Indiana Pouch Continent Cutaneous Urinary Diversion After Robotic-assisted Radical Cystectomy: A 16-Year Experience.

BACKGROUND: Population-based practice patterns in the United States reveal continent diversions are only performed in 8%-10.4% of patients.1-4 Ideally, for patients undergoing radical cystectomy the choice of urinary diversion should be influenced by clinical factors and patient preference, with discussions surrounding quality of life. Unfortunately, receipt of continent diversion has been shown to be influenced by a plethora of other factors such as surgeon preference/training, geography, socioeconomic status, gender, and hospital volume.1-3 Thus, by providing detailed instruction and long-term follow-up, we hope to mitigate some of these disparities by changing the perceptions regarding feasibility and complications of continent diversions. OBJECTIVE: To provide step-by-step instruction and to report long-term clinical outcomes in bladder cancer patients receiving an Indiana pouch continent cutaneous urinary diversion (CCUD) after robot-assisted radical cystectomy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: After Institutional Review Board approval, a prospectively maintained bladder cancer database was queried for patients with T1-T4, N0-N1, M0 bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy with CCUD at a tertiary referral center from 2004 to 2020. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Complications at 30- and 90-day were recorded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Continence rates were recorded by chart review. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 97 patients were included with a median follow-up of 93months. Clinically, 91.8% had ≤T2 disease and 29.9% received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The median length of surgery was 8.0 hours, length of hospital stay was 8.3days, and urinary continence rate was 99.0%. The overall complication rate was 73.2% and 76.5% at 30- and 90-day, respectively. The major complication rate (Clavien III-V) was 17.5% at 30-day and 22.7% at 90-day. The most common major complications were abdominal infection and uretero-colonic stricture. The readmission rate was 21.4% and median overall survival was 108months. CONCLUSION: CCUD provides exceptional functional outcomes with acceptable complication rates compared to other diversion types. CCUD is a reliable reconstructive option and with this step-by-step video as a reference, we hope it will be offered to more patients.

Adoption of Patient-Generated Health Data in Oncology: A Report From the NCCN EHR Oncology Advisory Group.

BACKGROUND: Collecting, monitoring, and responding to patient-generated health data (PGHD) are associated with improved quality of life and patient satisfaction, and possibly with improved patient survival in oncology. However, the current state of adoption, types of PGHD collected, and degree of integration into electronic health records (EHRs) is unknown. METHODS: The NCCN EHR Oncology Advisory Group formed a Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) Workgroup to perform an assessment and provide recommendations for cancer centers, researchers, and EHR vendors to advance the collection and use of PGHD in oncology. The issues were evaluated via a survey of NCCN Member Institutions. Questions were designed to assess the current state of PGHD collection, including how, what, and where PGHD are collected. Additionally, detailed questions about governance and data integration into EHRs were asked. RESULTS: Of 28 Member Institutions surveyed, 23 responded. The collection and use of PGHD is widespread among NCCN Members Institutions (96%). Most centers (90%) embed at least some PGHD into the EHR, although challenges remain, as evidenced by 88% of respondents reporting the use of instruments not integrated. Forty-seven percent of respondents are leveraging PGHD for process automation and adherence to best evidence. Content type and integration touchpoints vary among the members, as well as governance maturity. CONCLUSIONS: The reported variability regarding PGHD suggests that it may not yet have reached its full potential for oncology care delivery. As the adoption of PGHD in oncology continues to expand, opportunities exist to enhance their utility. Among the recommendations for cancer centers is establishment of a governance process that includes patients. Researchers should consider determining which PGHD instruments confer the highest value. It is recommended that EHR vendors collaborate with cancer centers to develop solutions for the collection, interpretation, visualization, and use of PGHD.

Novel Antibiotic-Irrigating Wound Protector Reduces Infectious Complications in Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy with Extracorporeal Urinary Diversion.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether use of an antibiotic-irrigating wound protector (AWP) reduces infectious complications after robotic radical cystectomy with extracorporeal urinary diversion (RCUD). METHODS: A prospectively maintained bladder cancer database was queried for patients undergoing robotic RCUD at a tertiary referral center one year prior to implementing an AWP and one year after (2018-2020). All diversions were performed extra-corporally. 92 patients total. 46 consecutive patients using a traditional wound protector (TWP) and 46 consecutive with an AWP. Infections were classified as symptomatic urinary tract infection, blood stream infection, and surgical site infection. The incidence of infectious complications at 30- and 90-days were compared. RESULTS: Baseline patient characteristics between the 2 groups showed no statistically significant differences. The overall complication rate was 65.2% in the TWP group and 26.1% in the AWP group at 30-days, and 67.4% vs 30.4% at 90-days. Focusing on infections, the 30-day complication rate was 30.4% in the TWP group compared to 6.5% in the AWP group (P =.003). This pattern persisted at 90-days with 37.0% in the TWP group compared to 6.5% in the AWP group (P =.004). Most complications were symptomatic UTI and blood stream infections, 14/24 (58%), requiring parenteral antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION: We provide preliminary data showing use of an AWP can reduce infectious complications after RCUD. While larger prospective studies are warranted, our findings are a significant step towards decreasing morbidity of an already highly morbid procedure.

Integrating Academic and Community Cancer Care and Research through Multidisciplinary Oncology Pathways for Value-Based Care: A Review and the City of Hope Experience.

As the US transitions from volume- to value-based cancer care, many cancer centers and community groups have joined to share resources to deliver measurable, high-quality cancer care and clinical research with the associated high patient satisfaction, provider satisfaction, and practice health at optimal costs that are the hallmarks of value-based care. Multidisciplinary oncology care pathways are essential components of value-based care and their payment metrics. Oncology pathways are evidence-based, standardized but personalizable care plans to guide cancer care. Pathways have been developed and studied for the major medical, surgical, radiation, and supportive oncology disciplines to support decision-making, streamline care, and optimize outcomes. Implementing multidisciplinary oncology pathways can facilitate comprehensive care plans for each cancer patient throughout their cancer journey and across large multisite delivery systems. Outcomes from the delivered pathway-based care can then be evaluated against individual and population benchmarks. The complexity of adoption, implementation, and assessment of multidisciplinary oncology pathways, however, presents many challenges. We review the development and components of value-based cancer care and detail City of Hope's (COH) academic and community-team-based approaches for implementing multidisciplinary pathways. We also describe supportive components with available results towards enterprise-wide value-based care delivery.

Full thickness penile skin necrosis following HIPEC: Case report and literature review.

Heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is commonly performed at the time of tumor resection for metastatic intraabdominal tumors. Post operative complications, such as superficial wound infections or bowel leaks are common. They are largely thought to be secondary to poor wound healing due to chemotherapy-associated neutropenia. Scrotal eschars resulting in full-thickness skin necrosis have rarely been reported as a delayed complication after HIPEC. Here, we present the first case report of penile full-thickness skin necrosis after abdominal cytoreduction with HIPEC combined with ventral hernia repair and mesh placement.

Testicular Cancer, Version 2.2020, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

Testicular cancer is relatively uncommon and accounts for <1% of all male tumors. However, it is the most common solid tumor in men between the ages of 20 and 34 years, and the global incidence has been steadily rising over the past several decades. Several risk factors for testicular cancer have been identified, including personal or family history of testicular cancer and cryptorchidism. Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) comprise 95% of malignant tumors arising in the testes and are categorized into 2 main histologic subtypes: seminoma and nonseminoma. Although nonseminoma is the more clinically aggressive tumor subtype, 5-year survival rates exceed 70% with current treatment options, even in patients with advanced or metastatic disease. Radical inguinal orchiectomy is the primary treatment for most patients with testicular GCTs. Postorchiectomy management is dictated by stage, histology, and risk classification; treatment options for nonseminoma include surveillance, systemic therapy, and nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. Although rarely occurring, prognosis for patients with brain metastases remains poor, with >50% of patients dying within 1 year of diagnosis. This selection from the NCCN Guidelines for Testicular Cancer focuses on recommendations for the management of adult patients with nonseminomatous GCTs.

Real-time indocyanine green angiography with the SPY fluorescence imaging platform decreases benign ureteroenteric strictures in urinary diversions performed during radical cystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia is thought to contribute to benign ureteroenteric stricture (UES) after radical cystectomy with urinary diversion (RCUD). Our institution adopted the use of ureteral perfusion assessment during all RCUDs using real-time indocyanine green angiography using the SPY fluorescence imaging platform (Stryker Corp., Kalamazoo, MI, USA). This guides the location of ureteral transection prior to ureteroenteric anastomosis. We sought to compare UES rates before and after adoption of SPY. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was undertaken for the first 47 consecutive cases of RCUD using SPY as well as the previous 47 consecutive cases, which were performed without SPY. Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare benign UES rates and the length of ureter excised during anastomosis. A p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: Median follow up was 12.0 months for SPY cases and 24.3 months for non-SPY cases. The UES rate for SPY RCUDs was 0% (0/93 ureters) compared with 7.5% (7/93 ureters) for non-SPY RCUDs (p = 0.01). Amongst SPY RCUDs, 86 ureters had no hydronephrosis and 7 had mild hydronephrosis with reflux on loopogram. A total of 34.4% of ureters (32/93) had poor distal perfusion, requiring a more proximal anastomosis. The median length excised for ureters with poor distal perfusion was 3.8 cm, compared with 2.2 cm for ureters with good distal perfusion (p < 0.0001). No complications attributable to the use of SPY were noted. CONCLUSION: Use of SPY to assess ureteral perfusion was associated with a decrease in the UES rate after RCUD. A total of 34.4% of ureters demonstrated poor distal perfusion, requiring a significantly more proximal ureteroenteric anastomosis.

Lymph node-positive prostate cancer after robotic prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymphadenectomy.

Optimal management of node-positive prostate cancer patients after prostatectomy remains a challenge. We evaluated clinically localized patients who demonstrated node positivity and identified predictors for secondary treatment. From 2010 to 2015, clinically localized prostate cancer patients who underwent robot prostatectomy with extended lymphadenectomy and node-positive disease on pathologic analysis were identified. Clinical N1, M1 or salvage cases were excluded. Patients were stratified based on secondary treatments. Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the time to biochemical and metastatic recurrence. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors for additional treatment. 145 patients (45 no additional therapy, 47 adjuvant, 53 salvage) had a median follow-up of 31.2 months. Salvage patients had higher median pre-operative prostate-specific antigen (10.8 vs. 9.7 vs. 8.2, p = 0.1), higher percentage of pathologic Gleason ≥8 (50.9 vs. 38.3% and 22.2%, p < 0.01), and higher median-positive nodes (3 vs. 1 and 1, p < 0.0001) compared to adjuvant and no treatment groups, respectively. Pathologic Gleason ≥8 (OR = 3.5, p = 0.007) and positive nodes ≥2 (OR = 3.3, p = 0.006) were associated with additional therapy. In the no treatment group, two-year estimated BCRFS was 74.3%. Two-year metastatic recurrence-free rates for no treatment, adjuvant and salvage groups were 100, 87.5, and 80.9%, respectively (p = 0.01). Observation is a viable alternative for low metastatic burden patients. In the largest series of node-positive patients from robotic prostatectomy and extended lymphadenectomy, those with pathologic Gleason ≥8 and positive lymph nodes ≥2 were more likely to receive additional treatment.

Prospective randomised non-inferiority trial of pelvic drain placement vs no pelvic drain placement after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if eliminating the prophylactic placement of a pelvic drain (PD) after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) affects the incidence of early (90-day) postoperative adverse events. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this parallel-group, blinded, non-inferiority trial, we randomised patients planning to undergo RARP to one of two arms: no drain placement (ND) or PD placement. Patients with demonstrable intraoperative leakage upon bladder irrigation were excluded. Randomisation sequence was determined a priori using a computer algorithm, and included a stratified design with respect to low vs intermediate/high D'Amico risk classifications. Surgeons remained blinded to the randomisation arm until final eligibility was verified at the end of the RARP. The primary endpoint was overall incidence of 90-day complications which, based on our standard treatment using PD retrospectively, was estimated at 13%. The non-inferiority margin was set at 10%, and the planned sample size was 312. An interim analysis was planned and conducted when one-third of the planned accrual and follow-up was completed, to rule out futility if the delta margin was in excess of 0.1389. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2016, 189 patients were accrued to the study, with 92 patients allocated to the ND group and 97 to the PD group. Due to lower than expected accrual rates, accrual to the study was halted by regulatory entities, and we did not reach the intended accrual goal. The ND and PD groups were comparable for median PSA level (6.2 vs 5.8 ng/mL, P = 0.5), clinical stage (P = 0.8), D'Amico risk classification (P = 0.4), median lymph nodes dissected (17 vs 18, P = 0.2), and proportion of patients receiving an extended pelvic lymph node dissection (70.7% vs 79.4%, P = 0.3). Incidence of 90-day overall and major (Clavien-Dindo grade >III) complications in the ND group (17.4% and 5.4%, respectively) was not inferior to the PD group (26.8% and 5.2%, respectively; P < 0.001 and P = 0.007 for difference of proportions <10%, respectively). Symptomatic lymphocoele rates (2.2% in the ND group, 4.1% in the PD group) were comparable between the two arms (P = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of adverse events in the ND group was not inferior to the group who received a PD. In properly selected patients, PD placement after RARP can be safely withheld without significant additional morbidity.

Ureteroenteric anastomotic revision as initial management of stricture after urinary diversion.

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with ureteroenteric anastomotic revision as initial treatment of stricture after urinary diversion. METHODS: An institutional review board-approved retrospective study was carried out. A total of 41 patients who underwent primary ureteroenteric anastamotic revision were identified between 2007 and 2015. Data analyzed included patient characteristics, type of diversion, estimated blood loss, operative time, change in renal function, length of stay, postoperative complications and time with nephrostomy/stent. Success of revision was defined as an improvement in hydronephrosis on radiographic imaging and/or reflux during pouchogram. Predictors of length of stay and complications were analyzed using analysis of covariance. RESULTS: A total of 50 renal units were revised with a success rate of 100%. The median length of stay was 6 days (2-16 days). There were a total of 15 complications (one major, 14 minor) in 14 patients (33% 30-day complication rate). The most common were wound infection (n = 4) and arrhythmia (n = 4). Robotic revision (n = 5) had a median length of stay of 3 days (2-4) with no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Primary ureteroenteric anastomotic revisions have an excellent success rate at an experienced center and might obviate the need for multiple interventions. Open revision is associated with mostly minor complications. Robotic revision might reduce the morbidity of open revision in select cases.

Lymph Node Fluorescence During Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy With Indocyanine Green: Prospective Dosing Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess the ideal dosing and the value of fluorescent sentinel lymph node (LN) detection with indocyanine green (ICG) for the detection of LN metastases in intermediate- and high-risk patients undergoing robot-assisted prostatectomy and extended pelvic LN dissection (ePLND). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients received transperineal prostatic injections of ICG. Patients were cycled through 5 doses (1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5, and 7.5 mg) so optimal ICG dosing could be discovered early. RESULTS: ICG injection was able to identify fluorescent LN (FLN) packets in all 20 patients. Compared to the higher ICG doses, the 1.25 and 2.5 mg doses had fewer FLN packets and were abandoned after 1 dose each. The median number of FLN packets was 4.0, 6.0, and 4.5 for the respective doses of 3.75, 5.0, and 7.5 mg. The external iliac group was the most common site of fluorescence in 27.2% of patients, followed by the common iliac (21.3%), obturator (20.3%), internal iliac (18.5%), and node of Cloquet (7.7%). Seven (35%) of 20 patients had node-positive disease. Of the 5 patients that had fluorescent tissue outside of our ePLND template, 1 had a positive node present in the anterior bladder neck fat. Across all patients, ICG had 62% sensitivity, 50% specificity, 8% positive predictive value, and 95% negative predictive value in detecting LN metastases. CONCLUSION: The low sensitivity of ICG for the detection of LN metastases highlights why FLN dissection with ICG does not represent an alternative to ePLND.

Intermediate-term oncologic outcomes of robot-assisted radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate intermediate-term oncologic outcomes in a large series of patients who were treated with robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2004 and 2010, 162 patients underwent RARC at City of Hope Cancer Center for UCB and were analyzed with respect to overall (OS), disease-specific (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographics and perioperative variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival and recurrence. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine predictors of survival. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 52 months. Thirty-eight (23.4%) patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy before RARC; 28% of patients were pT2 and 33% had final pathology status of pT3 or pT4. Median lymph node count was 28, and positive surgical margin rate was 4.3%. Local recurrence occurred in 11 (6.8%) patients. OS, DFS, and DSS at 3 years were 61%, 76%, and 83%, respectively. OS, DFS, and DSS at 5 years were 54%, 74%, and 80%, respectively. Predictors of OS and DFS on multivariable analysis were lymph node density, pathologic stage, and age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index, while receipt of transfusion was also a negative predictor of OS. CONCLUSIONS: RARC provides an effective means of treatment of UCB in a minimally invasive fashion with comparable oncologic outcomes to that reported in the literature of open procedures.

Early and late complications of robot-assisted radical cystectomy: a standardized analysis by urinary diversion type.

PURPOSE: Minimally invasive surgical treatment for bladder cancer has gained popularity but standardized data on complications are lacking. Urinary diversion type contributes to complications and to our knowledge diversion types after minimally invasive cystectomy have not yet been compared. We evaluated perioperative complications stratified by urinary diversion type in patients treated with robot-assisted radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the records of 209 consecutive patients who underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy at our institution from 2003 to 2012 with respect to perioperative complications, including severity, time period (early and late) and diversion type. All complications were reviewed by academic urologists. Urinary diversion was also done. As outcome measurements and statistical analysis, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of various complications. RESULTS: The American Society of Anesthesiologists(®) (ASA) score was 3 or greater in 80% of patients and continent diversion was performed in 68%. Median followup was 35 months. Within 90 days 77.5% of patients experienced any complication and 32% experienced a major complication. The 90-day mortality rate was 5.3%. Most complications were gastrointestinal, infectious and hematological. On multivariate analysis patients with ileal conduit diversion had a decreased likelihood of complications compared to patients with Indiana pouch and orthotopic bladder substitute diversion despite the selection of a more comorbid population for conduit diversion. Continent diversion was associated with a higher likelihood of urinary tract infection. Our results are comparable to those of previously reported open and minimally invasive cystectomy series. CONCLUSIONS: Open or minimally invasive cystectomy is a complex, morbid procedure. Urinary diversion is a significant contributor to complications, as is patient comorbidity. Although patients with an ileal conduit had more comorbidities, they experienced fewer complications than those with an orthotopic bladder substitute or Indiana pouch diversion.

Paclitaxel-based high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue for relapsed germ cell tumor: clinical outcome and quality of life in long-term survivors.

BACKGROUND: High-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) is a viable and potentially curative approach for patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumors (GCTs). However, no comparative data exist to define the optimal chemotherapeutic strategy, and little is known about the quality of life (QOL) of long-term survivors. Herein we attempt to characterize the QOL in long-term survivors who received high-dose paclitaxel, etoposide, carboplatin, and ifosfamide (TECTIC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Details of the TECTIC regimen and clinical outcomes for the initial 33 patients have been reported. In the present study, we report the clinical data for 15 additional patients. Using the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (QLQ-C30) and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Taxane (FACT-T) questionnaires, we surveyed all patients who survived at least 4 years after HDCT. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients were enrolled and 46 patients received protocol therapy. For all 48 patients, the median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 11.8 months (range, 5.8-not reached) and 21.7 months (range, 12.7-not reached), respectively. Seventeen patients were progression free at a median of 123.2 months (51.6-170.2 months), and 6 patients remain alive after progression with a median OS of 68.8 months (47.6-147.1 months). Of the 23 surviving patients, 18 were accessible and consented to telephone interviews. Compared with historical cohorts, survivors had a higher global health scale score (87.04 vs. 75.62; P = .02) but a lower physical functioning score (68.89 vs. 92.66; P = .0001) by the QLQ-C30 scale. CONCLUSIONS: HDCT with the TECTIC regimen produces durable remissions in patients with relapsed or refractory GCTs with acceptable QOL in long-term survivors.

O-GlcNAc mediated glycosylation down-regulation in mice with cyclophosphamide induced cystitis.

PURPOSE: Cyclophosphamide induced cystitis is an established model for the study of bladder injury and wound healing. Glycosylation is an important modification mechanism that regulates the structure and function of secreted proteins and growth factors from inflammation sites. We determined the effect of cyclophosphamide induced cystitis on O-GlcNAc mediated glycosylation in the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cystitis in WT C57BL6 mice was induced with intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide. Retrieved bladders were analyzed using histology, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot for glycosylation associated factors. RESULTS: Acute bladder injury was seen up to 168 hours (7 days) after injection. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed down-regulation of O-GlcNAc transferase, a key enzyme in O-GlcNAc mediated glycosylation, at the 8, 48 and 168-hour time points. Also, the glycosidase menangioma expressed antigen 5 was up-regulated at similar time points. Western blot analysis revealed decreased glycosylated protein during cyclophosphamide induced inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge we report the first study of alterations in O-GlcNAc mediated glycosylation activity in bladders with cyclophosphamide induced cystitis. Glycosylation may have a significant role in the bladder wound healing process. Future studies of the glycosylation signaling pathways in the bladder would assist in future potential therapy for bladder inflammatory disease and cancer by elucidating pathways that guide bladder development and wound healing.

Pediatric robot-assisted laparoscopic excision of urachal cyst and bladder cuff.

Urachal cysts are the most common urachal anomaly in the pediatric population. There is an increasing body of literature documenting successful management of urachal cysts using laparoscopic techniques. There may be an advantage, however, with the use of robot-assisted laparoscopy for reconstructive cases. We describe the techniques used for robot-assisted laparoscopic excision of a urachal cyst and bladder cuff with bladder repair in a female child. This approach is a safe and effective option for the minimally invasive management of pediatric urachal cysts.

Current status of tissue engineering in pediatric urology.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize the most current clinical applications of tissue engineering and their relevance to pediatric urology. RECENT FINDINGS: Successful clinical application of engineered bladder tissue substitutes has led to an ongoing phase II clinical trial. The use of engineered tissue substitutes in hypospadias reconstruction has also been applied clinically, but has not yet gained wide acceptance. Cell injection therapy for rhabdosphincter regeneration has shown promise in adult stress urinary incontinence patients, but its applicability to the pediatric population has not been reported. To date, engineered tissue substitutes for reconstitution of the corporal bodies of the penis have been successfully applied in animal models. Renal replacement therapy has shown progress with the clinical application of human progenitor cells in hemofiltration units, and additional studies may ultimately render the engineered intracorporeal renal replacement unit a reality. SUMMARY: The field of tissue engineering seeks to arm the clinician with therapeutic options that rehabilitate or reconstruct damaged organs. Recent clinical trials may transform reconstructive surgery as well as current surgical practice in patients with neurogenic bladders and urinary incontinence.

Stem cells and tissue engineering applications of the genitourinary tract.

The field of regenerative medicine continues to make substantial advancements in therapeutic strategies addressing urologic diseases. Tissue engineering borrows principles from the fields of cell biology, materials science, transplantation and engineering in an effort to repair or replace damaged tissues. This review is intended to provide a current overview of the use of stem cells and tissue engineering technologies specifically in the treatment of genitourinary diseases. Current themes in the field include the use of adult stem cells seeded onto biocompatible resorbable matrices for implantation as tissue substitutes, which is conducive to host tissue in-growth. Injection therapy of adult stem cells for organ rehabilitation is also making strong headway toward the restoration of organ structure and function. With new data describing the molecular mechanisms for differentiation, work has begun on targeting tissues for regeneration by genetic modification methods. Promising laboratory discoveries portend the emergence of a new class of clinical therapies for regenerative medicine applications in the genitourinary tract.

Radical cystectomy for primary neuroendocrine tumors of the bladder: the university of southern california experience.

PURPOSE: Primary neuroendocrine tumors of the bladder are rare and they include small and large cell variants. We reviewed our experience with treating these tumors with radical cystectomy to evaluate their histopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August 1971 to June 2004, 2,005 patients underwent radical cystectomy for primary bladder cancer at our institution, of whom 25 (1.2%) had neuroendocrine tumors of the bladder, including small cell carcinoma in 20 and large cell carcinoma in 5. Pure neuroendocrine-type histology was identified in 16 cases, including 1 with small and large cell features, while the remaining 9 had mixed histology, that is transitional cell carcinoma in 8 and adenocarcinoma in 1. Multi-agent chemotherapy was administered to 14 patients. RESULTS: Median patient age was 68 years (range 40 to 82) and 19 patients were male (76%). A total of 19 patients (76%) had lymph node involvement, of whom 2 had small liver metastases found intraoperatively, while only 4 (16%) had organ confined tumors and 2 (8%) had extravesical, node negative disease. These tumors tended to have a flat, ulcerative gross appearance with lymphovascular invasion, carcinoma in situ and necrosis present microscopically. Median followup was 11.8 years (range 18 days to 15.1 years). Five-year overall and recurrence-free survival was 10% and 13%, respectively. There was no significant survival difference between small and large cell carcinoma. Mixed histologies tended to do better than pure neuroendocrine tumors, although this did not attain statistical significance (p = 0.064). Patients receiving multimodality therapy had significantly better overall (p = 0.051) and recurrence-free (p = 0.003) survival than those treated with cystectomy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Neuroendocrine tumors of the bladder usually present with advanced pathological stage and portend a poor prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy protocols may provide improved survival compared with cystectomy alone.