follows: coagulase 4 (8.9%), phospholipase 5 (11.1%), proteinase 31 (68.9%), esterase 43 (95.6%), hemolysin 44 (97.8%), biofilm formation 45 (100%) and CSH 45(100%). All the isolates were susceptible to amphotericin B and showed the highest resistance to voriconazole. There was a significant positive correlation between micafungin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and hemolysin production (rs = 0.316). However, we found a negative correlation between fluconazole MICs and esterase production (rs = -0.383). We observed the high expression of ERG11 and UPC2 genes in fluconazole-resistant C. tropicalis isolates. CONCLUSION: C. tropicalis isolated from candidemia patients extensively displayed capacities for biofilm formation, hemolysis, esterase activity, and hydrophobicity. In addition, the overexpression of ERG11 and UPC2 genes was considered one of the possible mechanisms of azole resistance.
Asunto(s)
Candida tropicalis , Candidemia , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Azoles , Candida tropicalis/genética , Candidemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Farmacorresistencia Fúngica , Fluconazol/farmacología , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Factores de Virulencia/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Biofilm formation by Candida species is an influential virulence factor in candidemia pathogenesis. We investigated the relationship between biofilm formation of Candida tropicalis isolates with the clinical characteristics and mortality outcomes in patients with candidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-nine C. tropicalis isolates were recovered from patients with candidemia admitted to two university hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Biofilm mass and metabolic activity of C. tropicalis biofilms were assessed in vitro with two colorimetric methods. The sessile minimum inhibitory concentrations (SMICs) were evaluated in vitro by treating preformed biofilms with diluted concentrations of azoles according to CLSI-M27 A3/S4 protocol, followed by metabolic activity quantification. The expressions of ERG11, UPC2, MDR1, and CDR1 genes were also evaluated. RESULTS: All C. tropicalis isolates produced biofilm. Respectively, higher <7-day and ≥7-day mortality rates were found among cases with high metabolic activity (46.7% vs. 13%, P = 0.03) and high biofilm mass (31.8% vs. 0, P = 0.029). Sessile cells had high resistance to fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole. The azole minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of C. tropicalis sessile were significantly greater than the planktonic minimum inhibitory concentrations (PMICs). In fluconazole-treated biofilms, the expression of ERG11 and UPC2 genes was increased. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of C. tropicalis biofilm formation as an important factor in candidemia pathogenesis and the clinical outcome of patients with candidemia.
Asunto(s)
Candida tropicalis , Candidemia , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Biopelículas , Candida tropicalis/genética , Farmacorresistencia Fúngica , Fluconazol/farmacología , Humanos , Irán , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps), are gene products that have been shown to directly contribute to Candida albicans pathogenicity. Despite the clear difficulties of systemic C. albicans infections control, Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as one of the most promising alternatives in this regard. Recently, drug-loaded electrospun nanofibers have attracted a great deal of attention. In this study we have established the nanofibrous scaffold of new synthetic peptide/Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)/Poly l-Lactic Acid on expression of Secretory aspartyl proteinases 4 to 6 genes of C. albicans in comparison with free peptide. We designed new synthetic Antimicrobial peptide (AMPs) used bioinformatics tools to predict structure and stabilities. The electrospinning method was used to produce the polymeric nanofibers. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to measure the nanofibers diameters and morphology. To analyze the expression of SAP4, SAP5 and SAP6 genes, RNA was extracted from clinical isolates of C. albicans before and after treatment with subinhibitory concentrations of new synthetic peptide on nanofibrous scaffold of new synthetic peptide/PVA/PLLA and then the cDNA was synthesized and used for Real-time PCR assay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the morphology, the diameter, are affected from peptide. Reletive quantitative Real-time PCR results revealed that the mRNA levels of SAP4, SAP5 and SAP6 genes significantly decreased after treatment with nanofibrous scaffold of new synthetic peptide/PVA/PLLA (Pâ¯<â¯.05). Electrospun nanofibrous of new Synthetic Peptide/PVA/PLLA is effective in downregulating of expression SAP4, SAP5 and SAP6 genes of C. albicans strains.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/síntesis química , Proteasas de Ácido Aspártico/biosíntesis , Candida albicans/patogenicidad , Nanofibras , Péptidos/síntesis química , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Proteasas de Ácido Aspártico/genética , Materiales Biocompatibles/uso terapéutico , Candida albicans/genética , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Proteínas Fúngicas/biosíntesis , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Nanofibras/química , Nanofibras/uso terapéutico , Péptidos/uso terapéutico , Copolímero de Ácido Poliláctico-Ácido Poliglicólico/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase (SAP) is one of the main virulence factors in the pathogenesis of Candida. This enzyme is encoded by a family of at least ten genes. Among these genes, the role of SAP1-3 in mucosal infections is evident. This study aimed to investigate the expression of SAP1-3 genes of Candida albicans isolates after treatment with Echinophora platyloba extract, carvacrol and caspofungin drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vaginal samples of 68 women with suspected vaginitis were obtained and cultured. Canida albicans species were identified using phenotypic and genotyping methods. Spectrophotometry was used to investigate the presence of SAP protein in the vaginal samples, and SDS-PAGE was used to confirm its protein composition. Real-time PCR was performed to ascertain the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of Echinophora platyloba extract, carvacrol and caspofungin on the expression of SAP1-3 genes before and after treatment. RESULTS: C. albicans was found as the abundant species (59.6%), and different amounts of SAP were present in all vaginal samples, which were higher than Candida krusei strain. The protein composition of SAP in C. albicans samples was estimated with the approximate molecular weight of 45 kDa. mRNA levels of total SAP in FLU-resistant isolates (P=0.01) were more than those of FLU-susceptible isolates (P=0.07). The findings indicated that carvacrol is effective in reduction of SAP1-3 expression with a particular effect against FLU-resistant isolates. CONCLUSION: Carvacrol contains an essential oil (carvacrol); therefore, it can be considered as an alternative effective antifungal compound.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Some genes may be associated with Candida albicans resistance to azoles. Pir1 gene is described as responsible to induce resistance in C. albicans. OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to find the relationship between fluconazole resistance and Pir1 protein (Pir1p) overexpression in the females with recurrent C. albicans vaginitis requiring longer fluconazole therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 52l vaginal samples were obtained from the females with C. albicans vaginitis. The azole susceptibility phenotype was determined according to the Clinical Laboratory for Standards Institute (CLSI) protocol for disk diffusion method and inhibition zone for fluconazole. Expression of pir1 gene and fluconazole -resistance were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in C. albicans. RESULTS: In the 52 isolates, 49 (94%) were resistant to fluconazole. Overexpression of Pir1 gene was detected in 47 (96%) fluconazole-resistant C. albicans isolates. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show fluconazole -resistance in C. albicans isolates with overexpression of Pir1p.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Human cutaneous infection caused by a homogeneous group of keratinophilic fungi called dermatophytes. These fungi are the most common infectious agents in humans that are free of any population and geographic area. Microsporum canis is a cause of dermatophytosis (Tinea) in recent years in Iran and atypical strain has been isolated in Iran. Its cases occur sporadically due to M. canis transmission from puppies and cats to humans. Since this pathogenic dermatophyte is eukaryotes, chemical treatment with antifungal drugs may also affect host tissue cells. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to find a new antifungal agent of soil-Actinomycetes from Kerman province against M. canis and Actinomycete isolates were identified by PCR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A number of hundred Actinomycete isolated strains were evaluated from soil of Kerman province, for their antagonistic activity against the M. canis. M. canis of the Persian Type Culture Collection (PTCC) was obtained from the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST). Electron microscope studies of these isolates were performed based on the physiological properties of these antagonists including lipase, amylase, protease and chitinase activities according to the relevant protocols and were identified using gene 16SrDNA. RESULTS: In this study the most antagonist of Actinomycete isolates with antifungal activity against M. canis isolates of L1, D5, Ks1m, Km2, Kn1, Ks8 and Ks1 were shown in vitro. Electron microscopic studies showed that some fungal strains form spores, mycelia and spore chain. Nucleotide analysis showed that Ks8 had maximum homology (98%) to Streptomyces zaomyceticus strain xsd08149 and L1 displayed 100% homology to Streptomyces sp. HVG6 using 16SrDNA studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that Streptomyces has antifungal effects against M. canis.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Systemic candidiasis is a major public health concern. In particular, in immunocompromised people, such as patients with neutropenia, patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and cancer who are undergoing antiballistic chemotherapy or bone marrow transplants, and people with diabetes. Since the clinical signs and symptoms are nonspecific, early diagnosis is often difficult. The 65-kDa mannoprotein (MP65) gene of Candida albicans is appropriate for detection and identification of systemic candidiasis. This gene encodes a putative b-glucanase mannoprotein of 65 kDa, which plays a major role in the host-fungus relationship, morphogenesis and pathogenicity. OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to identify different species of Candida (C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis) using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique and also to evaluate C. albicans MP65 gene expression in BALB/C mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All yeast isolates were identified on cornmeal agar supplemented with tween-80, germ tube formation in serum, and assimilation of carbon sources in the API 20 C AUX yeast identification system. Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed on all samples using species-specific primers for the MP65 65 kDa gene. After RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis was performed by the Maxime RT Pre Mix kit. Candida albicans MP65 gene expression was evaluated by quantitative Real-Time (q Real-Time) and Real-Time (RT) PCR techniques. The 2-ΔΔCT method was used to analyze relative changes in gene expression of MP65. For statistical analysis, nonparametric Wilcoxon test was applied using the SPSS version 16 software. RESULTS: Using biochemical methods, one hundred, six and one isolates of clinical samples were determined as C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis, respectively. Species-specific primers for PCR experiments were applied to clinical specimens, and in all cases a single expected band for C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis was obtained (475, 361 and 124 base pairs, respectively). All species isolated by culture methods (100% positivity) were evaluated with PCR using species-specific primers to identify Candida species. Relative expression of Mp65 genes increased significantly after C. albicans injection into the mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study showed that the PCR method is reproducible for rapid identification of Candida species with specific primers. Mp65 gene expression of C. albicans after injection into the mice was 2.3 folds higher than before injection, with this difference being significant. These results indicated that increase of Mp65 gene expression might be an early stage of infection; however definitive conclusions require further studies.
RESUMEN
We fabricated a targeted delivery system for doxorubicin (Dox) using ß-1,3-glucan (Glu) as a carrier and decorated by trastuzumab antibody having the status of targeting agent against Her2+ breast tumors. Glu-Dox conjugates were also functionalized with polyethylenimine (PEI) intended for increasing specific cellular uptake of prepared nanoparticles. The self-assembled nanoparticles were prepared through conjugation of Dox- [Glu-Dox-] using succinic anhydride (Sa) in place of a linker. Nanoparticles had spherical morphology with positive zeta potential. In-vitro cell viability assay on two breast cancer cell lines demonstrated acceptable toxicity against tested cell lines. Confocal microscopic images demonstrated the remarkable cytoplasmic uptake of the nanoparticles in Her2-overexpressing 4T1 cells. A controlled release of Dox from Glu-Dox nanoparticles was investigated. In-vivo studies were performed on female Balb/C mice. The volume of the induced tumors was calculated following intravenous administration of nanoparticles. The tumor volume diminished efficiently and more rapidly after administration of nanoparticles containing Dox. Based on survival results, the formulation of Dox targeted nanoparticles appeared very promising for the treatment of tumors. It could be concluded that Glu-Dox targeted nanoparticles have potential advantages for delivering anticancer drugs to the target tissue.
Asunto(s)
Portadores de Fármacos/química , Nanopartículas/química , Polietileneimina/química , Succinatos/química , beta-Glucanos/química , Animales , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Antineoplásicos/química , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Doxorrubicina/administración & dosificación , Doxorrubicina/química , Portadores de Fármacos/administración & dosificación , Liberación de Fármacos , Femenino , Células MCF-7 , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Nanopartículas/administración & dosificación , Receptor ErbB-2 , Trastuzumab/administración & dosificación , Trastuzumab/química , Carga Tumoral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite the importance of self-management in epileptics, no instrument has been developed or validated in Iran. Since self-management is a multi-dimensional construct, having a valid and reliable instrument for measuring this compound construct is crucial. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to validate the Persian version of the self-management scale and provide a valid and reliable tool to measure self-management of patients with epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a methodological psychometric study. Construct , face and content validity was calculated on 200 samples after translation. Tool reliability was examined by using two methods: internal consistency and test-retest. Finally, the modified model was presented using exploratory factor analysis for the Iranian version of the tool. RESULTS: The validity of all items was above 0.63 and their content validity indexes (0.81-1) were appropriate. Construct validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed all the dimensions except for some safety and pharmacotherapy items. The overall tool reliability with internal consistency had alpha of 0.77. CONCLUSIONS: Persian version of the self-management scale for patients with epilepsy is valid and reliable to measure the dimensions of self-management in Iranian patients and it can be used to measure epileptics' self-management. Further research on the safety of this tool is recommended.
RESUMEN
We extracted Fusarium solani antigens to evaluate specific anti-F. solani IgE in fifty-one patients with asthma (33 men and 18 women) and in 22 non-atopic healthy subjects (15 men and 7 women). F. solani strains were cultured in Sabouraud glucose agar and subjected to cell disruption using the freeze-and-thaw method. The obtained cytoplasmic extracts were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Sensitisation to F. solani antigens has been evaluated in asthmatic patients using the immunoblotting assay. The SDS-PAGE identified 29 protein bands in the cytoplasmic extracts of F. solani isolates, with molecular weights ranging from 24 kDa to 112 kDa. Immunoblotting detected specific anti-F. solani IgE antibody in all asthma patients, but not in the control group. The predominant reactive allergens in patients corresponded to the bands with molecular weights of 24 kDa, 58.5 kDa, 64.5 kDa, 69 kDa, 72 kDa, and 97 kDa. Our results suggest that various allergenic components of F. solani may produce symptoms of asthma in susceptible individuals and they call for further research.
Asunto(s)
Alérgenos , Antígenos Fúngicos/análisis , Asma/inmunología , Fusarium/inmunología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad Inmediata/diagnóstico , Immunoblotting , Irán , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Invasive aspergillosis increases in chronic immunosuppressive diseases such as cancer. There is little information about the mechanisms by which Aspergillus infection affects the immune regulation and microenvironment of cancer cells. Hence, this study was aimed at investigating the effect of invasive aspergillosis on immunosurveillance, metastasis, and prognosis of cancer in tumor-bearing mice. After implantation of mouse mammary tumor in BALB/c mice, they were infected with Aspergillus conidia intravenously. For comparison, groups of mice were experimentally infected with Aspergillus conidia or implanted with tumor cells separately. Seven days after Aspergillus infection, the serum levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were measured by ELISA, and subsequently regulatory T lymphocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. The survival of animals and mean tumor size were then determined. Our results indicated that tumor sizes in mice increased significantly after infection with Aspergillus conidia. Moreover, invasive aspergillosis enhanced the population of regulatory lymphocytes and level of TIMP-1. This study supports the idea that massive Aspergillus infection could stimulate tumor growth and increases the possibility of a bad prognosis. As a result, treatment of Aspergillus infection could be considered an important issue for efficient cancer therapy.
Asunto(s)
Aspergilosis/complicaciones , Aspergilosis/inmunología , Neoplasias Mamarias Animales/inmunología , Neoplasias Mamarias Animales/microbiología , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Animales , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Terapia de Inmunosupresión , Neoplasias Mamarias Animales/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Monitorización Inmunológica , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Linfocitos T Reguladores , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-1/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Candida albicans is one of the most important opportunistic pathogens that suppress immunologic mechanisms of the host. It is speculated that structural and secretory proteins of C. albicans have immunomodulatory effects in cancer. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of C. albicans structural and secreted proteins on intratumoral CD4/CD8 ratio as well as the survival rate in BALB/c tumor model. METHODS: Structural and secretory proteins from C. albicans were isolated and examined for their effects on tumor growth and survival of adenocarcinoma bearing mice. RESULTS: The results indicated that in mice treated with C. albicans structural protein, the survival rate significantly decreased compared with the control groups. Also, mice treated with secretory proteins showed a decrease in survival rate but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Investigating the frequency of tumor infiltrated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes indicated that the percentages of tumor infiltrated CD4+ T lymphocytes in response to structural and secreted proteins were higher compared to the control groups. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that C. albicans structural and secreted proteins modulate intratumor T lymphocyte infiltration.
Asunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/inmunología , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Relación CD4-CD8 , Candida albicans/inmunología , Proteínas Fúngicas/inmunología , Proteínas Fúngicas/farmacología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidad , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Proteínas Fúngicas/administración & dosificación , Inmunofenotipificación , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Ratones , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Fenotipo , Carga Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Carga Tumoral/inmunologíaRESUMEN
In this study, two techniques were used to compare the specific activity and total concentration of mycelial glutathione S-transferase (GST) in fungal strains isolated from natural sources. The fungi identified as Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus have been divided into two groups based on their ability to produce aflatoxins. Altogether 26 fungi were isolated, among which 12 were capable of producing varying levels of aflatoxin and 14 were proved to be non-toxigenic. GST specific activity in mycelial preparation was measured spectrophotometrically using 2,1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as the substrate. The results showed that the mean GST activity in toxigenic isolates was 25.06 +/- 9.8 micromol/mg protein/min which was 2.8-fold greater than that measured in non-toxigenic isolates (8.84 +/- 5.5 micromol/mg protein/min). Moreover, the GST concentration was compared in toxigenic and non-toxigenic isolates using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay based on antigen (fungal preparation) and antibody (antibody produced against fungal GST in rabbit). The results of ELISA showed that the mean GST level in toxigenic and non-toxigenic fungi was 1.17 +/- 0.55 and 0.40 +/- 0.24, respectively. These results further confirm that the aflatoxin production in the fungal strains is correlated with GST expression and using ELISA, it is possible to discriminate aflatoxin-producing fungi from their non-toxigenic counterparts.
Asunto(s)
Aflatoxinas/biosíntesis , Aspergillus flavus/metabolismo , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Aspergillus/enzimología , Aspergillus/aislamiento & purificación , Aspergillus flavus/enzimología , Aspergillus flavus/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía de Afinidad , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Micelio/enzimología , Micelio/metabolismo , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
In this study, anti proliferative activity of structural proteins and fraction of supernatant from culture of Candida albicans on proliferation responses of lymph node cells in Balb/c mice have been evaluated. For this reason Candida albicans was cultured in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS at 37 in 5% CO2 until reaching a confluent state for 2 weeks. The culture supernatant was obtained by centrifugation and purified by gel filtration chromatography and structural proteins of C. albicans were obtained from breakage of cell wall by vortexing with glass beads in suspension of PBS and 1 mM PMSF and then cultured with lymph node cells and evaluated by MTT assay. The results in this study demonstrated that both of structural proteins and fraction of supernatant from culture of Candida albicans suppress immune responses compared with Control group. Our study provides evidence that proteins of C. albicans have anti proliferative activity.