Genetic polymorphisms of 16 X-STR loci in the Hani population from Southwest China.

X chromosomal short tandem repeats (X-STRs) have the characteristics of both autosomal and uniparental genetic markers and have been shown to be particularly useful in forensic casework. However, relevant research or reports have not focused on X-STRs in the Hani population. To investigate the genetic variation and forensic efficiency of 16 X-STR loci in the Hani ethnic minority, we calculated the allele frequencies and forensic parameters of 451 (116 males and 335 females) unrelated healthy Hani individuals from Yunnan Province, Southwest China. All these loci are highly polymorphic in Hani individuals in Yunnan Province except DXS6800. The combined power of discrimination in males (PDM) and power of discrimination in females (PDF) were found to be 0.999 999 998 433 993 and 0.999 999 999 999 998, respectively. Furthermore, a population genetic structure investigation between the Yunnan Hani population and another 18 populations was performed using a principal component analysis, multidimensional scaling plot and neighbouring-joining phylogenetic tree and the findings illustrated that neighbouring populations and different nationalities in the same area appeared to have a closer evolutionary relationship. This study provides the first batch of X chromosome genetic polymorphism data of the Hani population in Yunnan Province, Southwest China and enriches the reference database of the Chinese minority population.Key pointsThis is the first study of X-STR in the Hani population.We calculated the allele frequencies and forensic parameters of 451 unrelated healthy Hani individuals from Yunnan Province, Southwest China.All these loci are highly polymorphic in Hani individuals in Yunnan Province except DXS6800.The genetic relationship between the Hani and other 18 nationalities was analyzed.This study provides the first batch of X chromosome genetic polymorphism data of the Hani population in Yunnan Province, Southwest China and enriches the reference database of the Chinese minority population.

A New Proportionate Filtered-x RLS Algorithm for Active Noise Control System.

The filtered-x recursive least square (FxRLS) algorithm is widely used in the active noise control system and has achieved great success in some complex de-noising environments, such as the cabin in vehicles and aircraft. However, its performance is sensitive to some user-defined parameters such as the forgetting factor and initial gain. Once these parameters are not selected properly, the de-noising effect of FxRLS will deteriorate. Moreover, the tracking performance of FxRLS for mutation is still restricted to a certain extent. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a new proportional FxRLS (PFxRLS) algorithm. The forgetting factor and initial gain sensitivity are successfully reduced without introducing new turning parameters. The de-noising level and tracking performance have also been improved. Moreover, the momentum technique is introduced in PFxRLS to further improve its robustness and de-noising level. To ensure stability, its convergence condition is also discussed in this paper. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is illustrated by simulations and experiments with different user-defined parameters and time-varying noise environments.

Forensic genetic polymorphisms of 16 X-STR loci in the Yunnan Miao population and their relationship to other Chinese groups.

Allele frequencies for 16 X-chromosomal STR (X-STR) loci were obtained from a sample set of 440 unrelated Yunnan Miao individuals in China. A total of 117 alleles were observed in this group, with allele frequencies ranging from 0.0016 to 0.7565. The most informative marker for the studied population was DXS10134, with a polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.8499, and the least polymorphic locus was DXS6810 (PIC = 0.3071). The power of discrimination (PD) varied from 0.4046 (DXS6800) to 0.8642 (DXS10134) in males and from 0.6188 (DXS6800) to 0.9673 (DXS10134) in females. The combined PDM and PDF were 0.999999989975990 and 0.999999999999949, respectively. The combined MECD and MECT were 0.999983301904059 and 0.999999915883733, respectively. Furthermore, population genetic structure investigation between the Yunnan Miao and 20 other populations using principal component analysis (PCA), multidimensional scaling plot (MDS), and neighboring-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree analyses illustrated significant genetic difference between the Yunnan Miao and the other populations. This study is the first to provide X chromosome genetic polymorphism data of the Miao population in Yunnan Province and can be used as a supplementary reference to enrich the national database.

Genetic analysis of 24 Y-STR loci in the Miao ethnic minority from Yunnan Province, southwestern China.

In the present study, 24 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) loci were analyzed in 252 unrelated Miao male individuals from Pingbian county, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan province, southwestern China. The gene diversity of the 24 Y-STR loci in the studied group ranged from 0.2683 (DYS391) to 0.9312 (DYS527a/b). According to haplotypic analysis of the 24 Y-STR loci, 214 different haplotypes were obtained, 186 of which were unique. The overall haplotype diversity and discrimination capacity were calculated to be 0.9983 and 0.8492, respectively. In addition, three different triplications were observed at the DYS527a/b marker, and 1 intermediate allele and six single off-ladder alleles were observed at four markers. We analyzed interpopulation differentiations by making comparisons between the Yunnan Miao ethnic minority and 18 other ethnic groups. The results obtained using pairwise genetic distances, multidimensional scaling plot, and neighbor-joining tree at the same set of 17 Y-filer loci indicated that Yunnan Miao had a closer genetic relationship with Yunnan Han and Hunan Miao individuals. The present results may provide useful information for paternal lineages in forensic cases and can also increase our understanding of the genetic relationship between Miao individuals and other groups.

Population genetic data for 17 autosomal STR markers in the Hani population from China.

The Hani is a local minority in the southwestern part of China. To establish a database of ethnic short tandem repeats (STRs), 17 autosomal STRs in the Hani ethnic group were investigated. A total of 706 unrelated individuals from three Hani settlements were genotyped using the PowerPlex 18D System. Allele frequency data and forensic parameters were evaluated. The genetic relationship among the Hani and 11 related populations was assessed.

Genetic data of 15 STR loci in Chinese Yunnan Han population.

The allelic distribution of 15 short tandem repeats (STRs) loci (D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818 and FGA) were tested in 497 unrelated Yunnan Han individuals by the AmpFl STR Identifiler kit. No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed except D7S820 locus treated by Bonferroni correction. Genetic parameters of forensic interests were calculated and the genetic differences between Yunnan Han and other eight populations were analyzed.