Decreased peripheral perfusion measured by perfusion index is a novel indicator for cardiovascular death in patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the major cause of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Despite of recent therapies, mortality and resources spent on healthcare due to CVD is still important problem. Thus, appropriate markers are needed to predict poor outcomes. Therefore, we investigated the role of peripheral perfusion as an indicator for cardiovascular death in patients with type 2 diabetes and established CVD. This retrospective cohort study included 1080 patients with type 2 diabetes and history of CVD recruited from the outpatient clinic at Matsushita Memorial Hospital in Osaka, Japan. Peripheral perfusion is assessed using the perfusion index (PI), which represents the level of circulation through peripheral tissues. The median age and PI values were 74 years (range: 67-79 years) and 2.6% (range: 1.1-4.3%), respectively. During follow-up duration, 60 patients died due to CVD. The adjusted Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the risk of developing cardiovascular death was higher in the first quartile (Hazard ratio, 6.23; 95% CI, 2.28 to 22.12) or second quartile (Hazard ratio, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.46 to 6.85) of PI than that in the highest quartile (fourth quartile) of PI. PI (per 1% decrease) was associated with the development of cardiovascular death (Hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.68). PI could be a novel indicator of cardiovascular death in patients with type 2 diabetes and established CVD.

Peripheral perfusion, measured by perfusion index, is a novel indicator for renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the leading causes of end stage renal disease. Despite recent therapies, mortality due to DKD and resources spent on healthcare are important problems. Thus, appropriate markers are needed to predict renal outcomes. Therefore, we investigated the role of peripheral perfusion as an indicator for renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This retrospective cohort study included 566 patients who were admitted to Matsushita Memorial Hospital in Osaka, Japan for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Peripheral perfusion was assessed using perfusion index (PI), which represents the level of circulation through peripheral tissues and was measured on each toe using a Masimo SET Radical-7 (Masimo Corporation, Irvine, CA, USA) instrument. The duration of follow up was 3.0 years. The median age of patients was 70 years (IQR range: 61-77 years) and median PI value was 2.9% (IQR range: 1.8-4.8%). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that PI (per 1% increase) was associated with an odds ratio of composite of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and/or doubling of serum creatinine level; n = 40 (odds ratio 0.823 [95% CI: 0.680-0.970]), and composite of ESRD, doubling of serum creatinine level, and renal death and/or cardiovascular death; n = 44 (odds ratio 0.803 [95% CI: 0.665-0.944]). The factors which were statistically significant in univariate analysis and those known to be related factors for renal event were considered simultaneously as independent variables for multiple logistic regression analysis. PI can be a novel indicator for renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Decreased microcirculatory function measured by perfusion index is predictive of cardiovascular death.

BACKGROUND: The importance of microcirculation for adverse outcomes in the early phase of critical illnesses has been reported. Microcirculatory function is assessed using the perfusion index (PI), which represents the level of circulation through peripheral tissues. We investigated the correlation between PI and cardiovascular death to explore whether it can serve as a predictor of cardiovascular death. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective study included 2171 patients admitted to Matsushita Memorial Hospital in Osaka, Japan, for medical treatment. We measured PI for all patients. To examine the effects of PI on cardiovascular death, a Cox proportional hazard model was used. The median age and PI values were 72 years (range 63-79 years) and 2.7% (range 1.4-4.6%), respectively. During the 3927.7 person-years follow-up period, a total of 54 patients died due to cardiovascular disease. PI was positively correlated with BMI (P < 0.0001) and total cholesterol levels (P = 0.004). PI was negatively correlated with age (P < 0.0001), heart rate (P < 0.0001), and creatinine levels (P < 0.0001). Adjusted Cox regression analyses demonstrated that PI was associated with an increased hazard of cardiovascular death (hazard ratio 0.84; 95% CI; range 0.72-0.99). In addition, compared with patients with a high PI (> 3.7%), those with a low PI (≤ 2.0%) had a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular death. This low PI group had a hazard ratio of 3.49 (95% CI 1.73-7.82). CONCLUSIONS: The PI is a valuable predictor for cardiovascular death in a clinical setting.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Repaglinide Versus the Combination of Mitiglinide and Voglibose on Glycemic Variability in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Glycemic variability is a risk factor for total death and cardiovascular events. There are no obvious guidelines for the direct treatment of glycemic variability, but it can be improved with the treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia. OBJECTIVE: We compared the effect of repaglinide versus the combination of mitiglinide and voglibose, used to improve postprandial hyperglycemia, on glycemic variability in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We performed an open-label randomized cross-over trial between April 2016 and April 2018. Patients with type 2 diabetes who were admitted to our hospital were enrolled in our study (n = 12). Glycemic variability. was assessed using a continuous glucose monitoring system. RESULTS: The average glucose level of the repaglinide phase (146.1 ± 20.7 mg/dl) and the combination of mitiglinide and voglibose phase (132.3 ± 19.8 mg/dl) were similar (P = 0.10). The standard division (P = 0.0005), coefficient of variation (P = 0.006), and mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (P = 0.002) of glucose were lower in the combination of mitiglinide and voglibose phase than in the repaglinide phase. CONCLUSION: Treatment with the combination of mitiglinide and voglibose might be more effective than repaglinide for the improvement of glycemic variability.

Decreased microcirculatory function measured by perfusion index is a novel indicator of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Diabetic kidney disease has been considered as an important risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Chronic hypoxia is considered to be the main cause of renal injury. Diminished microcirculatory blood flow could be associated with hypoxia in the kidney. Whether diminished microcirculation is associated with diabetic kidney disease has not yet been reported. Here, we investigated the correlation between microcirculatory function and diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our cross-sectional study included 574 patients who were admitted to Matsushita Memorial Hospital in Moriguchi, Japan, for type 2 diabetes. Microcirculatory function was assessed using the perfusion index (PI), which represents the level of circulation through peripheral tissues. We measured the PI for all patients. RESULTS: The median age and PI values were 70 years (range 60-77 years) and 2.8% (range 1.6-4.8%). Multiple regression analyses showed that the PI independently correlated with the logarithm of urinary albumin excretion (P = 0.009) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.005), respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that patients with systolic blood pressure (SBP) greater than the median and PI less than or equal to the median (high-low group) had a significantly increased odds of albuminuria compared with those with SBP less than or equal to the median and PI greater than the median (low-high group), and patients with SBP greater than the median and PI less than or equal to the median (high-low group) had a significantly increased odds of estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 compared with those with SBP less than or equal to the median and PI greater than the median (low-high group) or SBP greater than the median and PI greater than the median (high-high group). CONCLUSIONS: PI could be a novel indicator of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Association between Body Weight Gain from 20 Years of Age and Diabetic Nephropathy in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: It has been reported that the body mass index shows a U-shaped association with death from cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Asian population. The relationship between body weight (BW) gain from early adulthood and diabetic nephropathy remains to be elucidated in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Our aim was to investigate the association between BW gain from early adulthood and diabetic nephropathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We assessed the BW of 471 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes and calculated the change in BW from the age of 20 years to the lifetime maximum (ΔBWmax-20y). We then evaluated the relationship of ΔBWmax-20y with the degree of urinary albumin excretion (UAE), which is a useful marker for CVD. RESULTS: ΔBWmax-20y negatively correlated with the logarithm of UAE (r = -0.160, p = 0.002). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that ΔBWmax-20y was independently correlated with the logarithm of UAE (ß =-0.112, p =0.034). CONCLUSIONS: BW gain from the age of 20 years is correlated with diabetic nephropathy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

The perfusion index is a useful screening tool for peripheral artery disease.

The number of people with peripheral artery disease (PAD) has been increasing globally; therefore, it is important to explore more options to screen patients who are at a risk of developing PAD. The perfusion index (PI) represents the degree of circulation through the peripheral tissues and is measured noninvasively. We investigated the correlation between the PI and ankle-brachial index (ABI) to explore whether the PI could be used a screening tool for PAD. This cross-sectional study included 390 patients. We measured the ABI and PI for all patients. The median ABI value was 1.06 (0.92-1.13); the PI was 1.7% (0.9-3.5). The PI was higher in men than in women (P < 0.0001). The PI was positively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate and ABI in both men and women. The sensitivity and specificity of the PI to predict PAD (ABI ≤0.9) were 90.0% and 80.3%, respectively, and the cutoff PI value was 1.5% in men. The sensitivity and specificity of the PI to predict PAD were 82.1% and 79.2%, respectively, and the cutoff PI value was 1.1% in women. PI could be a reliable screening tool for diagnosing PAD because it does not restrict the patient's mobility, can be completed in a short time period, and is associated with reduced costs.

[A Case of Intraductal Pancreatic Mallignant Tumor with Difficulty in Differentiating between IPMN and ITPN].

The patient was a male in his early 60s. Diabetes had aggravated 6 months earlier, and the patient was referred to our hospital for close examination. On contrast CT, enhanced mass shadows filling the lumen of the main pancreatic duct, which was dilated throughout the pancreas, were observed, and the mass was diagnosed as an adenocarcinoma on EUS-FNA. Based on these findings, main-duct IPMN was suspected and total pancreatectomy was performed. On macroscopic observation of the resected specimen, outgrowth of a solid tumor was observed in the main pancreatic duct, whereas only low-level mucus retention was noted in the pancreatic duct. Histopathological examination revealed a papillary/tubular tumor growth, suggesting interstitial infiltration throughout the pancreas. On immunostaining, the tumor was partially positive for MUC5AC, based on which the patient was diagnosed with an intraductal pancreatic mallignant tumor, with difficulty in differentiating between IPMC and ITPC. Clinicopathologically, many aspects regarding ITPN remain unclear. Further accumulation of such cases and investigation of the tumor pathology are necessary.

Preoperative evaluation of accessory hepatic ducts by drip infusion cholangiography with CT.

BACKGROUND: This retrospective study aimed to investigate the incidence of each type of accessory hepatic duct by drip infusion cholangiography with CT (DIC-CT). METHODS: Five hundred sixty nine patients who underwent preoperative DIC-CT and laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed. Accessory hepatic ducts were classified as follows: type I (accessory hepatic ducts that merged with the common hepatic duct between the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts and the cystic duct confluence), type II (those that merged with the common hepatic duct at the same site as the cystic duct), type III (those that merged with the common bile duct distal to the cystic duct confluence), type IV (the cystic duct merged with the accessory hepatic duct), and type V (accessory hepatic ducts that merged with the common hepatic or bile duct on the left side). RESULTS: Accessory hepatic ducts were observed in 50 patients. Type I, II, III, IV, and V accessory hepatic ducts were detected in 32, 3, 1, 11, and 3 patients, respectively. Based on their drainage areas, the accessory hepatic ducts were also classified as follows: a posterior branch in 22 patients, an anterior branch in 9 patients, a combination of posterior and anterior branches in 16 patients, a left-sided branch in 2 patients, and a caudate branch in 1 patient. None of the patients with accessory hepatic ducts suffered bile duct injuries. CONCLUSION: There are a number of variants of the accessory hepatic duct. DIC-CT is useful to detect the accessory hepatic duct.

[Metastatic Pancreatic Carcinoma from Renal Cell Carcinoma Indistinguishable from Primary Pancreatic Endocrine Tumor - A Case Report].

A hypervascularized tumor was detected in a 65-year-old man who had underwent a nephrectomy for a right renal cell carcinoma at the age of 55 years. We diagnosed the tumor as a non-functioning pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor or a metastatic tumor from the renal cell carcinoma. We performed distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy and lymph node dissection. The tumor was histopathologically diagnosed as metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

True left-sided gallbladder with variations of bile duct and cholecystic vein.

A left-sided gallbladder without a right-sided round ligament, which is called a true left-sided gallbladder, is extremely rare. A 71-year-old woman was referred to our hospital due to a gallbladder polyp. Computed tomography (CT) revealed not only a gallbladder polyp but also the gallbladder located to the left of the round ligament connected to the left umbilical portion. CT portography revealed that the main portal vein diverged into the right posterior portal vein and the common trunk of the left portal vein and right anterior portal vein. CT cholangiography revealed that the infraportal bile duct of segment 2 joined the common bile duct. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed for a gallbladder polyp, and the intraoperative finding showed that the cholecystic veins joined the round ligament. A true left-sided gallbladder is closely associated with several anomalies; therefore, surgeons encountering a true left-sided gallbladder should be aware of the potential for these anomalies.

Antiosteoporotic effect of orally administered yolk-derived peptides on bone mass in women.

The main objective of this study was to verify the effect of oral intake of a yolk-derived peptide preparation (HYP) obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of yolk water-soluble protein on bone markers and bone density in 65 perimenopausal women with an average age of 47.6 ± 5.2 years. Subjects were divided into three groups, and then enrolled in a 6-month, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Bone formation and resorption markers were measured at 0, 3, and 6 months, while bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar spines was measured at 0 and 6 months. Although the bone formation marker levels showed the similarity changes among the groups, bone resorption markers in the test HYP group were significantly decreased after 3 and 6 months in comparison to other groups (P < 0.05). After 6 months, BMD in the test HYP group maintained at healthy numerical values whereas BMD values were decreased in other groups. Hence HYP would be an antiosteoporotic agent originated from natural food to maintain bone health, especially for women.

[A case of hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple lymph node metastases detected by FDG-PET].

We report a case of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with multiple lymph node (LN) metastases. A 68-year-old man underwent hepatectomy at our hospital. Intrahepatic recurrence and swelling of multiple LNs were detected by enhanced CT 21 months later. FDG-PET was positive for multiple swollen LNs, but all were negative for the intrahepatic recurrences. Biopsy of para-aortic LNs was revealed LN metastases from HCC. Immunohistochemically, the LN metastases were composed of poorly differentiated HCC. The sensitivity of FDG-PET in patients with HCC varies in relation to degree of differentiation and decreased FDG uptake must be noted.

[STI571 for gastrointestinal stromal tumors].

Since the effectiveness of STI571 for GIST was reported, therapy for GIST has changed markedly, and the disease has attracted attention. We have treated 19 patients with GIST since 2000 by 19 resections (local resection in 14 patients, total gastrectomy in 2 patients, distal gastrectomy in 2 patients, and hepatectomy in 1 patient), and administered STI571 to 5 patients with unresectable or recurrent GIST. Of these 5 patients, 2, 1, 1, and 1 had PR, SD, PD, and inevaluable disease, respectively, with a response rate of 50%. The disease was controllable in 80% of the patients. All patients had palpebral and crural edema as side effects, which were not severe, suggesting the safety of the drug. It is important to tailor therapy (STI571 or surgery) to the patient.