Comparing the morphology of optic nerve head and lamina cribrosa in full-term and preterm school-aged children.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the morphology of lamina cribrosa (LC) in preterm school-aged children. METHODS: A study of 120 eyes from 120 patients, including 42 full-term children (control group), 41 preterm children without retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), 16 children with ROP treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB), and 21 children with ROP treated with laser. Five parameters of LC were measured by optical coherence tomography, including Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) diameter, minimum rim width (MRW), LC depth, prelaminar tissue (PLT) thickness, and LC curvature index (LCCI). RESULTS: The PLT thickness increased with age in full-term and preterm children (ß = 30.1, P = 0.003 and ß = 19.6, P < 0.001, respectively). LC depth and LCCI showed no differences between full-term and preterm children. Worse refractive errors in preterm children were associated with greater MRW and PLT thickness (ß = -17.1, P = 0.001 and ß = -5.7, P = 0.03, respectively). However, this relationship was not found in full-term children. Laser-treated children had greater MRW, PLT, temporal peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer, and foveal thickness than full-term or other preterm children (all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Prematurity and ROP treatment may have an impact on the structural development of the LC. Refractive status plays a vital role in the LC structure of preterm children. This highlights the refractive errors of preterm children at school age that merit greater attention.

Application and Validation of LUXIE: A Newly Developed Virtual Reality Perimetry Software.

PURPOSE: To report the application of LUXIE and validate its reliability by comparing the test results with those of Humphrey Field Analyzer 3 (HFA3). METHODS: In this pilot study, we prospectively recruited participants who had received HFA3 SITA standard 30-2 perimetry and tested them with LUXIE on the same day. LUXIE is a software designed for visual field testing cooperating with HTC Vive Pro Eye, a head-mounted virtual reality device with an eye-tracking system. The test stimuli were synchronized with eye movements captured by the eye-tracking system to eliminate fixation loss. The global, hemifields, quadrants, glaucoma hemifield test (GHT) sectors, and point-by-point retinal sensitivities were compared between LUXIE and HFA3. All participants were asked to fill out a post-test user survey. RESULTS: Thirty-eight participants with 65 eyes were enrolled. LUXIE demonstrated good correlations with HFA3 in global (r = 0.81), superior hemifield (r = 0.77), superonasal, superotemporal, and inferonasal quadrants (r = 0.80, 0.78, 0.80). The user survey showed that participants were more satisfied with LUXIE in operating difficulty, comfortability, time perception, concentration, and overall satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: LUXIE demonstrated good correlations with HFA3. Fixation loss could be eliminated in LUXIE with the eye-tracking system. The application of virtual reality devices such as the HTC Vive Pro Eye makes telemedicine and even home-based self-screening visual field tests possible. KEY MESSAGES: 1. Virtual reality perimetry is a developing technology that has the potential in telemedicine, and home self-screening visual field tests. 2. LUXIE demonstrated good correlations with Humphrey Field Analyzer 3 in visual field retinal sensitivities.

Glaucoma diagnostic performance of macular ganglion cell complex thickness using regular and long axial length normative databases.

The risks of misdiagnosing a healthy individual as glaucomatous or vice versa may be high in a population with a large majority of highly myopic individuals, due to considerable morphologic variability in high myopic fundus. This study aims to compare the diagnostic ability of the regular and long axial length databases in the RS-3000 Advance SD-OCT (Nidek) device to correctly diagnose glaucoma with high myopia. Patients with high myopia (axial length ≥ 26.0 mm) in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan between 2015 and 2020 were included. Glaucoma was diagnosed based on glaucomatous discs, visual field defects and corresponding retinal nerve fiber layer defects. The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy and likelihood ratios of diagnosing glaucoma via mGCC thickness in both superior/inferior and GChart mapping using the regular and long axial length normative databases. The specificity and diagnostic accuracy of mGCC thickness for distinguishing glaucomatous eyes from nonglaucomatous eyes among highly myopic eyes were significantly improved using the long axial length database (p = 0.046). There were also significant proportion changes in S/I mapping as well as GChart mapping (37.3% and 48.0%, respectively; p < 0.01) from abnormal to normal in the myopic normal eye group when using the long axial length normative database. The study revealed that clinicians could utilize a long axial length database to effectively decrease the number of false-positive diagnoses or to correctly identify highly myopic normal eyes misdiagnosed as glaucomatous eyes.

Micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in a Taiwanese population: 2-year clinical outcomes and prognostic factors.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the 2-year efficacy and safety of micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) in Taiwanese patients with glaucoma. METHODS: We included the patients who received standardized MP-TSCPC with follow-up examinations on a regular basis for 24 months. Treatment success was defined as the attainment of a postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) between 6 and 21 mmHg or a ≥ 20% reduction in IOP from baseline without an increase in glaucoma medications. RESULTS: A total of 60 eyes from 56 patients who underwent MP-TSCPC for refractory glaucoma were included. The median age at MP-TSCPC intervention was 58.9 ± 12.4 years. The percentage of treatment success was 88.3% at 3 months, 83.3% at 6 months, 78.3% at 12 months, and 75.0% at 24 months. The mean baseline IOP prior to MP-TSCPC was 34 ± 11.9 mmHg (range 14-56 mmHg). The mean postoperative IOP decreased to 20.9 ± 10.0 mmHg, 18.0 ± 7.8 mmHg, 17.5 ± 6.4 mmHg, and 18.2 ± 7.1 mmHg after 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months, respectively, in successful cases. The mean number of glaucoma medications at baseline was 3.8 ± 0.2, and the mean numbers of glaucoma medications at postoperative months 3, 6, 12, and 24 were 2.6 ± 0.7, 2.8 ± 0.6, 2.5 ± 1.4 and 2.6 ± 1.4, respectively, in successful cases. Younger age and prior CW-TSCPC significantly contributed to surgical failure in the multivariate model. Complications after MP-TSCPC included mild anterior chamber inflammation, conjunctival hemorrhage, hypotony, and mydriasis, and all subsided after treatment. None of the eyes developed vitreous hemorrhage, cystoid macular edema, or phthisis bulbi in the late postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that younger age and prior CW-TSCPC were risk factors for MP-TSCPC failure within 2 years. MP-TSCPC might be safe and effective for refractory glaucoma patients with maximal antiglaucoma medications.

Eye irrigation as a first-line treatment and diagnostic method for emergency department patients who complain of ocular foreign bodies.

This prospective study aimed at determine whether eye irrigation removes ocular foreign bodies (FBs) and whether ocular pain predicts FBs. Emergency department patients complaining of ocular FBs were enrolled. In the irrigation group (n = 52), pain was evaluated with a visual analog scale before and after irrigation, and the presence of FBs was determined under a slit-lamp. In the nonirrigation group (n = 27), the evaluations were performed upon arrival. The corneal FB retention rate was found significantly lower in the irrigation (13/52, 25%) than in the nonirrigation groups (13/27, 48%; P = 0.04). After irrigation, those without FBs had more patients experiencing pain reduction (67%) compared to those with retained FBs (46%; P = 0.14) and had a greater magnitude of change in pain score (mean ± SD, - 2.6 ± 2.7 vs. - 0.7 ± 1.4; P = 0.02). An improvement in ocular pain score ≥ 5 points after irrigation predicted the absence of FBs with a negative predictive value of 100%. Eye irrigation significantly lowered corneal FB retention; if ocular pain decreased considerably, the probability of retained FBs was low, making irrigation-associated pain score reduction a feasible diagnostic method to exclude FB retention without needing specialized ophthalmic examinations.

Brimonidine related acute follicular conjunctivitis: Onset time and clinical presentations, a long-term follow-up.

ABSTRACT: To evaluate the duration of topical brimonidine therapy before the onset of brimonidine-related allergic conjunctivitis and the clinical characteristics associated with the development of brimonidine allergy.We retrospectively enrolled patients who presented brimonidine allergy from December 1, 2008 to November 30, 2020. The duration of brimonidine treatment, concomitant medications, benzalkonium chloride (BAK) exposure, change in IOP, and season of onset were evaluated.292 patients were included, among which 147 were female and 145 were male. The mean age was 58.3 ± 13.6 years old. The mean (median) duration of brimonidine therapy was 266.6 (196) days, with a peak at 60-120 days. The duration was similar whether the patients received brimonidine monotreatment or in combination with other glaucoma drugs, with or without BAK. The IOP increased by 5.6% after brimonidine allergy (P < .001), which was even higher in the brimonidine monotherapy group (9.2%, P < .001). There was no significant IOP elevation in patients treated with multiple glaucoma medications.Around half of brimonidine allergy occurred within 6 months, with a peak in 2 to 4 months. The duration did not differ in patients receiving brimonidine monotherapy or multiple glaucoma medications. The presence of BAK did not affect the duration either. When brimonidine allergy occurred, there was a loss of IOP control, especially in patients receiving brimonidine monotherapy. It is recommended to switch to other types of glaucoma medications for better IOP control.

To measure the amount of ocular deviation in strabismus patients with an eye-tracking virtual reality headset.

PURPOSE: To investigate the accuracy of a newly developed, eye-tracking virtual reality (VR)-based ocular deviation measurement system in strabismus patients. METHODS: A VR-based ocular deviation measurement system was designed to simulate the alternative prism cover test (APCT). A fixation target was made to alternate between two screens, one in front of each eye, to simulate the steps of a normal prism cover test. Patient's eye movements were recorded by built-in eye tracking. The angle of ocular deviation was compared between the APCT and the VR-based system. RESULTS: This study included 38 patients with strabismus. The angle of ocular deviation measured by the VR-based system and the APCT showed good to excellent correlation (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.897 (range: 0.810-0.945)). The 95% limits of agreement was 11.32 PD. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant difference between esotropia and exotropia (p < 0.001). In the esotropia group, the amount of ocular deviation measured by the VR-based system was greater than that measured by the APCT (mean = 4.65 PD), while in the exotropia group, the amount of ocular deviation measured by the VR-based system was less than that of the APCT (mean = - 3.01 PD). The ICC was 0.962 (range: 0.902-0.986) in the esotropia group and 0.862 (range: 0.651-0.950) in the exotropia group. The 95% limits of agreement were 6.62 PD and 11.25 PD in the esotropia and exotropia groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the first application of a consumer-grade and commercial-grade VR-based device for assessing angle of ocular deviation in strabismus patients. This device could provide measurements with near excellent correlation with the APCT. The system also provides the first step to digitize the strabismus examination, as well as the possibility for its application in telemedicine.

Proposed measures to be taken by ophthalmologists during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Experience from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.

PURPOSE: Although Taiwan was one of the first countries to develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with effective antiepidemic measures, Taiwan has effectively controlled the spread of the disease. The purpose of this article is to provide useful safety strategies for ophthalmologists in daily practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Infection control strategies in the hospital and Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, are discussed. RESULTS: Ophthalmologists are at high risk of contracting COVID-19 infection, as they have close contact with patients during ocular examinations, and are also facing high patient volume in outpatient clinics as well as emergency consultations. Furthermore, ocular symptoms, such as conjunctivitis, may be the presenting signs of COVID-19 infection. We provide our strategies, which include hospital's gate control with triage station, patient volume control, proper personal protective equipment, and consultation with telemedicine technology, to decrease the risk of cross-infection between medical staffs and patients. CONCLUSION: To achieve the goal of preventing viral spread and maximizing patient and medical staffs' safety, besides providing proper protective equipment, it is also crucial for staffs and patients to strictly follow antiepidemic measures. We hope that our experience can help ophthalmologists and health-care workers to have a safer working environment when facing COVID-19 pandemic.

Eye-related Emergency Department Visits with Ophthalmology Consultation in Taiwan: Visual Acuity as an Indicator of Ocular Emergency.

To investigate the epidemiology of eye-related emergency department (ED) visits and to determine if visual acuity (VA) could be an indicator for determining the timing for managing ocular emergencies, we have conducted the retrospective study which included patients visited the ED for eye-related reasons and had received ophthalmology consultations at a referral center in Taiwan in 2015. Among 46,514 consultations, 5,493 were ophthalmology consultations (11.8%). After exclusion, 5,422 were eligible for analysis. Among them, 1,165 (21.5%) had not likely emergent diagnoses, 4,048 (74.7%) had likely emergent diagnoses, and 209 patients (3.9%) could not be determined. The logMAR VA was 0.31 ± 0.48, 0.66 ± 0.78, and 1.00 ± 0.94 in groups with not likely emergent, likely emergent, and undetermined diagnoses, respectively. Among all eye-related ED visits, 10.3% of patients received ophthalmologic intervention or were admitted to the ophthalmology ward. A LogMAR VA score of 0.45 (decimal equivalent of 0.4) had the highest discrimination power for identifying whether a patient needed ophthalmology intervention or admission to ophthalmology ward (area under the curve: 0.802, sensitivity: 0.800, specificity: 0.672). In our study, we found VA could be an indicator for determining the priority and time of ocular emergencies requiring ophthalmic intervention in patients visiting the ED for eye-related reasons.

Infectious keratitis secondary to canaliculitis with concretions: A case report.

RATIONALE: Canaliculitis is a frequently overlooked and misdiagnosed disease. Concurrent corneal ulceration with canaliculitis is uncommon. We report such a case. PATIENT CONCERNS: An 87-year-old woman complained of swelling and pain of the right eye after acute angle closure glaucoma attack. Slit-lamp examination was compatible with the features of infectious keratitis, and the cultures from corneal scrapings grew Streptococcus anginosus later. Hourly topical vancomycin (25 mg/ml) was instilled, then the corneal ulceration improved initially but became stationary after 1-week treatment. DIAGNOSIS: Discharge from the upper punctum was noted subsequently and canalicular concretions were found through curettage. The cultures from canalicular discharge and concretions also revealed the presence of S. anginosus. Thus, infectious keratitis secondary to canaliculitis was diagnosed. INTERVENTIONS: Canaliculotomy was performed to remove the large concretion and vancomycin was injected locally. OUTCOMES: The corneal ulceration resolved after canaliculitis was appropriately treated. LESSONS: Canaliculitis could be a reservoir for organisms that may make compromised corneas liable to infections. Only the appropriate diagnosis and aggressive treatment of canaliculitis leads to the eradication of associated corneal infections.