[Advances in N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Signaling Pathway and Mechanism of the Pathway-mediated Apoptosis].

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR),an important ionic glutamate receptor and a ligand and voltage-gated ion channel characterized by complex composition and functions and wide distribution,plays a key role in the pathological and physiological process of diseases or stress states.NMDAR can mediate apoptosis through different pathways such as mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum damage,production of reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrite,and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and calpain.This paper reviews the structure,distribution,and biological characteristics of NMDAR and the mechanisms of NMDAR-mediated apoptosis.

Corrigendum: Potential Mechanisms of Action of Chinese Patent Medicines for COVID-19: A Review.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.668407.].

Potential Mechanisms of Action of Chinese Patent Medicines for COVID-19: A Review.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emergent infectious pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is highly contagious and pathogenic. COVID-19 has rapidly swept across the world since it was first discovered in December 2019 and has drawn significant attention worldwide. During the early stages of the outbreak in China, traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) were involved in the whole treatment process. As an indispensable part of TCM, Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) played an irreplaceable role in the prevention and treatment of this epidemic. Their use has achieved remarkable therapeutic efficacy during the period of medical observation and clinical treatment of mild, moderate, severe, and critical cases and during convalescence. In order to better propagate and make full use of the benefits of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19, this review will summarize the potential target of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the theoretical basis and clinical efficacy of recommended 22 CPMs by the National Health Commission and the Administration of TCM and local provinces or cities in the treatment of COVID-19. Additionally, the study will further analyze the drug composition, potential active ingredients, potential targets, regulated signaling pathways, and possible mechanisms for COVID-19 through anti-inflammatory and immunoregulation, antiviral, improve lung injury, antipyretic and organ protection to provide meaningful information about the clinical application of CPMs.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Dongan black chicken and its phylogenetic analyses.

Dongan black chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus, DBC) is one of the famous native breed of Hunan province in China. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence plays an important role in the accurate determination of phylogenetic relationships among metazoans. It is the first time that the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the DBC was reported. The total length of the mtDNA is 16,785 bp, It contains the typical structure, including 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 non-coding control region (D-loop region). The overall composition of the mtDNA was estimated to be 30.27% for A, 23.78% for T, 32.46% for C, and 13.49% for G. Phylogenetic analyses using N-J computational algorithms showed that the analyzed 21 Galliformes species are divided into four major clades: Phasianidae, Numidiidae, Odontophoridae, and Megapodiidae. In addition, our work confirmed that DBC and Taoyuan chicken (TYC) have a close genetic relationship with fellow tribal members Xuefeng black-boned chicken (XBC) and Huang Lang chicken (HLC). Meanwhile, we also found that DBC and TYC have highly similar genetic relationship. This work will provide an important data set for the study of genetic mechanism of chicken in Hunan province.

[Study on different ploidy Siraitia grosvenorii and their genetic relationship by FTIR].

Siraitia grosvenorii was an important Chinese traditional medicine. The spectra of leaf of diploid, triploid and tetraploid Siraitia grosvenorii were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with OMNI sampler directly, fast and accurately. And based on the indices of wave number-absorbance from different bands and through comparison of differences of these infrared spectra the ploidy difference and genetic relationship of Siraitia grosvenorii were studied by the methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The results showed that for the ploidy, the position relationship of PCA three-dimensional-plot and the distance coefficient of clustering analysis plot between diploid and tetraploid were most remarkbly different, and the triploid was basically between diploid and tetraploid, so the ploidy was more different, the position relationship of PCA and the distance coefficient of clustering analysis were further, and the law was: 2 X < 3 X < 4 X. At the same time, the genetic relationship was further with each other while the position relationship of PCA and distance coefficient of clustering analysis was further too. And the genetic relationship of triploid was affected by the different male parent while their female parent was the same one. Therefore, using FTIR based on PCA and cluster analysis we could reveal the difference of ploidy and the genetic relationship between Siraitia grosvenorii to a certain extent. FTIR could be used for excellently polyploidy species breeding of Siraitia grosvenorii.

[Achievements and applications in making chicken chimeras using BCs].

The technology of producing chicken chimeras using blastodermal cells is very important not only in the field of transgenic chicken bioreactor but also in searching for efficient ways to conserve avian genetic resource. The basic processes for producing chicken chimeras consist of: (1) Setting up the color model; (2) Separating and dissociating of donor embryos; (3) Compromising of the recipient embryos; (4) Windowing and recovering the recipient eggs; (5) Cells injecting; (6) Method of hatching. The progress, obstacles and prospects of producing chicken chimeras via BCs were discussed in this paper.