RESUMEN
The objective is to establish the feasibility of using dynamic instrumented palpation, a novel technique of low-frequency mechanical testing, applied here to diagnose soft tissue condition. The technique is applied, in vitro, to samples of excised prostate gland affected by benign prostate hyperplasia and/or prostate cancer. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the histological structure of the tissue and the dynamic mechanical properties in an attempt to separate patient-specific aspects from histopathological condition (i.e. prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia). The technique is of clinical interest because it is potentially deployable in vivo. Prostate samples were obtained from a total of 36 patients who had undergone transurethral resection of the prostate to relieve prostatic obstruction and 4 patients who had undergone radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. Specimens (chips) recovered from transurethral resection of the prostate were of nominal size 5 mm × 8 mm and thicknesses between 2 and 4 mm, whereas those from the cystoprostatectomy were in the form of transverse slices of thickness approximately 6 mm. Specimens were mechanically tested by a controlled strain cyclic compression technique, and the resulting dynamic mechanical properties expressed as the amplitude ratio and phase difference between the cyclic stress and cyclic strain. After mechanical testing, the percentage areas of glandular and smooth muscle were measured at each probe point. Good contrast between the dynamic modulus of chips from benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer patients was demonstrated, and absolute values similar to those published by other authors are reported. For the slices, modulus values were considerably higher than for chips, and good in-patient mechanical contrast was revealed for predominantly nodular and predominantly stromal areas. Extending this classification between patients required pattern recognition techniques. Overall, the study has demonstrated that dynamic mechanical properties can potentially be used for diagnosis of prostate condition using in vivo measurements.
Asunto(s)
Palpación/instrumentación , Próstata/patología , Hiperplasia Prostática/diagnóstico , Hiperplasia Prostática/patología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Electrosurgical vessel sealing has been demonstrated to have benefits for both patients and practitioners, but significant variation in the strength of the seal continues to be a concern. This study aims to examine the variation in electrosurgical seal quality along the length of a porcine common carotid artery and explore the relationships between seal quality, vessel size and morphology. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the minimum safety threshold for successful seals and the influence of vessel characteristics on meeting this requirement. A total of 35 porcine carotid arteries were sealed using the PlasmaKinetic Open Seal device (Gyrus). Each seal was burst pressure tested and a sample taken for staining with elastin van Gieson's stain, with morphological quantification using image processing software ImageJ. With increasing distance from the bifurcation, there was an increase in seal strength and a reduction in both elastin content and vessel outer diameter. A significant correlation was found between burst pressure with both outer diameter (p < 0.0001) and elastin content (p = 0.001). When considering the safe limits of operation, vessels of less than 5 mm in outer diameter were shown to consistently produce a seal of a sufficient strength (burst pressure > 360 mmHg) irrespective of vessel morphology.