The Evaluation of Clot Waveform Analyses for Assessing Hypercoagulability in Patients Treated with Factor VIII Concentrate.

BACKGROUND: Regular prophylactic therapy has become an increasingly common treatment for severe hemophilia. Therefore, hypercoagulability-a potential risk factor of thrombosis-is a cause for concern in hemophilic patients treated with a high dose of FVIII concentrate. In clot waveform analysis (CWA)-thrombin time (TT), a small amount of thrombin activates clotting factor VIII (FVIII) instead of fibrinogen, resulting in FVIII measurements using CWA-TT with a small amount of thrombin. METHODS: The coagulation ability of patients treated with FVIII concentrate or emicizumab was evaluated using activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), TT and a small amount of tissue factor-induced FIX activation assay (sTF/FIXa) using CWA. RESULTS: The FVIII activity based on CWA-TT was significantly greater than that based on the CWA-APTT or chromogenic assay. FVIII or FVIII-like activities based on the three assays in plasma without emicizumab were closely correlated; those in plasma with emicizumab based on CWA-TT and chromogenic assays were also closely correlated. CWA-APTT and CWA-TT showed different patterns in patients treated with FVIII concentrates compared to those treated with emicizumab. In particular, CWA-TT in patients treated with FVIII concentrate showed markedly higher peaks in platelet-rich plasma than in platelet-poor plasma. CWA-APTT showed lower coagulability in hemophilic patients treated with FVIII concentrate than in healthy volunteers, whereas CWA-sTF/FIXa did not. In contrast, CWA-TT showed hypercoagulability in hemophilic patients treated with FVIII concentrate. CONCLUSIONS: CWA-TT can be used to evaluate the thrombin bursts that cause hypercoagulability in patients treated with emicizumab. Although routine APTT evaluations demonstrated low coagulation ability in patients treated with FVIII concentrate, CWA-TT showed hypercoagulability in these patients, suggesting that the evaluation of coagulation ability may be useful when using multiple assays.

[Interstitial Lung Disease after OK-432 Pleurodesis for Malignant Pleural Effusion in Breast Cancer-A Case Report].

The patient was a 42-year-old woman. After 4 courses of capecitabine therapy for right chest wall recurrence of breast cancer, ER(+, 10-15%), PgR(-), HER2(-), she underwent pleurodesis using OK-432 for increased right pleural effusion. On the 12th day after pleurodesis diffuse infiltrative shadows in the right lung, and frosted shadows in both lungs, were observed, and she was diagnosed with drug-induced lung injury. About 3 weeks after administration of prednisolone 1 mg/ kg a tendency for improvement in lung injury was observed, but the patient died of breast cancer progression. Drug- induced lung injury by pleurodesis carries the risk of delaying resumption of chemotherapy. We report this case with a review of the literature.

The migration speed of nucleolar precursor bodies in pronuclei affects in vitro fertilization-derived human embryo ploidy status and live birth.

Purpose: To study the relationship between clinical outcomes after assisted reproduction and the migration speed of nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs) in male and female pronuclei (mPN; fPN). Methods: NPB migration speed, embryo ploidy status, and live birth (LB) were retrospectively analyzed in IVF-derived zygotes. The central coordinates of the mPN, fPN, and NPBs were noted at multiple timepoints. The migration distance of NPBs between two sequential images was measured to calculate NPB migration speed. Results: The NPB migration speeds in mPN and fPN were significantly faster in euploid zygotes than in aneuploid zygotes. In multivariate logistic analysis, NPB migration speed in mPN and the female age were associated with euploidy. The NPB migration speeds in mPN and fPN were also significantly faster in zygotes that led to LB than in zygotes that led to no pregnancy. In a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of LB by NPB migration speed in mPN, the cut-off value was 3.74 µm/h (AUC: 0.825, 95%CI: 0.688-0.963). When the zygotes were categorized by this cut-off value, there were significantly more LBs in zygotes with migration speed ≥ the cut-off (78.9% vs. 21.1%). Conclusions: Zygotes with quickly migrating NPBs demonstrated the developmental potential to become a baby.

A Clot Waveform Analysis of Thrombin Time Using a Small Amount of Thrombin Is Useful for Evaluating the Clotting Activity of Plasma Independent of the Presence of Emicizumab.

OBJECTIVE: Although emicizumab is a bispecific, monoclonal antibody that has led to a significant improvement of treatment for hemophilia A patients with inhibitors, the routine monitoring of patients treated with emicizumab is difficult. Thrombin time (TT) reflects thrombin burst, which mainly depends on activation of factor V (FV) and FVIII. METHODS: We, therefore, developed a method for evaluating clotting activity independent of the presence of emicizumab. Normal plasma (NP) or FVIII-deficient plasma (FVIIIDP) with and without emicizumab was measured using clot waveform analysis (CWA)-activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and TT. RESULTS: Emicizumab caused clot formation in FVIIIDP using the CWA-APTT; however, the coagulation peaks of plasma with and without emicizumab measured by the CWA-TT did not differ to a statistically significant extent. Regarding the mixing tests with NP and FVIIIDP, CWA-APTT showed large differences between each mixing test in plasma with and without emicizumab, whereas the CWA-TT showed similar patterns in mixing plasma with and without emicizumab. Regarding the standard curve of FVIII activity, the CWA-APTT showed an FVIII-concentration-dependent increase; however, the values with each concentration of FVIII differed between samples with and without emicizumab, whereas CWA-TT showed FVIII-concentration-dependent fluctuations independent of the presence of emicizumab, and the values with each concentration of FVIII were similar in samples with and without emicizumab. CONCLUSIONS: As CWA-TT using a small amount of thrombin (0.5 IU/mL) can reflect thrombin burst and be useful for evaluating FVIII activity, independent of the presence of emicizumab, it is useful for monitoring clotting activity in patients with an anti-FVIII inhibitor treated with emicizumab.

SMARCA2/BRM-Deficient Undifferentiated/Rhabdoid Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site.

Undifferentiated neoplasms of unknown primary sites are rare. It is difficult to identify their characteristics and determine the appropriate chemotherapy regimen to be used. Undifferentiated/rhabdoid carcinoma is reportedly associated with loss of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes, such as observed in SMARCA4-deficient tumors. However, little is known about SMARCA2/BRM-deficient tumors. A 48-year-old man presented with low back pain. Computed tomography (CT) revealed intraperitoneal lymph nodes and multiple bone metastases that invaded the thoracic and lumbar spinal canals. The primary tumor was not identified despite the standard diagnostic methods being used. CT-guided needle biopsy of right iliac bone metastasis showed that the tumor had an undifferentiated/rhabdoid morphology. Immunostaining revealed that the tumor was SMARCA2/BRM-deficient despite both SMARCB1/INI1 and SMARCA4/BRG being retained. We found no genomic alterations during domestic next-generation sequencing panel profiling, which can identify 114 genes. Thus, he was diagnosed with SMARCA2/BRM-deficient undifferentiated/rhabdoid carcinoma of an unknown primary site with multiple bone metastases and intraperitoneal lymph node metastasis. We administered radiotherapy to the thoracic and lumbar spine to improve cord compression, and carboplatin (CBDCA) and paclitaxel regimen was chosen as first-line chemotherapy, but this was discontinued due to an anaphylactic shock. We then selected the CBDCA and gemcitabine regimens; however, the patient did not continuously receive the regimen due to myelosuppression. Radiation therapy effectively relieves pain and cord compression. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of SMARCA2/BRM-deficient undifferentiated/rhabdoid carcinoma of an unknown primary site. Further studies are needed to improve SWI/SNF-deficient tumor identification methods.

Clot Waveform Analysis Demonstrates Low Blood Coagulation Ability in Patients with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura.

BACKGROUND: Although platelets, which contain large amounts of phospholipids, play an important role in blood coagulation, there is still no routine assay to examine the effects of platelets in blood coagulation. METHODS: Hemostatic abnormalities in patients with thrombocytopenia, including those with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), were examined using clot wave analysis (CWA)-small-amount tissue-factor-induced FIX activation (sTF/FIXa) and thrombin time (TT). RESULTS: Although there were no marked differences in the three parameters of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) between normal healthy volunteers and typical patients with ITP, the peak heights of the CWA-sTF/FIXa were markedly low in patients with ITP. The three peak times of the CWA-sTF/FIXa in patients with a platelet count of ≤8.0 × 1010/L were significantly longer than those in patients with a platelet count > 8.0 × 1010/L and the peak heights of the CWA-sTF/FIXa in patients with a platelet count of ≤8.0 × 1010/L were significantly lower than those in patients with >8.0 × 1010/L. The peak heights of the CWA-APTT in patients with ITP were significantly lower than in patients with other types of thrombocytopenia. The three peak heights of the CWA-sTF/FIXa in ITP patients were significantly lower than those in patients with other types of thrombocytopenia. The CWA-TT showed lower peak heights and longer peak times in patients with ITP in comparison to patients with other types of thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS: The CWA-sTF/FIXa and CWA-TT results showed that blood coagulation is enhanced by platelets and that the blood coagulation ability in ITP patients was low in comparison to healthy volunteers and patients with other types of thrombocytopenia.

The Reevaluation of Thrombin Time Using a Clot Waveform Analysis.

OBJECT: Although thrombin burst has attracted attention as a physiological coagulation mechanism, clinical evidence from a routine assay for it is scarce. This mechanism was therefore evaluated by a clot waveform analysis (CWA) to assess the thrombin time (TT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The TT with a low concentration of thrombin was evaluated using a CWA. We evaluated the CWA-TT of plasma deficient in various clotting factors, calibration plasma, platelet-poor plasma (PPP), and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) obtained from healthy volunteers, patients with thrombocytopenia, and patients with malignant disease. RESULTS: Although the TT-CWA of calibration plasma was able to be evaluated with 0.01 IU/mL of thrombin, that of FVIII-deficient plasma could not be evaluated. The peak time of CWA-TT was significantly longer, and the peak height significantly lower, in various deficient plasma, especially in FVIII-deficient plasma compared to calibration plasma. The second peak of the first derivative (1st DP-2) was detected in PPP from healthy volunteers, and was shorter and higher in PRP than in PPP. The 1st DP-2 was not detected in PPP from patients with thrombocytopenia, and the 1st DP-2 in PRP was significantly lower in patients with thrombocytopenia and significantly higher in patients with malignant disease than in healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION: The CWA-TT became abnormal in plasma deficient in various clotting factors, and was significantly affected by platelets, suggesting that the CWA-TT may be a useful test for hemostatic abnormalities.

Soluble C-Type Lectin-Like Receptor 2 Is a Biomarker for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is induced by excess activation coagulation, and activated platelets are also involved in pathogenesis. Therefore, plasma levels of soluble C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (sCLEC-2), a new marker for platelet activation, can be expected as a marker of DIC in critically ill patients. Plasma levels of sCLEC-2 and D-dimer were measured using the STACIA system. Plasma sCLEC-2 and D-dimer levels were significantly higher in patients with underlying diseases of DIC than in those with unidentified clinical syndrome (UCS). Plasma sCLEC-2 levels were significantly higher in the patients with DIC and Pre-DIC than in those without DIC or Pre-DIC. Similarly, plasma D-dimer levels were also significantly higher in patients with DIC and Pre-DIC than in those without DIC or Pre-DIC. The plasma sCLEC-2 levels in all patients and those with a DIC score ≤ 4 were significantly higher in non-survivors than survivors. The plasma D-dimer levels in all patients, those with a DIC score ≥ 5 and those with a DIC score ≤ 4, were significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors. The plasma sCLEC-2 is expected as a marker for DIC/Pre-DIC as well as the prognostic marker in critically ill patients.

The Evaluation of Hemostatic Abnormalities Using a CWA-Small Amount Tissue Factor Induced FIX Activation Assay in Major Orthopedic Surgery Patients.

We analyzed the utility for a clot waveform analysis (CWA) of small tissue factor induced FIX activation (sTF/FIXa) assay in patients with major orthopedic surgery (including total hip arthroplasty [THA] and total knee arthroplasty [TKA]) receiving edoxaban for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The sTF/FIXa assay using recombinant human TF in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) was performed using a CWA in the above patients to monitor the efficacy of edoxaban administration. Of 147 patients (109 THA and 38 TKA), 21 exhibited deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and 15 had massive bleeding. Increased peak heights of the CWA-sTF/FIX were observed in almost patients after surgery and prolonged peak heights of the CWA-sTF/FIX were observed in almost patients treated with edoxaban. The peak heights and times of the CWA-sTF/FIX were significantly higher and shorter, respectively, in PRP than in PPP. There were no significant differences in parameters of the CWA-sTF/FIXa between the patients with and without DVT or between those with and without massive bleeding. The peak time of CWA-sTF/FIXa were significantly longer in TKA patients than in THA patients on day 1 after surgery. The second derivative peak height of the CWA-sTF/FIXa was significantly lower in TKA patients than in THA patients on day 4. The CWA-sTF/FIX reflected hemostatic abnormalities after surgery and the administration of edoxaban, and the results were better in PRP than PPP. Further studies separately analyzing the THA and TKA subgroups should be conducted.

Outcome of in vitro fertilization cycles with automatic time-lapse instrumentation combined with the early embryo viability assessment score.

AIM: To evaluate whether embryo selection using the early embryo viability assessment (EEVA) score increases the ongoing pregnancy rate of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection patients. METHODS: One hundred eighty-one patients whose serum anti mullerian hormone (AMH) level was greater than 0.5 ng/µL were enrolled in the study. All patients received oocyte retrieval repeatedly from June 2017 to January 2019. Transferred embryos were selected using the EEVA score and Veeck's criteria. We investigated the blastocyst rate according to the EEVA score and Veeck's criteria and also evaluated the clinical outcome following embryo transfer of the blastocysts. RESULTS: Blastocyst development rate (48.7%) and high-quality blastocyst (42.4%) of Veeck 1 was statistically higher than others. The blastocyst rate (71.4%) and high-quality blastocyst rate (60.0%) for EEVA 1 was the highest, and a correlation between the EEVA score and the blastocyst rate was also identified in cases younger than 40 years. Blastocyst rate of EEVA 1 + 2 (69.8% 208/298) was statistically higher than that of Veeck 1 + 2 (40.1% 317/791) (p < 0.05) and high-quality blastocyst rate of EEVA 1 + 2 (50.0% 104/208) was also higher than that of Veeck 1 + 2 (36.6% 117/320) (p < 0.05). However, there was a significant correlation between EEVA and the pregnancy rate and pregnancy rate of EEVA 1 + 2 showed no statistical difference compared with Veeck 1 + 2. CONCLUSIONS: Although it remains to be answered whether a computer can substitute Veeck's classification, the EEVA score could be a viable alternative to predict the blastocyst rate and to select those high-potential embryos that improve the pregnancy rate.

Migration speed of nucleolus precursor bodies in human male pronuclei: a novel parameter for predicting live birth.

PURPOSE: To study the relationship between the migration speed of nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs) in male and female pronuclei (mPN; fPN) and human embryo development during assisted reproduction. METHODS: The migration speed of 263 NPBs from 47 zygotes was quantitated, and embryonic development was observed until the blastocyst stage. The central coordinates of mPN, fPN, and NPBs were noted at multiple timepoints. Then, the distance traveled by the NPBs between two sequential images was measured, and migration speed was calculated. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between NPB migration speed and ploidy status (N = 33) or live birth/ongoing pregnancy (LB/OP) (N = 60) after assisted reproduction. RESULTS: The NPB migration speed in both mPN and fPN was significantly faster in the zygotes that developed into blastocysts (N = 25) than that in the zygotes that arrested (N = 22). The timing of blastulation was negatively correlated with NPB migration speed in the mPN. Faster NPB migration was significantly correlated with LB/OP. In multivariate logistic analysis, NPB migration speed in the mPN was the only morphokinetic parameter associated with LB/OP. In a receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis of LB/OP by the NPB migration speed in the mPN, the cut-off value was 4.56 µm/h. When this cut-off value was applied to blastocysts with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, 100% of the blastocysts faster than or equal to the cut-off value were euploid. CONCLUSION: The NPBs migrated faster in zygotes having the potential to develop into a blastocyst, and eventually into a baby. This predictor could be an attractive marker for non-invasive embryo selection.

Risk factors for cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury: A pilot study on the usefulness of genetic variants for predicting nephrotoxicity in clinical practice.

Several studies have reported risk factors for predicting cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI), including old age, female sex, smoking, hypoalbuminemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, a high body surface area, advanced cancer and the total dose of cisplatin administered. Recently, some studies have focused on the associations between genetic alterations in the genes coding for renal drug transporters, such as organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), and the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin. However, genetic variants have not been fully elucidated for clinical use. Patients who had received cisplatin (≥50 mg/m2)-containing chemotherapy as a first-line treatment were considered as eligible for the present study. The occurrence of AKI and its associations with baseline characteristics, conventional biomarkers and single-nucleotide variants (SNV) were assessed. AKI was defined as an increase in the serum creatinine level of >0.3 mg/dl or to 1.5-2 times the baseline level. Genotyping was conducted using the DMET platform (DMET Plus), which characterizes 1,936 genetic variants (1,931 SNV and 5 copy number variations) in 231 genes. Between April 2014 and June 2016, a total of 28 patients (22 men and 6 women) were enrolled. AKI occurred in 8 of the 28 enrolled patients (28.6%). Univariate analyses demonstrated that the urinary ß2-microglobulin level and body surface area were significantly higher in the AKI group (P<0.05). As regards the associations between AKI and SNV, none of the examined SNV were found to be associated with cisplatin-induced AKI. The findings of the present study suggested that certain clinical factors were associated with the onset of AKI, but no associations were identified with genetic factors, including OCT2. Although this was a small pilot study, the findings indicated that genetic factors may not be of value for predicting AKI in clinical practice.

The differential expression of miRNAs between ovarian endometrioma and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated to play a vital role in development, differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, which miRNAs are actually associated with endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer remains controversial. METHODS: Serum and ascites samples were obtained from all patients. Serum samples from 5 cases of ovarian endometrioma and endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer each were submitted for comprehensive miRNA microarray profiling. We investigated the differential expression of miRNAs between the two groups to confirm the pivotal role of miRNAs. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction validation of five selected miRNAs [miR-92a-3p, miR-486-5p, miR-4484, miR-6821-5p, and miR-7108-5p] was performed, and miR-486-5p expression analysis was followed by proliferation and wound healing assays, depending on the expression of miR-486-5p. RESULT: miR-486-5p expression in serum and ascites samples from endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer patients was significantly higher than that from ovarian endometrioma patients. Moreover, the miR-486-5p level in serum and ascites samples was significantly correlated with the severity of the endometriosis. The upregulation of miR-486-5p in immortalized ovarian endometrioma cells significantly increased proliferation and migration. In contrast, the downregulation of miR-486-5p in these cells significantly decreased proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION: miR-486-5p might function as an oncogenic miRNA in endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer and could be a noninvasive biomarker to prospect the severity of ovarian endometrioma.

Failure of complete hatching of ICSI-derived human blastocyst by cell herniation via small slit and insufficient expansion despite ongoing cell proliferation.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on embryo hatching and visualise the effects of zona thinning (ZT) on the embryo using time-lapse monitoring. METHODS: In vitro fertilisation (IVF) (n = 178) and ICSI (n = 110)-derived cryopreserved blastocysts were donated by patients who previously had a baby. This study investigated the impacts of IVF, ICSI, laser-assisted hatching by ZT and formation of ICSI penetration trace on zona pellucida of IVF-derived blastocyst on blastcyst diameter, the estimated number of trophectoderm (TE) cells and completed hatching rate. RESULTS: The completed hatching rate and diameters of the completely hatched blastocysts at hatching commencement and at the maximum expansion were significantly greater in the IVF than in ICSI groups. The completed hatching rate significantly increased with ZT in both groups. The maximum diameters of the completely hatched blastocysts were significantly smaller in the ZT than in non-ZT groups. The estimated TE cell numbers increased from hatching commencement to their maximum expansion points. The incompletely hatched ICSI-derived blastocysts intermittently herniated cells via small slits until degeneration. The completed hatching rate significantly decreased by the formation of ICSI penetration trace on zona pellucida of IVF-derived blastocyst. CONCLUSION: ICSI-derived blastocysts intermittently release proliferating cells and extracted TE cells and/or inner cell masses via a small slit; thus, blastocyst expansion is not sufficiently increased, leading to a reduced complete hatching rate. Therefore, the ICSI penetration trace potentially has negative effects on blastocyst expansion process in vitro and is a risk factor for the failure of completed hatching.

Usefulness of the APTT waveform for the diagnosis of DIC and prediction of the outcome or bleeding risk.

BACKGROUND: The usefulness of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) waveform has been reported in hemophilia, acquired hemophilia and monitoring for anticoagulants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The APTT waveform was examined in patients suspected of having disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) to analyze its usefulness for the diagnosis of DIC or the prediction of the outcome or bleeding risk. RESULTS: DIC with fibrinogen < 2 g/L was frequently associated with infectious diseases (43.3%). The heights of the first derivative peak (1stDP) and second DP (2ndDP) were extremely low in DIC, especially DIC with hypofibrinogenemia, but high in infectious patients without DIC. The peak time and width of the 1stDP and 2ndDP were prolonged in patients with DIC. The heights of the 1stDP and 2ndDP were markedly low in patients with a poor outcome or those with hemoglobin < 8.0 g/dl. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: As bleeding type DIC was observed in infectious DIC, DIC without hypofibrinogenemia might switch to DIC with hypofibrinogenemia by the progression of DIC. The height of the 1stDP and 2ndDP is useful for the diagnosis of DIC and prediction of the bleeding risk or outcome.

First Case of Cytokine Release Syndrome after Nivolumab for Gastric Cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a potentially life-threatening systemic disease that has been observed after treatment with antibodies and adoptive T cell therapies. In this case, we observed nivolumab-induced CRS in a patient with gastric cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: A 43-year-old male with advanced gastric cancer was treated with nivolumab as a third-line chemotherapy. He had no history of allergies. Eight days after the first administration of nivolumab, fever, tachycardia, appetite loss and increases in liver and biliary enzymes were observed. Computed tomography revealed neither bile duct obstruction nor progression of liver metastases but showed that there was edema of the Gleason sheath. Histopathological analysis of the liver revealed cholestatic liver injury with CD8+ T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration. Neither viral infection nor autoimmune disease was revealed. His symptoms were similar to those of CRS observed after T cell therapy. We diagnosed his disease as nivolumab-induced liver injury and cholangitis accompanied by CRS based on his serum cytokine levels. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of nivolumab-induced CRS in a patient with gastric cancer.

Elevated plasma levels of soluble C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC2) in patients with thrombotic microangiopathy.

BACKGROUND: Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is caused by activated platelets. The plasma C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC2) levels in 58 patients with TMA were examined and compared with those in healthy volunteers and other diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The plasma levels of soluble platelet surface glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and CLEC2 were measured in patients with TMA. RESULTS: Plasma CLEC2 levels in patients with DIC and TMA were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those in thrombocytopenic patients with other hematological diseases, but no significant differences in the plasma CLEC2 levels were observed among patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), atypical HUS and other TMA. The plasma CLEC2 levels after the remission were significantly lower than those before treatment (p < 0.001). The plasma CLEC2 levels were poorly correlated with the levels of soluble GPVI in the plasma of patients with TMA. The plasma CLEC2 levels were not significantly differ between survivor and non-survivor in TMA patients, but were significantly higher in non-survivor in overall population (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The measurement of the plasma CLEC2 level is considered to be important for the diagnosis and evaluation of TMA.

Association of follicular fluid volume with membrane stretchability of human metaphase II oocytes following the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist protocol during intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

PURPOSE: The authors previously revealed the association of the follicular fluid (FF) volume with oolemma stretchability following the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocol during intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). However, the impact of the GnRH agonist protocol on oolemma stretchability remains unclear. METHODS: Data that were obtained from 74 ICSI cycles were reviewed retrospectively. Controlled ovarian stimulation was performed in accordance with the short GnRH agonist protocol. Each follicle was individually aspirated and assigned to one of six groups, according to the FF volume. The oolemma stretchability during ICSI was evaluated by using a mechanical stimulus for oolemma penetration; that is, oolemma penetration with or without aspiration (high vs low stretchability, respectively). RESULTS: The incidence of low oolemma stretchability was significantly higher in the <1.0 mL group than that in the ≥1.0 mL group. The normal fertilization rate was significantly lower in the <1.0 mL group than that in the 2.0-<3.0 mL group. The rate of blastocyst development was lower in the <1.0 mL group than that in the 3.0-<4.0 mL group. CONCLUSION: The FF volume potentially was associated with metaphase II oolemma stretchability, fertilization, and blastocyst development.