RESUMEN
Previous studies have shown that people prefer risk-taking at the end of gambles, a phenomenon called the ending effect. By using the Guess Gambling Game, we investigated the impact of gain-loss status on the ending effect (Experiment 1) and whether and how this effect may be affected by time reference (Experiment 2) and gender (Experiment 1&2). In Experiment 1, we observed the ending effect only in the gain group. Furthermore, gender differences exist in the loss group behavior, females were more risk-averse than males, and males tend to investment more initially and then reduce their investment in a U-shaped pattern (Experiment 1&2). Next, in Experiment 2, the findings indicated that participants in the gain group made riskier decisions and were willing to allocate more money for additional decision opportunities, irrespective of the time conditions. Additionally, under time-limited condition, participants tended to make more decisions in the final round, aiming to maximize their choices times within the limited time. These results contribute to a better understanding of the boundary conditions surrounding the ending effect in risky decision-making and may offer a scientific basis for mitigating and intervening in irrational decision-making.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The interparental conflict has been associated with an increased adolescents' engagement in risk-taking behaviors. However, few studies have examined the potential mediation of deviant peer affiliation and the potential moderation of school climate. Grounded in the ecological system theory, this study aimed to explore the mediating role of deviant peer affiliation and the moderating role of school climate between the association of interparental conflict and risk-taking behavior. METHODS: This study conducted a longitudinal design (3 time points, 3 months apart) with the sample comprising 550 middle school students in southeastern China (52.91% males; mean age at Time 1 = 15.37). The performed measurements encompassed interparental conflict (T1), deviant peer affiliation (T2), school climate (T3), risk-taking behavior (T1/T2/T3), and demographic information. RESULTS: The moderated mediation model revealed that after controlling for T1/T2 risk-taking behavior, T1 interparental conflict was longitudinally and positively correlated with T3 risk-taking behavior through T2 deviant peer affiliation. Furthermore, moderated mediation analysis demonstrated that a positive school climate ameliorated the adverse impact of deviant peer affiliation on risk-taking behavior, thereby mitigating the indirect effect of interparental conflict on risk-taking behavior among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings propose a nuanced explanation of the processing mechanisms between interparental conflict and risk-taking behaviors among Chinese adolescents. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
RESUMEN
Improving the self-conductivity and structural stability of electrode materials is a key strategy to improve the energy density, rate performance, and cycle life of supercapacitors. Controlled intercalation of ethyl carbamate (CH3CH2OCONH2) as the rivet between Ni-Co hydroxide layers can be used to obtain sufficient ion transport channels and robust structural stability of hydrangea-like α-Ni1/3Co2/3(OH)2 (NC). Combining the improved electronic conductivity offered by the coexistence of Ni2+ and Co2+ optimizing itself electronic conductivity and the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the electron transport bridge between the active material and the current collector and the large specific surface area (296 m2 g-1) reducing the concentration polarization, the capacitance retention ratio of NC-CNT from 0.2 to 20 A g-1 is up to 93.4% and its specific capacitance is as high as 1228.7 F g-1 at 20 A g-1. The large total hole volume (0.40 cm3 g-1) and wide crystal plane spacing (0.71 nm) provide an adequate space to withstand structure deformation during charge/discharge processes and enhance the structural stability of the NC material. The capacitance fading ratio of NC-CNT is only 4.5% at 10 A g-1 for 10 000 cycles. The aqueous supercapacitor (NC-CNT//AC) and all-solid-state supercapacitor (PVA-NC-CNT//PVA-AC) exhibit high energy density (35.2 W h kg-1 at 100.0 W kg-1 and 35.4 W h kg-1 at 100.7 W kg-1), ultrahigh rate performance (the specific capacitances at 20 A g-1 are 92.8 and 87.2% compared to that at 0.5 A g-1), and long cycling life span (the specific capacitances after 100 000 cycles at 10 A g-1 are 91.5 and 90.8% compared with that of their initial specific capacitances), respectively. Therefore, hydrangea-like NC could be a promising material for advanced next-generation supercapacitors.