Machine learning-based prediction of cadmium pollution in topsoil and identification of critical driving factors in a mining area.

Mining activities have resulted in a substantial accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils, particularly in southern China. Long-term Cd exposure can cause plant growth inhibition and various diseases. Rapid identification of the extent of soil Cd pollution and its driving factors are essential for soil management and risk assessment. However, traditional geostatistical methods are difficult to simulate the complex nonlinear relationships between soil Cd and potential features. In this study, sequential extraction and hotspot analyses indicated that Cd accumulation increased significantly near mining sites and exhibited high mobility. The concentration of Cd was estimated using three machine learning models based on 3169 topsoil samples, seven quantitative variables (soil pH, Fe, Ca, Mn, TOC, Al/Si and ba value) and three quantitative variables (soil parent rock, terrain and soil type). The random forest model achieved marginally better performance than the other models, with an R2 of 0.78. Importance analysis revealed that soil pH and Ca and Mn contents were the most significant factors affecting Cd accumulation and migration. Conversely, due to the essence of controlling Cd migration being soil property, soil type, terrain, and soil parent materials had little impact on the spatial distribution of soil Cd under the influence of mining activities. Our results provide a better understanding of the geochemical behavior of soil Cd in mining areas, which could be helpful for environmental management departments in controlling the diffusion of Cd pollution and capturing key targets for soil remediation.

Psychological profiles among people with HIV: A latent profile analysis and examination of the relationship with interpersonal personality.

People living with HIV (PWH) often experience an increased vulnerability to psychiatric disorders as a result of social stigma and discrimination. This study utilized latent profile analysis on a sample of 3040 Chinese PWH to identify distinct psychological profiles. Furthermore, the study investigated the relationships between these profiles with interpersonal personalities, demographic characteristics, social variables and disease-related variables using a three-step regression (R3STEP). The findings from the latent profile analysis revealed that the psychological symptoms of PWH can be categorized into three distinct classes. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that interpersonal personalities, region, sex, age, religious beliefs, marital status, occupation, monthly income, time of HIV infection diagnosis and transmission route were significant factors associated with the psychological profiles of PWH. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of individualized management strategies for PWH and contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying psychological symptoms of PWH.

Exploring Stigma Experience and Coping Strategies Among Women Living with HIV/AIDS in China: A Phenomenological Study.

Purpose: As of the end of 2022, over 20 million women worldwide, aged 15 and above, are living with HIV. Stigma remains a formidable barrier for women living with HIV/AIDS, hindering their access to healthcare and exacerbating health disparities. Indeed, some women living with HIV/AIDS can successfully confront and overcome stigma. There remains a paucity of qualitative research exploring the stigma coping strategies of women living with HIV/AIDS in China. This study was aimed to gain the deeper understanding of stigma experienced by women living with HIV/AIDS and coping strategies. Patients and Methods: We recruited diverse participants using snowball sampling and purposive sampling. Semi-structured personal in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 women living with HIV/AIDS from December 2022 to June 2023. The samples were from four HIV/AIDS designated hospitals. The data were analyzed using the Colaizzi seven-step model. Results: The experiences of stigma among women living with HIV/AIDS included family role (wife/mother/grandmother) collapse and disgusted by family, resignation in being shunned by others, helplessness due to social exclusion, grief at being devaluated, and resentment for experiencing injustice. The coping strategies used to deal with stigma included concealing their conditions, avoiding socialization, and attempting to retaliate against society. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals are recommended to offer women living with HIV/AIDS effective emotional support and guidance to cope with stigma. The study highlights the stigma they face, providing valuable evidence for policymakers. Recommendations emphasize the importance of developing services addressing both physical and psychological needs of women living with HIV/AIDS.

Dose‒Response Effects of Patient Engagement on Anxiety and Depression in a Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention: Secondary Analysis of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial and a Clinical Controlled Trial.

Understanding the dose‒response relationship between patient engagement in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and health outcomes is critical for developing and implementing effective CBT programs. In studies of CBT interventions, patient engagement is measured only at a single time point, and outcomes are typically assessed before and after the intervention. Examination of the dose‒response relationship between patient engagement in CBT and outcomes is limited. It is unclear whether a dose‒response relationship exists between patient engagement in on-site CBT intervention and anxiety and depression in people living with HIV (PLWH). If present, does this dose‒response relationship occur early or later in the intervention? This study aimed to address this gap by examining the dose‒response relationships between patient engagement and anxiety and depression in CBT interventions among PLWH. Utilizing data from a pilot randomized trial (10 participants) and a clinical controlled trial (70 participants), our secondary analysis spans baseline, 3-month, and 6-month assessments. Both trials implemented the nurse-led CBT intervention. Cluster analysis identified two groups based on on-site attendance and WeChat activity. Patients with good adherence (6-10 times) of on-site attendance exhibited significantly lower anxiety and depression scores at 3 months (ß = 1.220, P = 0.047; ß = 1.270, P = 0.019), with no significant differences observed at 6 months. WeChat activity did not significantly influence anxiety or depression scores. The findings highlight a significant short-term dose‒response relationship, endorsing nurse-led CBT interventions for mental health in PLWH. Organizational strategies should focus on incentivizing and facilitating patient engagement, particularly through enhancing WeChat features.

[Characteristics of Cd Fluxe in Topsoil Around Typical Mining Area in Hezhou, Guangxi].

Guangxi is a typical geological high background area in southwest China, where carbonates, black rock series, basic-ultrabasic rock mass, and metal deposits (mineralized bodies) exhibit strong weathering into loam, resulting in higher cadmium (Cd) content in the soil than that in other areas of China. In order to investigate the degree of influence of mining activities on topsoil environmental quality in the area with high geological background, we chose a mining area and control area in Hezhou for this research and systematically carried out a comparative study on Cd transport routes and transport flux density in topsoil. The results showed that the average atmospheric dry and wet deposition flux densities of Cd in the soil of the mining area and control area were 1.87 g·(hm2·a)-1 and 1.52 g·(hm2·a)-1, accounting for 61.5% and 60.3% of the total input flux density, respectively. The flux density of Cd in the soil by fertilization and irrigation was lower. Surface water infiltration was the main avenue of soil Cd output in both the mining area and control area, accounting for 75.4% and 86.6% of the total output flux density, respectively. The harvest output flux density in the mining area was higher than that in the control area, and the Cd content of rice planted in the mining area was higher than the standard, whereas that of maize was safe. On the whole, the net transport flux densities of soil Cd in the mining area and control area were -3.05 g·(hm2·a)-1 and -4.05 g·(hm2·a)-1, both of which showed Cd leaching in the soil. However, the points of high atmospheric deposition flux density and exceeding Cd content in rice were mainly distributed around the mining area, which may have posed a potential threat to the health of local residents. Therefore, it is suggested to control the soil Cd pollution through monitoring and planting structure adjustment.

Psychometric and Circumplex Properties Evaluation of the International Personality Item Pool-Interpersonal Circumplex (IPIP-IPC) in Chinese People Living with HIV (PLWH).

Background and Purpose: With the improved life expectancy of people living with HIV (PLWH) due to widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), there is a greater emphasis on enhancing long-term well-being and overall quality of life for PLWH. Understanding interpersonal personalities of PLWH can gain further insight into how to improve the overall quality of life in this population. The International Personality Item Pool-Interpersonal Circumplex (IPIP-IPC) scale has been developed to assess interpersonal personalities of individuals, and this scale has been translated into Chinese. However, the Chinese version of IPIP-IPC has not been tested among PLWH in China. In this study, we aimed to test the psychometric properties and circumplex structure of this scale. Methods: This study was based on cross-sectional, multi-center, large sample data. We employed the Chinese version of IPIP-IPC scale on 3040 PLWH from April 2022 to April 2023 in China to test its psychometric as well as circumplex properties. The structural summary method (SSM) was employed to analyze the circumplex structure of the scale. Results: The total scale exhibited a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85 and McDonald's omega of 0.91. Out of the 288 possible relationships, 275 relationships satisfy the circular properties hypothesis. The scale demonstrates good reliability and validity, meeting the requirements of psychometrics. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that the Chinese version of the IPIP-IPC scale is a reliable tool for evaluating interpersonal personalities in this population. These results highlight the validity and applicability of the IPIP-IPC scale specifically in the Chinese context, providing valuable insights into the intricacies of interpersonal traits among PLWH.

Suffering and adjustment: a grounded theory of the process of coping with financial toxicity among young women with breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To explore the process of coping with financial toxicity among young women with breast cancer and formulate a grounded theory that serves as a foundation for creating intervention strategies aimed at supporting cancer survivors. METHODS: A qualitative study using the Corbin and Strauss variant of grounded theory. A series of in-depth interviews were carried out with young women with breast cancer (n = 29) using the theoretical sampling method. We analyzed data by coding core categories in the patients' coping processes and developing theory around these categories. Data collection and analysis were performed simultaneously. RESULTS: A substantial theory of the process of coping with financial toxicity among young female breast cancer survivors was constructed. Two core concepts, suffering and adjustment, were identified. Young women with breast cancer suffered from financial toxicity, which was related to risk factors, coping resources, and unmet needs. To overcome financial toxicity, young women with breast cancer adjusted by reshaping consumption concept, re-dividing of family functions, re-planning of occupation career, and rebuilding life confidence. CONCLUSION: This qualitative study constructed a theory delineating the coping strategies employed by young women with breast cancer in response to financial toxicity, offering profound insights into the intricacies of cancer-related financial toxicity. Identifying risk factors, enhancing coping resources, and meeting unmet needs would be helpful to patients' adjustment to financial stress.

Identification of factors driving the spatial distribution of molybdenum (Mo) in topsoil in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region of Southwestern China using the Geodetector model.

As a key component of plant nitrogen-fixing enzymes and a variety of human coenzyme factors, molybdenum (Mo) plays an essential role in supporting both plant growth and human health. Soil is a key medium for the cycling of Mo in the biosphere. However, the driving anthropogenic and natural factors governing the spatial distribution of Mo in soil and their interactions are not well understood. To determine the factors that affect the spatial patterns of Mo in topsoil, 6980 samples were collected from the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region (Linshui County, Sichuan Province, China). In this area, tall mountains are adjacent to deep valleys. Topsoil with enriched Mo is mostly distributed in mountainous areas. The most important factors influencing Mo in topsoil are soil parent materials (q = 0.482), altitude (q = 0.256), and soil type (q = 0.259). There are synergistic effects among the various driving factors [q(X1 âˆ© X2) > Max[q(X1), q(X2)]]. The Geodetector model was used to validate the magnitude of the interaction effects. The contribution to interacting factors is nonlinearly enhanced when the contribution of a single factor was low (any two factors of aspect, road distance, land use type, and S). The contribution to interacting factors is enhanced bidirectionally when the contribution of a single factor was high (any two factors of altitude, soil type, soil parent material, OM, and TFe2O3). When the contribution of one factor is high and the other is low, the contributing to interacting factors is mostly enhanced bidirectionally and a few are nonlinearly enhanced.

Using machine learning to predict selenium and cadmium contents in rice grains from black shale-distributed farmland area.

Cadmium (Cd) and selenium (Se) are widely enriched in soil at black shale outcropping areas, with Cd levels exceeding the standard (2.0 mg/kg in 5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5) commonly. The prevention of Cd hazards and the safe development of Se-rich land resources are key issues that need to be urgently addressed. To ensure safe utilization of Se-rich land in the CdSe coexisting areas, 158 rice samples, their corresponding rhizosphere soils, and 8069 topsoil samples were collected and tested in the paddy fields of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province, where black shales are widely exposed. The results showed that 43 % of the topsoil samples were Se-rich soil (Se > 0.4 mg/kg) wherein 79 % and 3 % of Cd concentrations exceeded the screening value and control value, respectively, according to the GB15618-2018 standard. Meanwhile, 63 % of the rice samples were Se rich (Se > 0.04 mg/kg) and the Cd content exceeded the prescribed limit (0.2 mg/kg) in Se-rich rice by 26 %. There was no significant positive correlation between the Se and Cd contents in the rice grains and the Se and Cd contents in the corresponding rhizosphere soil. The factors influencing Se and Cd uptake in rice were SiO2, CaO, P, S, pH, and TFe2O3. Accordingly, an artificial neural network (ANN) and multiple linear regression model (MLR) were used to predict Cd and Se bioaccumulation in rice grains. The stability and accuracy of the ANN model were better than those of the MLR model. Based on survey data and the prediction results of the ANN model, a safe planting zoning of Se-rich rice was proposed, which provided a reference for the scientific planning of land resources.

Influencing factors of selenium transformation in a soil-rice system and prediction of selenium content in rice seeds: a case study in Ninghua County, Fujian Province.

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for human and animal health and has antioxidant, anticancer, and antiviral effects. However, more than 100 million people in China do not have enough Se in their diets, resulting in a state of low Se in the human body. Since the absorption of Se by crop seeds depends not only on the Se content in soil, there are many omissions and misjudgments in the division of Se-rich producing areas. Soil pH, total iron oxide content (TFe2O3), soil organic matter (SOM), and P and S contents were the main factors affecting Se migration and transformation in the soil-rice system. In this study, we compared the performance of the back propagation neural network (BP network) and multiple linear regression (MLR) using 177 pairs of soil-rice samples. Our results showed that the BP network had higher accuracy than MLR. The accuracy and precision of the prediction data met the requirements, and the prediction data were reliable. Based on the Se data of surface paddy fields, 26,900 ha of Se-rich rice planting area was planned using this model, accounting for 77% of the paddy field area. In the planned Se-rich area for rice, the proportion of soil Se content greater than 0.4 mg·kg-1 was only 5.29%. Our research is of great significance for the development of Se-rich lands.

Insight into the availability and desorption kinetics of Se and Cd in naturally-rich soils using diffusive gradients in thin-films technique.

Cadmium (Cd) contamination of selenium (Se)-rich soils may jeopardize the nutritional benefits of Se-biofortified crops. This study employed diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique and DIFS (DGT-induced fluxes in soils) model to understand the interdependency and driving factors of Se and Cd distribution and desorption kinetics across 50 soils from south China with naturally elevated levels. DGT-labile Se was the highest (up to 2.66 µg L-1) in non-carbonate/shale-derived soils, while Cd was maximal (5.53 µg L-1) in carbonate-based soils, reflecting soil background concentrations and soil characteristics. Over one-third of the soils showed labile Se:Cd molar ratio below 0.7, suggesting Cd phytotoxicity risks. The DIFS-derived response times (Tc) and desorption rate constants (k-1) suggested that Se was resupplied to the soil solution faster than Cd in soils with higher pH and SOM level, but Se resupply was still restricted due to the rapid depletion of its labile pool. As the first study of Se and Cd release kinetics in soils, our results reveal dependence on soil parent materials, with low labile Se:Cd soils presenting greater Cd hazards. By elucidating Se and Cd lability and interactions in soils, our findings help to inform management strategies to balance reduced Cd risk with adequate Se availability.

Carbonate rocks as natural buffers: Exploring their environmental impact on heavy metals in sulfide deposits.

Carbonate rocks are closely related to the genesis and spatial distribution of polymetallic sulfide deposits. The natural buffering of carbonate rocks can reduce the ecological impact of heavy metals produced by mining and smelting. Ignoring the buffering effect of carbonate rocks on the heavy metals in the mine environment leads to inaccurate ecological risk assessment, wasting land resources and funds. This study investigates Cd, Zn, and Pb distribution and speciation in the water and soil-rice system in the polymetallic sulfide deposit at Daxin, Guangxi. The study aims to reveal the effects of the natural buffering of carbonate rocks on the migration and transformation of heavy metals. The results show that the water Zn and Cd concentrations decreased from 1857.0 to 0.9 mg L-1 to 0.16 and 0.001 mg L-1, respectively, from the mining area to 4 km downstream. The natural buffering of carbonate increases the water pH from 2.80 to 7.64, resulting in a tendency for Cd, Zn, and Pb to separate from the aqueous phase and enrich the sediments. Soil Cd content in the mining area reached 110.0 mg kg-1 (mean value 55.88 mg kg-1), and rice Cd seriously exceeded the maximum limit. However, the weathering of carbonate reduces the migration ability and bioavailability of Cd. Soil Cd is mainly in the Fe-Mn bound and carbonate-bound fractions, resulting in lower Cd content in downstream soils (mean value 2.73 mg kg-1). Soil CaO, tFe2O3, and Mn hindered the uptake of soil Cd by rice rendering a lower exceedance of Cd in downstream rice. Therefore, this study recommends a farmland management plan under the premise of rice Cd content and integrated soil Cd content, which ensures food safety and fully utilizes farmland resources. This result provides a scientific basis for ecological risk assessment, mine environmental protection, and management in the carbonatite sulfide mine environment.

Cadmium accumulation in paddy soils affected by geological weathering and mining: Spatial distribution patterns, bioaccumulation prediction, and safe land usage.

The abnormal enrichment of cadmium (Cd) in soil caused by rock weathering and mining activities is an issue in southern China. Although the soil Cd content in these regions is extremely high, the bioavailability of Cd in the soils differs significantly. The carbonate area (CBA) and tin-mining area (TIA) in Hezhou City were investigated to determine the primary features of soil Cd mobility in these regions and improve environmental management. Lateral and vertical spatial distributions revealed different accumulation and migration mechanisms of soil Cd in the CBA and TIA. Further analyses revealed that mining activities and geological weathering resulted in different soil geochemical parameters, thus yielding significantly lower levels of Cd in rice grains in the CBA than in the TIA. The random forest (RF) model predicted the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) (R2 = 0.69) better than the support vector machine (SVM) model (R2 = 0.68). Subsequently, a novel land management scheme was proposed based on soil Cd and the prediction of Cd in rice to optimize the spatial resources of agricultural land and ensure the safety of rice for consumption. This study provides a novel approach for land management in Cd-contaminated areas.

Spatially varying relationships of soil Se concentration and rice Se concentration in Guangxi, China: A geographically weighted regression approach.

In recent years, the biogeochemical behavior and environmental impact of Selenium (Se) on soil-plant systems have received widespread attention, and traditional statistical methods reveal generally positive correlations between rice Se and soil Se. However, that initial positive relationship may have been obscured by local external factors. Using local scale data from the geochemical evaluation of land quality project, this work employed geographically weighted regression (GWR) to examine the spatial variation of rice Se (as the dependent variable) and soil Se (as the independent variable) in Guangxi. Strong and weak correlation coefficients occur between rice Se and soil Se, thereby indicating that their relationships are spatially varying. Guangxi is characterized by significantly positive correlations in most areas, with weak correlations mostly found in the south-western and central-eastern regions. Areas with weak correlation can be divided into two patterns: high soil Se with low rice Se and high rice Se with low soil Se. The unique patterns are correlated with distinct natural factors, particularly the abundance of Fe-rich soils in the carbonate area; by contrast, sandstone areas in central Guangxi may have been affected by anthropogenic activities. To reveal the spatially varying relationships at the local scale, we employed GWR, an effective tool that allowed us to identify the association between environmental variables and influencing factors and explore spatially varying relationships between them. This study breaks through the existing understanding that soil Se is completely positively correlated with rice Se for the first time, and concludes that their correlation is spatially variable, providing an effective approach for the study of complex relationships.

Distribution of potentially toxic elements in soils and sediments in Pearl River Delta, China: Natural versus anthropogenic source discrimination.

Although anthropogenic contamination has been regarded as the most important source of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils of large river delta plains, the extent to which human activities affect PTEs in soils is worth exploring. This study used high density geochemical data to distinguish source patterns of PTEs in soils of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, a large industrialized and urbanized area in China. Enrichment factor, discriminant analysis, principal components analysis, cumulative distribution function, and positive matrix factorization were used to identify sources of PTEs in soils. The results indicated that parent material was the most significant factor affecting geochemical characteristics of PTEs in soils. Median concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were 0.400, 88.5, 40.5, 0.143, 43.0, and 116.0 mg/kg for stream sediments, 0.333, 75.7, 39.0, 0.121, 42.6, and 98.5 mg/kg for deep soils, and 0.365, 74.0, 45.1, 0.143, 44.6, and 119.5 mg/kg for surface soils, respectively, all of which exceed relevant reference standards. Compared with stream sediments and deep soils, surface soils exhibit substantial concentrations of PTEs. Chemical weathering and erosion of parent materials distributed in the Pearl River Delta were the main sources of PTEs in soils. Diffuse contamination and many small local contamination sources distributed throughout the study area were the most significant anthropogenic sources of PTEs in surface soils. Intensive human activities failed to change the soil geochemical characteristics derived from the parent material at the regional scale. However, it could induce non-point source pollution and local severe PTEs pollution in surface soils.

Soil selenium enrichment in the Loess Plateau of China: Geogenic evidence, spatial distribution, and it's influence factors.

The selenium (Se)-deficient soil belt in China has gained widespread attention. During large-scale soil surveys in China, Se-rich soils within low-Se belts have been identified. However, the sources of Se in those soils and the controlling factors for their enrichment remain unclear. Here we summarize Se concentrations and spatial distributions in the Yuanzhou district of the Loess Plateau. We evaluated Se variations in soil profiles, Se migration into water bodies, and considered soil indicators, topographic characteristics and the influence of land-use types on soil Se concentrations. The average Se concentration in the topsoil of the Yuanzhou district was 0.164 µg/g. High-Se soils (>0.222 µg/g) were found in the western valley plain and the southern red bed hilly area, as well as sporadically in higher elevation forestland and grassland areas in the east. Enrichment of Se in the topsoil in the eastern and southern areas was primarily due to Se adsorption and accumulation by soil organic matter as well as enrichment in gypsum, berlinite, and clay minerals during soil formation. Widespread enrichment in the southern area was linked to high Se concentrations in red Tertiary sedimentary rocks. In the western area, enrichment of Se in topsoil was found on both sides of the Qingshui River at low elevations with gentle slopes, with river water being the primary carrier of Se enrichment. These findings provide valuable insights into the epigenetic geochemical behavior of soil Se in China's low-Se belt that accounts for development of Se-rich soils in the region.

Prediction of cadmium contents in rice grains from Quaternary sediment-distributed farmland using field investigations and machine learning.

The Quaternary sediment-distributed regions of South China are suitable for rice cultivation, which is crucial for ensuring food security. Spatial correlations between soil cadmium (Cd) and rice Cd contents are generally poor, making the evaluation of rice quality and associated health risks challenging. In this study, we developed machine learning algorithms for predicting rice Cd contents using 654 data pairs of soil-rice samples collected in Guangxi province, China. After a comprehensive comparison, our results showed that the random forest (RF) had the better performance than artificial neural network (ANN) based on all the data (RMSEtesting 0.066 vs. 0.099 and R2testing 0.860 vs. 0.688). The feature importance analysis showed that soil CaO, Cd, elevation, and rainfall were the four most important features affecting the rice Cd contents in the study area. Using the established RF-predicated model, the rice Cd contents were predicted at the provincial level with an additional dataset of 1176 paddy soil samples. The prediction result revealed about 23 % of farmland cultivated rice with Cd content over 0.2 mg kg-1 in the study area. Therefore, it is recommended to implement strict measures by local agricultural departments to reduce rice Cd contents and ensure food safety in these areas. Our study provides valuable insights into the prediction of rice Cd contents, thus contributing to ensuring food safety and preventing Cd exposure-associated health risks.

Prediction models for cardiovascular disease risk among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: HIV continues to be a major global health issue. The relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV (PLWH) was 2.16 compared to non-HIV-infections. The prediction of CVD is becoming an important issue in current HIV management. However, there is no consensus on optional CVD risk models for PLWH. Therefore, we aimed to systematically summarize and compare prediction models for CVD risk among PLWH. Methods: Longitudinal studies that developed or validated prediction models for CVD risk among PLWH were systematically searched. Five databases were searched up to January 2022. The quality of the included articles was evaluated by using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST). We applied meta-analysis to pool the logit-transformed C-statistics for discrimination performance. Results: Thirteen articles describing 17 models were included. All the included studies had a high risk of bias. In the meta-analysis, the pooled estimated C-statistic was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.72-0.81, I 2 = 84.8%) for the Data collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs Study risk equation (D:A:D) (2010), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.70-0.79, I 2 = 82.4%) for the D:A:D (2010) 10-year risk version, 0.77 (95% CI: 0.74-0.80, I 2 = 82.2%) for the full D:A:D (2016) model, 0.74 (95% CI: 0.68-0.79, I 2 = 86.2%) for the reduced D:A:D (2016) model, 0.71 (95% CI: 0.61-0.79, I 2 = 87.9%) for the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) for coronary heart disease (CHD) (1998), 0.74 (95% CI: 0.70-0.78, I 2 = 87.8%) for the FRS CVD model (2008), 0.72 (95% CI: 0.67-0.76, I 2 = 75.0%) for the pooled cohort equations of the American Heart Society/ American score (PCE), and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.56-0.77, I 2 = 51.3%) for the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). In the subgroup analysis, the discrimination of PCE was significantly better in the group aged ≤40 years than in the group aged 40-45 years (P = 0.024) and the group aged ≥45 years (P = 0.010). No models were developed or validated in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Asia region. Conclusions: The full D:A:D (2016) model performed the best in terms of discrimination, followed by the D:A:D (2010) and PCE. However, there were no significant differences between any of the model pairings. Specific CVD risk models for older PLWH and for PLWH in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Asia region should be established.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022322024.

Linking health to geology-a new assessment and zoning model based on the frame of medical geology.

With the growing concerns about the Earth's environment and human health, there has been a surge in research focused on the intersection of health and geology. This study quantitatively assesses the relationship between human health and geological factors using a new framework. The framework considers four key geological environment indicators related to health: soil, water, geological landform, and atmosphere. Results indicate that the atmospheric and water resource indicators in the study area were generally favorable, while the scores of geological landforms varied based on topography. The study also found that the selenium content in the soil greatly exceeded the local background value. Our research underscores the importance of geological factors on human health, establishes a new health-geological assessment model, and provides a scientific foundation for local spatial planning, water resource development, and land resource management. However, due to varying geological conditions worldwide, the framework and indicators for health geology may need to be adjusted accordingly.

Enrichment mechanisms of Mo in soil in the karst region Guangxi, China.

Soils developed in karst regions have naturally high background values of molybdenum (Mo) due to geological factors. However, the enrichment mechanism of Mo in these soils are not fully understood, making it challenging to assess their ecological risk and utilize Mo-rich land resources. To shed light on this issue, this study collected and analyzed data from the 1:50,000 geochemical survey in Guangxi, including 536,503 sets of soil data and 3043 sets of rock data, as well as 40 sets of carbonate rock-soil from typical karst regions. The results showed that soil Mo enrichment is highly correlated with the distribution of carbonate rocks in karst regions. The carbonate rocks in these regions contain Mo ranging from 0.03 to 1.06 mg·kg-1 (with a mean of 0.22 mg·kg-1). In comparison, the soil Mo derived from carbonate rocks can reach up to 6.00 mg·kg-1 (with a mean of 2.75 mg·kg-1), representing an average enrichment of soil Mo that is 24 times higher compared to the carbonate parent rock. The enrichment of soil Mo in karst regions is primarily controlled by secondary enrichment during the weathering process of carbonate. During the insoluble residue accumulation process, the dissolution of carbonate leads to a dramatic reduction in bedrock volume, and the adsorption of clay minerals and Fe minerals in insoluble residues plays an essential role in Mo enrichment during these stages. During the soil-forming stage of the insoluble residue, most Mo leaches into the water body due to the mineral transformation of insoluble residue. Consequently, as Fe-Mn nodules in soils become more enriched with increasing weathering intensity, some Mo is absorbed and passivated by iron and manganese oxides (hydroxides). Accordingly, the contribution of Fe-Mn nodules and the degree of leaching were closely related to the enrichment of soil Mo in karst regions. This study provides insights into the enrichment mechanisms of Mo in soils developed in karst regions, which will help to evaluate their ecological risk in these environments.