Arenobufagin, isolated from Bufo viridis toad venom, inhibits A549 cells proliferation by inducing apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest.

Lung cancer is a significant contributor to cancer morbidity and mortality globally. Arenobufagin, a compound derived from Bufo viridis toad venom, has demonstrated the ability to inhibit cell growth in various cancer cell lines. However, our understanding of the role and mechanism of arenobufagin in lung cancer remains incomplete, necessitating further researches to fully elucidate its action mechanism. In this study, we further explored the impact of arenobufagin on A549 cells. The results revealed that it exerted a potent cytotoxic effect on A549 cells by inhibiting cell colony formation, promoting cell apoptosis, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and arresting A549 cells in G2/M phase. Collectively, our findings suggested that arenobufagin may have potential as a future therapeutic for lung cancer treatment.

The structural characteristic of acidic-degraded polysaccharides from seeds of Plantago ovata Forssk and its biological activity.

In this study, a response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the best combination for acid degradation parameters to reduce the viscosity of Plantago ovata Forssk seed polysaccharide (POFP). Then, the two major homogeneous polysaccharides (AH-POFP1 and AH-POFP3) were obtained by DEAE-650 M and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The apparent structure of the main fraction AH-POFP1 was characterized by SEM, TG and XRD, and the linkage of AH-POFP1 was determined by a combination of partial acidolysis, Smith's degradation, methylation analysis and 2D NMR analysis. Structural analysis showed that AH-POFP1 was mainly composed of xylose, with a molecular weight of 618.1 kDa, and had a backbone of 1 â†’ 4-linked Xylp, as well as branches of T-linked Xylp, 1 â†’ 4-linked Xylp attached to the O-2 position. The antioxidant activity assays showed that the both AH-POFP1 and AH-POFP3 possess strong scavenging radical ability. Moreover, AH-POFP1 inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, and promotes the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. These findings may help to guide future applications of Plantago ovata Forssk in the fields of food, health care, and pharmacy.

Synthesis and Characterisation of Chickpea Peptides-Zinc Chelates Having ACE2 Inhibitory Activity.

Tryptic hydrolysates of protein fractions obtained by the Osborne method from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds interacted with zinc ions and the results of chelation were monitored by the Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) technique. The glutelin hydrolysate (GluHyd) reacted with zinc ions and depicted a relatively higher zinc content. For this reason, the zinc complex of the glutelin hydrolysate (GluHyd-Zn) was studied deeper, and 11 peptides were identified in its more zinc-containing second fraction obtained after gel filtration. The peptide HKERVQLHIIPTAVGK showed a relatively higher chelating capacity (57.86 ± 2.14%). According to the result of the ICP-OS analysis, 1 mg peptide could chelate 381.61 ± 133.39 µg zinc, and the molar ratio of peptide-zinc was about 1:4. Spectral methods proved that side chain and C-termini carboxyl groups of the peptide mostly were involved in chelation and N atoms of amino side chains, imidazole group of histidine, and N-termini at some extents were occupied by the metal ions. Modeling of zinc-peptide interaction was done using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. The results of the docking correlate with the experimental data.ACE2 inhibitory effect of HKERVQLHIIPTAVGK-Zn complex (IC50 = 1.5 mg/mL) was better than that of HKERVQLHIIPTAVGK (IC50 = 2.2 mg/mL).

Toad venom bufadienolides and bufotoxins: An updated review.

Bufadienolides, naturally found in toad venoms having steroid-like structures, reveal antiproliferative effects at low doses. However, their application as anticancer drugs is strongly prevented by their Na+ /K+ -ATPase binding activities. Although several kinds of research were dedicated to moderating their Na+ /K+ -ATPase binding activity, still deeper fundamental knowledge is required to bring these findings into medical practice. In this work, we reviewed data related to anticancer activity of bufadienolides such as bufalin, arenobufagin, bufotalin, gamabufotalin, cinobufotalin, and cinobufagin and their derivatives. Bufotoxins, derivatives of bufadienolides containing polar molecules mainly belonging to argininyl residues, are reviewed as well. The established structures of bufotoxins have been compiled into a one-page figure to review their structures. We also highlighted advances in the structure-modification of the structure of compounds in this class. Drug delivery approaches to target these compounds to tumor cells were discussed in one section. The issues related to extraction, identification, and quantification are separated into another section.

Cell penetrating peptides: Highlighting points in cancer therapy.

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), first identified in HIV a few decades ago, deserved great attention in the last two decades; especially to support the penetration of anticancer drug means. In the drug delivery discipline, they have been involved in various approaches from mixing with hydrophobic drugs to the use of genetically conjugated proteins. The early classification as cationic and amphipathic CPPs has been extended to a few more classes such as hydrophobic and cyclic CPPs so far. Developing potential sequences utilized almost all methods of modern science: choosing high-efficiency peptides from natural protein sequences, sequence-based comparison, amino acid substitution, obtaining chemical and/or genetic conjugations, in silico approaches, in vitro analysis, animal experiments, etc. The bottleneck effect in this discipline reveals the complications that modern science faces in drug delivery research. Most CPP-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) efficiently inhibited tumor volume and weight in mice, but only in rare cases reduced their levels and continued further processes. The integration of chemical synthesis into the development of CPPs made a significant contribution and even reached the clinical stage as a diagnostic tool. But constrained efforts still face serious problems in overcoming biobarriers to reach further achievements. In this work, we reviewed the roles of CPPs in anticancer drug delivery, focusing on their amino acid composition and sequences. As the most suitable point, we relied on significant changes in tumor volume in mice resulting from CPPs. We provide a review of individual CPPs and/or their derivatives in a separate subsection.

Biochemical characterization, and anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities of glycoprotein from lamb abomasum.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Lamb abomasum is used as an edible medicinal source in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Lamb abomasum sourced biochemical drug Lamb's trip extract and Vitamin B12 capsule used for the clinical treatment of chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, and reversal of intestinal metaplasia. Therefore, claimed to have prevention of gastric cancer activity. AIM OF THE STUDY: In this study, we aim to assess whether the glycoprotein has biological activity in the cure of gastric disorder and conduct a structure-activity relationship. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Glycoproteins' extraction conditions were optimized by the response surface method and purified with DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-50 chromatography. Two homogenous glycoproteins' physiochemical structures were studied with electrophoresis, HPLC analysis, peroxide oxidation, and ß-elimination, FT-IR, CD, LC-MS/MS, and EDS analysis. The antiinflammation activity of the glycoprotein was determined against COX-2 and LOX-15 enzyme inhibitory ability in vitro, and antitumor activity against HT-29 and HGC-25, and cytotoxicity on L-02 cells was determined in vivo with the MTT method. RESULTS: The abomasum was abundant in glycoprotein and the extraction yield of glycoprotein was up to 24.6 ± 2.1% under optimized conditions. Two homogeneous glycoproteins SAGP-I and SAGP-II determined to be ribose-conjugated and sulfated glycoproteins with a molecular weight of 15.6 kDa and 6.4 kDa. And according to the structural analysis, SAGP-I was a mucin-type ribose-conjugated glycoprotein with 14 O-glycosylation and one N- glycosylation site. SAGP-I and SAGP-II have remarkable anti-inflammatory activity against COX-2 enzyme with the IC50 of 17.64 ± 1.25 µg/mL and 16.14 ± 1.11 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the two glycoproteins showed strong antitumor activity against HT-29 with the EC50 of 19.19 ± 1.46 µg/mL and 184.9 ± 5.6 µg/mL, respectively. CONCLUSION: The Highly purified glycoprotein SAGP-1 and SAGP-II showed anti-inflammatory activity against the COX-2 enzyme, and antitumor activity against HT-29 human colon cancer cells and noun-inhibitory activity against LOX-15 enzyme and HGC-25. Both glycoproteins are ribose conjugated and sulfated whose characters are related to their anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity. Such results suggest the possibility of anti-inflammatory and pre-cancer activity. And in some degree explains the pharmacy of abomasum's traditional use in gastric disorder and clinical use of lamb abomasum APIs drugs' in gastric disorders and gastric cancer development. This study provides a preliminary basis for the further study of the per-cancer mechanism of lamb abomasum glycoprotein. And, would be the material basis of the clinical use of Lamb's trip extract and Vitamin B12 capsule.

Bufadienolides from the Bufo viridis toad venom exert cytotoxic effects on cancer cells by inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

A series of bufadienolides were isolated from the Bufo viridis toad venom, and their cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HT-29, MCF7) and a non-cancer cell line (L-O2) were explored using the MTT assay in vitro. All of nine compounds exhibited cytotoxic activities against the three cancer cell lines, with compound D4 exhibiting potent cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells and was better than positive control. Herein, we further evaluated the effect of compound D4 on HeLa cells. The results revealed that compound D4 has excellent cytotoxic effect on HeLa cells by inhibiting cell colony formation and migration, promoting cell apoptosis, increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and arresting of HeLa cells in S and G2/M phases. These findings encourage further work on the chemistry and bioactivity of the Bufo viridis toad venom.

Two new polyamine alkaloids from the Bufo viridis toad venom.

Two new polyamine alkaloids (bufonines A-B), together with four known alkaloids, bufotenidine (3), bufotenine (4), 1-(ß-d-ribofuranosyl)-lH-1,2,4-triazone (5) and proline (6) were isolated from the Bufo viridis toad venom. Their structures were identified by UV, HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectral analyses, and comparison of theoretical and experimental ECD data. All compounds were tested in vitro cytotoxicity against three human cancer cell lines (HT-29, A549 and Hela). None of the compounds showed cytotoxicity towards all tested cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of alkaloid components from Bufo viridis toad venom.

Diversity and Biological Activities of Endophytic Fungi from the Flowers of the Medicinal Plant Vernonia anthelmintica.

Secondary metabolites produced by endophytic fungi are an important source of biologically active compounds. The current research was focused on the biological activities of ethyl acetate extracts of fungi, isolated and identified from Vernonia anthelmintica flowers for the first time. In addition, an investigation of the non-polar chemical composition of dichloromethane-ethyl acetate extracts of the most active fungal strain was carried out. The isolates included Ovatospora senegalensis NR-03, Chaetomium globosum NR-04, Thielavia subthermophila NR-06, Aspergillus calidoustus NR-10, Aspergillus keveii XJF-23 and Aspergillus terreus XJF-3 species. Strains were identified by 18S rRNA gene sequencing methods and were registered in GenBank. Crude extracts of the fungi displayed in vitro biological activities, including antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. A melanin content assay was performed on murine B16 cells. An ethyl acetate extract of O. senegalensis NR-03 showed high anticancer and antimicrobial activity; therefore, we also studied the non-polar chemical composition of the dichloromethane-ethyl acetate fraction and identified 52 non-polar compounds with the different medium. This investigation discovered that the secondary metabolites of the total extract of endophytic fungi could be a potential source of alternative natural antimicrobial, cytotoxic and melanin synthesis activity in their host plant, and the isolation of bioactive metabolites may provide a lead to new compounds of pharmaceutical significance.

Isolation, Structural Characterization, and Biological Activity of the Two Acidic Polysaccharides from the Fruits of the Elaeagnus angustifolia Linnaeus.

Elaeagnus angustifolia Linnaeus is a medicinal plant and its fruit has pharmacological activity such as antiinflammatory, antiedema, antinociceptive, and muscle relaxant functions, etc. Two acidic homogeneous polysaccharides (EAP-H-a1 and EAP-H-a2) were isolated from the fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. through DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-75 column chromatography, and the physicochemical, structural properties, and biological activities of the polysaccharides were investigated. Both EAP-H-a1 and EAP-H-a2 were composed of Rha, Ara, Xyl, Glc, and Gal with the molar ratios of 13.7:20.5:23.3:8.8:33.4 and 24.8:19.7:8.2:8.4:38.6, respectively, and with the molecular weights of 705.796 kDa and 439.852 kDa, respectively. The results obtained from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the polysaccharide nature of the isolated substances. Congo red assay confirmed the existence of a triple-helix structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that EAP-H-a1 and EAP-H-a2 had irregular fibrous, filament-like surfaces; and both had crystalline and amorphous structures. Bioactivity analysis showed that the crude polysaccharide, EAP-H-a1, and EAP-H-a2 had clear DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity, and could promote the secretion of NO and the phagocytic activities of RAW 264.7 and THP cells, which showed clear antioxidant and immuno-regulatory activity. These results indicated that Elaeagnus angustifolia L fruit acidic polysaccharides may have potential value in the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.

Isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of polysaccharides from Saussurea involucrata.

The optimum extraction condition for the Saussurea involucrata polysaccharide (SIP) was determined to be a temperature of 80 °C, time 2 h, and a liquid-solid ratio of 30 mL/g with a yield of 11.37 %. An acidic homogenous polysaccharide, namely SIP-II was isolated from Saussurea involucrate through anion exchange and gel permeation column chromatography. The structure of the SIP-II was elucidated through the combination of HPLC, GC-MS, IC, peroxide oxidation, smith degradation, methylation, NMR analysis, it was mainly composed of arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, galacturonic acid, and glucose with the molar ratio of 19.85:20.30: 27.12:11.95:8.69 with a molecular weight of 237,570 Da. The glycosidic linkages of SIP-II mainly composed of →1)-α-L-Rhap-(2→, T-Araf, →1)-ß-D-GalpA-(4→, →1)-ß-D-Galp-(3,6→, →1)-ß-D-Galp-(6→, →1)-α-L-Rhap-(2,4→, T-Galp, and →1)-α-L-Araf-(5→. Meanwhile, the structures were characterized through extensive analysis of UV, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, CD, XRD, and TG. SIP-II possessed a remarkable anti-inflammatory activity by effectively inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related mediators in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and the anti-inflammatory response of SIP-II might be attributed to the regulation of the NF-κB, MAPK and JAK/STAT pathways. The results showed that polysaccharides from Saussurea involucrate could be a potential ingredient in the functional food and pharmaceutical industry.

Unusual ring B-seco isosteroidal alkaloid, yibeiglycoalkaloids A-E from Fritillaria pallidiflora schrenk.

Five previously undescribed steroidal glycoalkaloids(SGAs)and a rare ring B-seco isosteroidal alkaloid, were isolated from Fritillaria pallidiflora Schrenk, along with six known alkaloids. The structures of these alkaloids were established by comprehensive analyses of the 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS data. Configurations of sugar moieties were resolved by chemical derivations. The isolated compounds showed nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW264.7 cells, and yibeinone exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects among them. This study revealed that the alkaloids from F. pallidiflora might have significant anti-inflammatory potentials.

Isolation, Structural Elucidation, Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activity of Polysaccharides of Brassica rapa L.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of microwave ultrasonic-assisted extraction (MUAE) on the content, structure, and biological functions of Brassica rapa L. polysaccharide (BRP). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the parameters of MUAE, and it obtained a polysaccharide with yield of 21.802%. Then, a neutral polysaccharide named BRP-1-1 with a molecular weight of 31.378 kDa was isolated and purified from BRP using DEAE-650 M and Sephadex G-100. The structures of the BRP-1-1 were elucidated through a combination of FT-IR, GC-MS, NMR, and methylation analysis. The results showed that BRP-1 consisted of mannose (Man) and glucose (Glu) in a molar ratio of 7.62:1. The backbone of BRP-1-1 mainly consisted of →6)-α-D-Glup-(1→4-ß-D-Glup-(1→2)-α-D-Manp-(1→2)-α-D-Glup-(1→, the branch was [T-α-D-Manp-(1]n→. BRP-1-1 intervention significantly inhibited α-glucosidase activity; an inhibition rate of 44.623% was achieved at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The results of the in vitro biological activity showed that BRP-1-1 has good antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity, suggesting that BRP-1-1 could be developed as a functional medicine.

Covalent binding of flavonoids with silk sericin hydrolysate: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and physicochemical properties of flavonoid-sericin hydrolysate conjugates.

To construct food ingredients with improved bioactivities and physicochemical properties, two sericin hydrolysate-flavonoid conjugates, bearing quercetin and rutin covalently bound to sericin, were prepared under alkaline conditions. UV spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE confirmed that sericin hydrolysate and oxidized flavonoids formed conjugates, which were primarily the result of covalent interactions. Changes and differences in molecular weight distribution, secondary and tertiary structures, surface hydrophobicity, and surface morphology were observed. Anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by basing on inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production and 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX). The conjugates showed significantly improved (p < .05) anti-inflammatory and emulsifying properties than unmodified sericin hydrolysate. Meanwhile, the covalent interaction had a positive effect on the antioxidant activity of sericin hydrolysate. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: We had prepared flavonoid-sericin hydrolysate conjugates and evaluated the effect of covalent binding of flavonoids on the physicochemical, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and emulsifying properties of sericin hydrolysate, which is beneficial to broaden the range of applications of sericin and flavonoids in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Chickpea Protein Hydrolysate-Vanadium Complexes Having Cell Inhibitory Effects on Lung Cancer A549 Cells Lines.

Designing new types of drugs with preferred properties against cancer is a great issue for scientists dealing with synthesis and study of biological activity. Several organometallic compounds used in chemotherapy reveal side effects. Peptides from edible sources having no side effects may play a transport role in the delivery of anticancer metal ions into targeted tumor cells. For the last two decades, peptide-metal complexes have been considered as potential anticancer agents. In this work, oxovanadium complexes of peptides from Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds' protein hydrolysate were investigated. The albumin fraction of Chickpea seeds protein was hydrolyzed with a combination of enzymes papain, trypsin, and alcalase. The hydrolysate was combined with vanadyl ions and obtained oxovanadium complexes were studied by FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TG-DSC analyses, and cell inhibition activity against A549 cells was detected by MTT Assay. In a result, activity of the complexes (IC50 = 14.39 µg/mL) increased 1.7-fold compared to the activity of inorganic salt of vanadium (IC50 = 24.75 µg/mL) against A549 cells. The complexes (CPH-V) were fractionated through Sephadex G-15, and the second active fraction, named CPH-V G15-II was studied by nano-Q-TOF LC/MS. Nine peptides with a molecular mass range of 437-1864 Da were identified. Seven of them were theoretically considered as cell-penetrating peptides. These results could serve first steps for deeper fundamental research on food-derived peptide-vanadium complexes.

Effects of different chemical modifications on the structure and biological activities of polysaccharides from Orchis chusua D. Don.

In this study, an enzyme-assisted extraction method was used to extract Orchis chusua D. Don (Salep) polysaccharide (SP), which was then modified by sulfation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and carboxymethylation to obtain modified polysaccharides. Furthermore, their degree of substitution, chemical composition, and molecular weight were evaluated. The primary structural features were characterized by UV spectra, FT-IR spectra, Congo-red test, and scanning electron microscope. The phosphorylated polysaccharide (SP-P) was demonstrated the highest scavenging ability on hydroxyl radical and growth-promoting activity on Lactobacillus Bulgaricus. The carboxymethylated polysaccharide (SP-C) was exhibited the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging effects. The acetylated polysaccharide (SP-A) displayed the best proliferation effects on Bifidobacterium adolescentis, whereas the sulfated polysaccharide (SP-S) maintained moderately stable antioxidant and probiotic ability. These findings indicate that the modified polysaccharides had their potential significance as new antioxidants and probiotics for the food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This article provides a new source for the development of polysaccharide derivatives as new antioxidants and probiotics for the food industry.

Effects of trypsin-induced limited hydrolysis on the structural, functional, and bioactive properties of sericin.

The effects of trypsin-induced hydrolysis on the structural, functional, and antioxidant properties of sericin were studied. The structural properties of sericin and its hydrolysates were characterized by using SDS-PAGE, SEC-HPLC, surface hydrophobicity, and circular dichroism. Antioxidative properties were evaluated based on quenching capacity against hydroxyl, DPPH, and ABTS, and metal (Fe2+, Cu2+) chelating activity. The enzymatic hydrolysis raised the flexibility, changed emulsifying and foaming properties, and improved the solubility and antioxidant activity of sericin. Meanwhile, the hydrolysis led to a decline in gelation capacity, oil holding capacity, and water holding capacity. Sericin and its hydrolysates exhibited excellent function with regard to oil holding, emulsifying, and foaming. Sericin and its hydrolysates had clear effects on the growth of both Enterococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus bulgaricus strains.

Secondary metabolites produced by endophytic Pantoea ananatis derived from roots of Baccharoides anthelmintica and their effect on melanin synthesis in murine B16 cells.

Five indole derivatives, 1H-indol-7-ol (1), tryptophol (2), 3-indolepropionic acid (3), tryptophan (4), 3,3-di(1H-indol-3-yl)propane-1,2-diol (5) and two diketopiperazines, cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr) (6), cyclo[L-(4-hydroxyprolinyl)-L-leucine (7) along with one dihydrocinnamic acid (8) were isolated from Pantoea ananatis VERA8, that endophytic bacteria derived from Baccharoides anthelmintica roots. This is a first report towards an isolation of endophytic strains (funji or bacteria) from the B. anthelmintica herb. The synergetic properties of the total extract compositions, as well as effects of the pure isolated secondary metabolites evaluated on their melanin synthesis in murine B16 cells towards for vitiligo treatment.

Study on the bioactive ingredients of lamb abomasum medicine / 中华消化杂志

Objective:To study the material basis of the drug effect of the raw material of lamb′s tripe and vitamin B12 capsule.Methods:Rennet and pepsin were extracted with 0.9% sodium chloride and were purified by saturated ammonium sulfate precipitation, diethylaminoethyl-cellulose 52 and high pressure chromatography (HPLC) chromatography. Relative molecular weight was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The amino acid composition and antioxidant activity of raw materials were analyzed with HPLC. The raw materials were completely extracted with water, phosphate buffer and sodium bicarbonate in turn, and in vitro 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radil 2, 2-diphenyl-1-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical activity were measured. Glycoprotein from raw material was extracted with hot water and determined its growth-promoting activity gaginst Bifidobacterium adolescentis , Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus and Enterococcus faecalis was measured. The composition of amino acid and monosaccharide were analyzed by HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. Results:The enzyme activity of two purified rennet F6-2 and F7-2 which had different ionic strengths and pepsin F7-1 were 27 557.10, 17 532.60 and 17 728.15 U/g, respectively. The results of SDS-PAGE indicated that the molecular weights of three enzymes were similar, ranging from 35 000 to 40 000. The raw material contained 16 kinds of amino acids, of which hydrophobic amino acids accounted for 33.03% of the total amino acid content. When the sample concentration was 5 mg/mL, ABTS free radical scavenging activity of the three extracts was (37.80±0.45)%, (23.20±0.78)% and (62.80±0.74)%; DPPH free radical scavenging activity was (57.87±0.55)%, (5.03±0.25)% and (26.67±3.10)%, respectively. Glycoprotein extracts had promoted the growth of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus and Enterococcus faecalis, and there was statistically significant difference in the promotion of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus and Enterococcus faecalis ( P<0.05). The protein chain of glycoprotein was composed of 15 amino acids and the polysaccharide chain was composed of two monosaccharides, glucose and lactose. Conclusions:Two rennet and one pepsin are isolated and analyzed from raw material of lamb abomasum by various chromatographic methods. The raw material is rich in antioxidant active ingredients. The glycoprotein components of lamb abomasum has the activity of promoting the growth of probiotics.

A designed antifungal peptide with therapeutic potential for clinical drug-resistant Candida albicans.

Due to the increasing drug-resistant of Candida albicans (C. albicans), there is an urgent need to develop a novel therapeutic agent for C. albicans induced inflammatory disease treatment. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as one of the most promising antifungal drugs. However, most of the designed AMPs showed side-effects. In the present study, 10 novel peptides were designed based on the sequence of frog skin secretions peptide (Ranacyclin AJ). Among them, AKK8 (RWRFKWWKK) exhibited the strongest antifungal effect against both standard and clinically isolated drug-resistant C. albicans. AKK8 killed C. albicans (within 30 min), and the antifungal effect lasted for 24 h, showed an efficient and long lasted antifungal effect against C. albicans. Notably, AKK8 showed low toxicity to human red blood cells and high stability in human serum. Moreover, AKK8 administration showed therapeutic effects on systemic infections mice induced by the clinical drug-resistant C. albicans, in a dose-depended manner. These findings suggested that AKK8 may be a potential candidate for the anti-inflammation treatments for diseases caused by clinical drug-resistant C. albicans.