Role of alkaline phosphatase intestine-isomerase in acute mesenteric ischemia diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic value of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) intestine-isomerase, plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and D-dimer levels in acute mesenteric ischemia. METHODS: Thirty Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each. In Group 1, blood samples were obtained to determine normal parameter levels. In the sham group, Group 2, blood samples were obtained following laparotomy. In Group 3, blood samples were obtained 2 hours after ligation. In Groups 4 and 5, blood samples were obtained at 4 and 6 hours after ligation, respectively. Ischemic damage was assessed using a pathological scoring system. Blood samples were analyzed for hourly changes in parameters. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference in D-dimer levels was found between ischemia groups (p=0.337). A statistically significant difference in LDH levels was found between the control group, Group 1, and Group 4 (p=0.018). ALP intestine-isomerase enzyme levels were not statistically significant in other groups (p=0.077). CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that plasma LDH levels higher than 1900 IU/L may be a useful marker in the early diagnosis of acute mesenteric obstruction. However, ALP intestine-isomerase enzyme and D-dimer plasma levels were not found to contribute to the diagnosis.

Interleukin-8 and Its Receptors in Human Milk from Mothers of Full-Term and Premature Infants.

In addition to its nutritional benefits, human milk also has bioactive elements. Limited immunological functions of newborns are supported and altered by the immunological elements of mother milk. Chemokines are of importance among these immune factors. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) has been demonstrated in mother's milk, and its receptors, CXC chemokine receptors (CXCR)-1 and CXCR-2, were detected on cells, responsible for immunological reactions and mammary glandular cells. The soluble forms of these receptors are yet to be described in human milk. In this study, it was aimed to assess the IL-8 levels and the concentrations of its receptors in colostrum and mature mother's milk in regard to preterm and term delivery. The results of this study indicated a decline in IL-8 levels with the lactation stage, but no difference was observed between term and preterm mother's milk. Regarding the CXCR-1 and CXCR-2, the concentrations of these receptors were similar in both colostrum and mature milk. Furthermore, there was not any significant difference between term and preterm mother's milk. In conclusion, this is the first study to investigate the concentrations of CXCR-1 and CXCR-2 with the levels of IL-8 in colostrum and mature human milk of term and preterm newborns. The alterations in IL-8 levels were similar in some of the studies reported. CXCR-1 and CXCR-2 levels did not demonstrate any significant difference. Further studies are required to investigate the soluble forms of these receptors and their relation to IL-8 with larger cohort.

Evaluation of Plasma Melatonin Levels in Children With Afebrile and Febrile Seizures.

BACKGROUND: Melatonin modulates central nervous system neuronal activity. We compared the melatonin levels of patients with febrile and afebrile seizures during and after seizure with those of healthy controls. METHODS: We enrolled 59 individuals with afebrile and febrile seizures (mean age, 6.09 ± 4.46 years) and 28 age-, sex-, and weight-matched healthy children. Melatonin levels were measured near the time of a seizure (0 to 1 hour) and at 12 and 24 hours post-seizure, and control melatonin levels were measured from a single venous blood sample. RESULTS: Plasma melatonin levels increased during seizures in the study group (P < 0.001). Post-seizure plasma melatonin levels were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Plasma melatonin levels did not differ between patients with afebrile seizures who had and had not used antiepileptic drugs. Daytime (8 AM to 8 PM) and nighttime (8 PM to 8 AM) post-seizure melatonin levels were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Melatonin levels were lower in pediatric patients prone to seizures than in healthy children and increased during seizures. Further research is needed to test the role of melatonin in the pathophysiology and treatment of epilepsy.

Evaluation of Neopterin Levels in an Endotoxin-Induced Experimental Uveitis Model.

BACKGROUND: In this study, NP levels of intraocular fluids and serum were analyzed in the endotoxin-induced uveitis model. METHODS: Intravitreal injection of 0.05 ml E. Coli lipopolysaccharide (IVT LPS) has been performed into the right eyes of 14 rabbits. Animals were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 7) sacrificed 24 hours after the intravitreal injection, and group 2 (n = 7) 72 hours after the intravitreal injection. Aqueous fluid, vitreous and serum samples were drawn at the time of sacrifice; histopathological changes were also examined. RESULTS: Significantly elevated aqueous and vitreous NP levels were observed in IVT LPS injected eyes. In IVT LPS injected eyes, aqueous NP levels showed a significant decrease in 72 hours (p < 0.05), whereas vitreous NP concentrations significantly increased in 72 hours (p < 0.05). Both aqueous and vitreous protein concentrations were significantly higher in IVT LPS injected eyes. Histopathologic evaluation revealed that, in the first 24 hours, inflammation was significant in choroid and ciliary body. Retinal histopathological changes were observed mainly at 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that neopterin levels correlate with early intraocular inflammatory response in an endotoxin-induced uveitis model.

Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is associated with cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a member of the lipocalin family best known as a novel and early marker of acute kidney injury (AKI). Recent data suggest that NGQueryAL is not only a marker of AKI, but also an important player in the vascular remodeling, atherosclerotic plaque stability and thrombus formation. We conducted this study to investigate the association of serum NGAL levels with fatal and composite (fatal and non-fatal) cardiovascular events (CVE) in a cohort of patients with stage 1-5 CKD. METHODS: This was an observational cohort study in which serum NGAL was obtained from 298 CKD (stages 1-5) patients. Fatal and composite CVE were recorded for a median 41 months. We examined alteration of serum NGAL through CKD groups as well as association with inflammatory markers. We also performed a Cox regression analysis to determine the association of NGAL with predefined clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The median value of NGAL was 50.5 ng/mL (IR 47.6-54.9 ng/mL), and higher NGAL values were recorded in diabetic patients. In a multiple linear regression model, including all univariate associates of NGAL, only log eGFR, log hs-CRP and log HDL cholesterol maintained an independent association with log NGAL. During the observational period, 30 patients died due to cardiovascular causes and 69 non-fatal CVE were registered. In the fully adjusted model, we observed a 2.08-fold increase in the risk of fatal CVE and a 1.50-fold increase in the risk of fatal and non-fatal CVE for each increment of 1 SD in log NGAL values. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study that shows that serum NGAL is associated with cardiovascular events (fatal and non-fatal) in patients with CKD, independently of traditional risk factors, renal function and inflammation.

A new utilization area for hyperbaric oxygen? Improving quality of stored blood.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Since blood bags have the ability for diffusion of gases, we investigated whether hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) exposure affects several vital parameters of stored blood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bloods obtained from the same persons were used as both control and HBO groups and stored in pediatric bags with citrate-phosphate-dextrose solution. HBO administration was performed at 2.5 atm for 90 min, started 1 day after blood collection and repeated every 2 days for a total of 10 times. The study was terminated on the 21st day. Complete blood count, glucose, pH, and osmotic fragility values were measured every week. RESULTS: Glucose and pH levels decreased in stored blood. In the HBO-exposed group, these decreases were less than in the control. In addition, mean corpuscular and platelet volumes tended to increase during storing process, but with HBO, these indexes remained lower, near physiologic levels. Another interesting finding of the study was the relative stable osmotic fragility ratio in the HBO group compared to the control blood. CONCLUSION: HBO exposure has positive effects on pH, stability of erythrocytes, and energy source (glucose) of the medium. Thus, we concluded that HBO may be a useful application for life and quality of stored blood.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine and augmentation index in newly diagnosed patients with hypertension.

Pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (Aix), and central aortic pressure (CAP) are arterial stiffness markers of endothelial dysfunction (ED). We investigated the relationship between arterial stiffness parameters and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA; a marker of ED), in newly diagnosed patients with hypertension (n = 101; 61 females). These patients were investigated in accordance with the recommendations of hypertension guidelines. Arterial stiffness was measured, and serum ADMA and C-reactive protein (CRP; a marker of inflammation) levels were determined. In both women and men, there was no difference in terms of age, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, PWV, CAP and the levels of ADMA, while Aix and CRP levels were significantly higher in women (P = .004, P = .046, respectively). In the whole group, ADMA levels correlated with Aix (Pearson r = .237, P = .024). Our findings provide further evidence of a link between arterial stiffness and ED in newly diagnosed patients with hypertension.

Endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in young women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To evaluate whether there is a correlation between insulin resistance and nitric oxide-related endothelial dysfunction in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted with 25 young women with PCOS and 25 young healthy women, between 18 and 35 years of age. Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels, serum nitric oxide (NO) levels, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) rates were measured in both the patient and control groups. RESULTS: Plasma ADMA levels were significantly higher in PCOS patients than in the controls (P = 0.001). Serum NO levels were significantly lower in patients than in the controls (P = 0.008). The HOMA-IR rates, accepted as an insulin resistance parameter, were significantly higher in patients than in the controls (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Results of the present study indicate that, independent of age, body mass index, and blood lipid profile, there is significant insulin resistance in PCOS patients. However, no correlation was found between HOMA-IR as an insulin resistance determinant and altered ADMA and NO levels. This finding may indicate that there are additional mechanisms of cardiovascular risks in PCOS patients other than insulin resistance.

The effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on ischemia-modified albumin levels in people with diabetes with foot ulcers.

INTRODUCTION: Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) treatment accelerates the healing process of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) by increasing tissue oxygenation in hypoxic tissues. Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is produced as a result of serum albumin flowing through ischemic tissues. We aimed to investigate the effect of HBO2 therapy on IMA levels in patients with DFU. METHODS: Thirty (22 male, eight female) patients with DFU were enrolled into this study. HBO2 therapy was performed five times a week. Blood samples were drawn before the first treatment, after the 10th (IMA10) and 20th (IMA20) hyperbaric sessions. RESULTS: Pretreatment IMA levels [median (25%-75% quartiles)] of the patients were 0.010 (0.002-0.150) absorbance units (ABSU). Compared to pretreatment values, IMA levels did not change significantly after the 10th session [0.006 (0.003-0.025) ABSU] and 20th session [0.009 (0.005-0.019) ABSU] (p = 0.527). We found statistically significant negative correlations between diabetic age and IMA10 (r = -0.448, p = 0.013) and IMA20 (r = -0.414, p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: In contrast to our expectations, IMA levels did not change with HBO2 therapy in patients with DFU. We think that IMA levels did not decrease due to the production of free oxygen radicals during HBO2 therapy. Further studies with larger groups may give more accurate results.

Effects of general and spinal anesthetic techniques on endothelial adhesion molecules in cesarean section.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of anesthetic techniques used during general anesthesia (GA) and spinal anesthesia (SA) on endothelial adhesion molecules in the fetal circulation of healthy parturients undergoing elective cesarean section. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to either the general anesthesia (n = 20) or spinal anesthesia (n = 20) group. Maternal and cord blood neopterin, sE-selectin, and sL-selectin levels were measured in both groups. RESULTS: Cord blood neopterin concentrations in the SA group were not different from those in the GA group, but maternal neopterin levels in the SA group were different from those in the GA group. Maternal blood levels of sE-selectin and sL-selectin were not different between the two groups. Similarly, the cord blood levels of sE-selectin and sL-selectin were not different between the two groups. We found an increased inflammatory process in the fetal circulation depending on the anesthetic method used. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the effects of general and spinal anesthetic techniques on serum sL-selectin, sE-selectin, and neopterin levels in neonates and parturients undergoing elective cesarean section. sE-selectin and neopterin concentrations and leukocyte counts were higher in the fetal circulation than in the maternal circulation during both GA and SA.

Predictive value of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, soluble ST2, and IL-33 in bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

BACKGROUND: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains an important complication of preterm births. The soluble form of ST2 (sST2), interleukin-33 (IL-33), and soluble form of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) have attracted increasing attention as biomarkers for different diseases. The aim of the current study was to assess the predictive value of plasma sST2, IL-33, and suPAR levels in patients with risk of BPD development. METHODS: A total of 38 babies were studied prospectively on delivery to the neonatal intensive care unit. Serum levels of IL-33, sST2, and suPAR were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum samples were collected from umbilical cord (at the time of delivery, termed CB) and peripheral blood (on day 14, termed PB). RESULTS: Levels of suPAR (PB-suPAR) and sST2 (PB-sST2) in the peripheral blood of the BPD group were significantly higher than the corresponding levels in the non-BPD group (P < 0.001, P = 0.028, respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between PB-suPAR levels and the severity of BPD (P < 0.001)) when the suPAR results were analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic curve. CONCLUSION: PB-suPAR and PB-sST2 levels are sensitive and specific independent predictive biomarkers in preterm babies with BPD.

Determination of oxidative stress and cellular inflammation in patients with diabetic nephropathy and non-diabetic nephropathy being administered hemodialysis treatment due to chronic renal failure.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate oxidative stress [8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA)] endothelial damage [asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)] and markers of cellular inflammation [interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), neopterin (NP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP)] in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and non-diabetic nephropathy who were being administered hemodialysis treatment because of chronic renal failure. METHODS: In determining 8-OHdG, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, Enzyme-Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay method was used. Serum MDA, ADMA and NP levels were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). And hs-CRP values were measured with nephelometric method. RESULTS: Serum 8-OHdG and MDA levels were found statistically to have increased when compared with those of the control group in patients groups after dialysis. However, serum ADMA and neopterin levels were observed statistically to have decreased when compared with those of the control group in patients groups after dialysis. But, decreases on ADMA and neopterin levels are still much higher than those of control. IL-6 and TNF-α levels were found to have increased when compared with those of control group in patients groups before dialysis. CONCLUSION: The oxidative stress in patients with DN, who were being treated with hemodialysis due to chronic renal failure, was higher than that of non-DN patients who were being treated with hemodialysis. In contrast with this, inflammation occurring in non-DN patients was found to have been higher than that of in patients with DN.

The effect of taurine on the relationship between NO, ADMA and homocysteine in endotoxin-mediated inflammation in HUVEC cultures.

The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of taurine on the relationship between nitric oxide (NO), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and homocysteine (Hcy) in endotoxin-induced human umblical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) cultures. For this reason, four groups were formed (n=12). Control group consists of HUVEC cultures without any treatment. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS+taurine groups were treated with 10 µg/mL endotoxin, 5 µg/mL taurine and endotoxin+taurine (same doses), respectively. Nitrite/nitrate (NOx), ADMA and Hcy levels were measured. There was a significant increase of NOx, ADMA and Hcy in endotoxemia (p<0.05). Taurine treatment elevated NOx levels significantly (p<0.01) in taurine and LPS + taurine group compared to control group, while it reduced NOx levels compared to LPS group. In contrast, taurine decreased ADMA levels to the control level both in taurine and taurine+LPS group compared to LPS. Hcy levels increased significantly compared to taurine group (p<0.05) and did not change compared to LPS group. Taurine was effective on ADMA-NO relationship whereas no beneficial effect was observed in Hcy levels (p<0.05).

Breath-holding spells may be associated with maturational delay in myelination of brain stem.

PURPOSE: To evaluate possible contribution of maturational delay of brain stem in the etiology of breath-holding spells in children using brain stem auditory evoked potentials. METHODS: The study group included children who experienced breath-holding spells. The control group consisted of healthy age- and sex-matched children. Age, gender, type and frequency of spell, hemoglobin, and ferritin levels in study group and brain stem auditory evoked potentials results in both groups were recorded. Study group was statistically compared with control group for brain stem auditory evoked potentials. RESULTS: The mean age of study and control groups was 26.3 ± 14.6 and 28.9 ± 13.9 months, respectively. The III-V and I-V interpeak latencies were significantly prolonged in the study group compared with the control group (2.07 ± 0.2 milliseconds; 1.92 ± 0.13 milliseconds and 4.00 ± 0.27 milliseconds; 3.83 ± 0.19 milliseconds; P = 0.009 and P = 0.03, respectively). At the same time, III-V and I-V interpeak latencies of patients without anemia in the study group compared with those of control group were significantly prolonged (2.09 ± 0.24 milliseconds; 1.92 ± 0.13 milliseconds and 4.04 ± 0.28 milliseconds; 3.83 ± 0.19 milliseconds; P = 0.007 and P = 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results consider that maturational delay in myelination of brain stem may have a role in the etiology of breath-holding spells in children.

The protective effect of melatonin and S-methylisothiourea treatments in nitrogen mustard induced lung toxicity in rats.

OBJECTIVES: Mustard is highly toxic to the lung. Its toxic effects are associated with inflammatory cell accumulation and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficiency of melatonin (MEL) and S-methylisothiourea (SMT) on mechlorethamine (MEC) induced lung toxicity. METHODS: Thirty-six male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, MEC, MEC+MEL, and MEC+SMT. Control group was given saline only via transdermal route. Other groups were exposured to a single dose of MEC (3.5 mg/kg) via transdermal route. MEL (100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after the application of MEC, and after the same dose of MEL was given every 12 h for a total of six doses. SMT (50 mg/kg) was also given intraperitoneally 30 min after the application of MEC. RESULTS: MEC injection resulted in alveolar epithelial injury, hemorrhage, inflammation, edema and interalveolar septal thickening in the lung tissues. The tissue TNF-α, IL-1ß, and nitrate/nitrite (NOx) levels were found significantly different for all groups (p<0.001). TNF-α and IL-1ß levels increased significantly with MEC exposure, and MEL and SMT ameliorated these increases in lung tissues. MEC also elevated NOx levels in lung tissue. Melatonin showed meaningful protection against lung injury. But protection of SMT was weaker. CONCLUSION: Inflammation plays an important role in the MEC induced lung toxicity as well as oxidative and nitrosative stress. Melatonin has also anti-inflammatory properties similar to SMT, as well as anti-oxidant properties. But melatonin treatment was found more efficient than SMT treatment.

Soluble TWEAK plasma levels increase after renal transplantation and associate with the improvement of endothelial function.

BACKGROUND: Soluble TWEAK (sTWEAK) and asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) concentrations have been associated with endothelial function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We tested the hypothesis that the improvement in endothelial function observed after renal transplantation is directly linked to the normalization of both sTWEAK and ADMA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy-five kidney transplant recipients (71% men; 31·6 ± 9·4 years) were studied immediately before and on the 180th day post-transplantation. At each visit, blood samples were taken to assess circulating levels of sTWEAK and ADMA. Brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (FMD) assessments were also performed. RESULTS: Renal transplantation was followed by an improvement in FMD. This improvement was paralleled by an increase in sTWEAK and a reduction in ADMA after transplantation (P < 0·001 for all). Cross-sectionally, both molecules associated with FMD before as well as after transplantation (P < 0·001 for all). Longitudinally, the changes observed in sTWEAK (ß = 0·26, P < 0·001) and ADMA (ß = -0·44, P < 0·001) levels were independently associated with the improvement of FMD (r(2)  = 0·30). CONCLUSIONS: Renal transplantation is followed by an improvement of FMD that is independently associated with the normalization of both sTWEAK and ADMA concentrations. We identify two surrogate biomarkers of endothelial function with potential as therapeutic targets.

Hb H Interference on Measurement Of HbA1c With Ion-Exchange HPLC.

In this article, an interference caused by hemoglobin H (Hb H), during the measurement of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with ion exchange high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, was presented in blood sample of a 20-year-old male patient. HbA1c measurement was performed with Agilent 1200 HPLC system using a commercial Recipe HbA1c ion-exchange column. Hemoglobin electrophoresis was performed with Interlab G26 agarose electrophoresis automated compact system. HbA1c level was 18.2% and HbA0 level was 81.5% with ion-exchange HPLC method. Patient's fasting serum glucose was assessed before HbA1c measurement and the result was 165 mg/dL (9.16 mmol/L). On the other hand, the result of HbA0 was 87.9%, Hb H was 10.8% and Hb A2 was 1.3% with electrophoresis. Whole blood test values were within reference ranges except MCV. MCV value was 79.6 fL. It is important to keep in mind that HbA1c level might be considered falsely high with ion-exchange HPLC method because of Hb H containing sample.

Association between the development of diabetic foot and serum fetuin­A levels.

INTRODUCTION: Fetuin­A is a glycoprotein secreted from hepatocytes, which affects diabetes and peripheral arterial disease. However, there has been no studies regarding the relation between diabetic foot and fetuin­A levels. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to analyze the association between diabetic foot development and serum fetuin­A levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Following the approval of the local ethical board, 137 patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into 3 groups: diabetes group (n = 49), diabetic foot group (n = 57), and control group (n = 31). In all patients, serum fetuin­A, C­reactive protein, magnesium, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were measured. Diabetic foot wounds were classified according to the Wagner classification and lower extremity arteries were evaluated by ultrasonography. RESULTS: Median fetuin­A levels in patients with diabetic foot were significantly higher than in those with diabetes. However, the differences in HbA1c levels between both groups were not statistically significant. A positive correlation was found between the Wagner classification and ultrasound evaluation of the peripheral arteries (degree of atherosclerosis) in patients with diabetic foot. In the diabetic foot group, fetuin­A levels were also found to be positively correlated with ultrasound evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a positive correlation between serum fetuin­A levels and the development of diabetic foot.

Comparative effects of nebivolol and metoprolol on red cell distribution width and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with newly diagnosed essential hypertension.

High level of circulating red cell distribution width (RDW) and neutrophil/lymphocyte (N/L) ratio may reflect ongoing vascular inflammation and play an important role in pathophysiology of hypertension. We evaluate the effects of nebivolol and metoprolol on the RDW and N/L in new essential hypertensive patients. After baseline assessment, 72 patients were randomly allocated to 5 mg/d of nebivolol (n = 37, 20 men) or 100 mg/d of metoprolol (n = 35, 18 men) and treated for 6 months. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), RDW, and N/L were measured before and after treatment. BP significantly decreased with both drugs (P < 0.001). Analog reduction was observed for resting HRs (P < 0.001), but metoprolol caused greater HR fall as compared with nebivolol (P < 0.001). After 6 months of treatment, nebivolol significantly lowered not only RDW but also the total white blood cell and N/L (P < 0.001, P = 0.023, P = 0.017, respectively). No changes were observed in metoprolol group. Percent decrease in RDW was found to be significantly higher in nebivolol than in the metoprolol group (P = 0.001) and remained also after correction for confounders (P = 0.012). Nebivolol improved RDW and N/L to a greater extent than metoprolol in patients with hypertension. These favorable effects may participate, together with the BP reduction, at the favorable properties of the drug in hypertension.