Physiological and psychological recovery in two pure forests: interaction between perception methods and perception durations.

The forest experience is good for people's physical and mental health. However, few studies on the effects of pure forest based on the duration and way of experience on people's physical and mental recovery. In this study, we took 180 first-year college students as research objects and conducted experiments in Pinus sylvestris and Betula platyphylla and the control group of grass plot. The changes of physiological and psychological indexes of the subjects were compared by two perception methods (onsite perception, video perception) and three perception duration (10 min, 20 min, 30 min). The results indicated that: (1) Differences between the two pure forests were mainly reflected in short-term recovery of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and long-term recovery of total mood disorder (TMD). (2) Video perception was more conducive to short-term recovery of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). (3) Viewing the Pinus sylvestris for 20 min in different ways was the best way to relieve stress. It is suggested that, Pinus sylvestris can be used as the rehabilitation perception material, and reasonable path length or perception time can be selected for landscape construction in future. These results can provide scientific reference for landscape design based on forest health and environmental perception.

Examining the connection between weekend catch-up sleep and depression: Insights from 2017 to 2020 NHANES information.

BACKGROUND: Depression, a prevalent mental disorder, has shown an increasing trend in recent years, imposing a significant burden on health and society. Adequate sleep has been proven to reduce the incidence of depression. This study seeks to explore how Weekend Catch-up Sleep (WCS) is connected with the prevalence of depression in the American population. METHODS: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) provides representative data for the U.S. POPULATION: We utilized data from the 2017-2018 and 2019-2020 cycles. Depression was operationally defined as a PHQ-9 score exceeding 10. WCS duration was categorized into five groups: no change in sleep duration (=0 h), decreased sleep duration (<0), short catch-up sleep duration (>0 h, ≤1 h), moderate catch-up sleep duration (>1 h, <2 h), and long catch-up sleep duration (≥2 h). RESULTS: Among the 8039 individuals, the distribution of WCS duration was as follows: no change (WCS = 0 h) in 2999 individuals (37.3 %), decreased sleep (WCS < 0 h) in 1199 individuals (14.9 %), short catch-up sleep (0 h < WCS ≤ 1 h) in 1602 individuals (19.9 %), moderate catch-up sleep (1 h < WCS < 2 h) in 479 individuals (6.0 %), and long catch-up sleep (WCS ≥ 2 h) in 1760 individuals (21.9 %). Acting by adjustment for all covariates in a multiple regression analysis, we discovered that persons with 1 to 2 h of weekend catch-up sleep had a substantially low prevalence of depression concerning those with WCS = 0 (OR 0.22, 95 % CI 0.08-0.59, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depression in individuals engaging in weekend catch-up sleep for 1 to 2 h is lower than those who do not catch up on weekends. This discovery on the treatment and prevention of depression provides a new perspective. However, further prospective research and clinical trials are needed for a comprehensive investigation.

Integrated physiological, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide insights into phosphorus-mediated cadmium detoxification in Salix caprea roots.

Phosphorus (P) plays a crucial role in facilitating plant adaptation to cadmium (Cd) stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying P-mediated responses to Cd stress in roots remain elusive. This study investigates the effects of P on the growth, physiology, transcriptome, and metabolome of Salix caprea under Cd stress. The results indicate that Cd significantly inhibits plant growth, while sufficient P alleviates this inhibition. Under Cd exposure, P sufficiency resulted in increased Cd accumulation in roots, along with reduced oxidative stress levels (superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide contents were reduced by 16.8% and 30.1%, respectively). This phenomenon can be attributed to the enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as increased levels of antioxidants including ascorbic acid (AsA) and flavonoids under sufficient P conditions. A total of 4208 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 552 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified in the transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, with 2596 DEGs and 113 DAMs identified among treatments with different P levels under Cd stress, respectively. Further combined analyses reveal the potential roles of several pathways in P-mediated Cd detoxification, including flavonoid biosynthesis, ascorbate biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. Notably, sufficient P upregulates the expression of genes including HMA, ZIP, NRAMP and CAX, all predicted to localize to the cell membrane. This may elucidate the heightened Cd accumulation under sufficient P conditions. These findings provide insights into the roles of P in enhancing plant resistance to Cd stress and improving of phytoremediation.

"3E" Analysis and Working Fluid Selection for a Cogeneration System for Geothermal Large Temperature Difference Utilization.

Widespread utilization of geothermal energy as a clean energy source can reduce the use of fossil fuels and thereby protect the environment. Previous combined heat and power (CHP) systems using low-temperature geothermal heat as a heat source have limited utilization of geothermal heat. In this study, a cogeneration system based on organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and absorption heat exchanger (AHE) is designed. We analyzed the thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, and economics of the proposed system utilizing 85 °C low-temperature geothermal heat, and the optimal operating fluid for this system is discussed. The results show that the optimal working fluid for the proposed system is R245fa. Using R245fa as the working fluid, the proposed system can achieve an exergy efficiency of 61.39%, when the heat source outlet temperature can be as low as 23 °C, while the proposed system can achieve the lowest LCOE of 0.082 ($/kW ·h) when using R22 as the working fluid.

Lateralization of cortical activity, networks, and hemodynamic lag after stroke: A resting-state fNIRS study.

Focal damage due to stroke causes widespread abnormal changes in brain function and hemispheric asymmetry. In this study, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to collect resting-state hemoglobin data from 85 patients with subacute stroke and 26 healthy controls, to comparatively analyze the characteristics of lateralization after stroke in terms of cortical activity, functional networks, and hemodynamic lags. Higher intensity of motor cortical activity, lower hemispheric autonomy, and more abnormal hemodynamic leads or lags were found in the affected hemisphere. Lateralization metrics of the three aspects were all associated with the Fugl-Meyer score. The results of this study prove that three lateralization metrics may provide clinical reference for stroke rehabilitation. Meanwhile, the present study piloted the use of resting-state fNIRS for analyzing hemodynamic lag, demonstrating the potential of fNIRS to assess hemodynamic abnormalities in addition to the study of cortical neurological function after stroke.

Phosphorus deficiency-induced cell wall pectin demethylesterification enhances cadmium accumulation in roots of Salix caprea.

Regions affected by heavy metal contamination frequently encounter phosphorus (P) deficiency. Numerous studies highlight crucial role of P in facilitating cadmium (Cd) accumulation in woody plants. However, the regulatory mechanism by which P affects Cd accumulation in roots remains ambiguous. This study aims to investigate the effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency on Cd accumulation, Cd subcellular distribution, and cell wall components in the roots of Salix caprea under Cd stress. The results revealed that under P deficiency conditions, there was a 35.4% elevation in Cd content in roots, coupled with a 60.1% reduction in Cd content in shoots, compared to the P sufficiency conditions. Under deficient P conditions, the predominant response of roots to Cd exposure was the increased sequestration of Cd in root cell walls. The sequestration of Cd in root cell walls increased from 37.1% under sufficient P conditions to 66.7% under P deficiency, with pectin identified as the primary Cd binding site under both P conditions. Among cell wall components, P deficiency led to a significant 31.7% increase in Cd content within pectin compared to P sufficiency conditions, but did not change the pectin content. Notably, P deficiency significantly increased pectin methylesterase (PME) activity by regulating the expression of PME and PMEI genes, leading to a 10.4% reduction in the degree of pectin methylesterification. This may elucidate the absence of significant changes in pectin content under P deficiency conditions and the concurrent increase in Cd accumulation in pectin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicated an increase in carboxyl groups in the root cell walls under P deficiency compared to sufficient P treatment. The results provide deep insights into the mechanisms of higher Cd accumulation in root mediated by P deficiency.

Regulation of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation bacteria by available phosphorus and microbial communities in lake sediments of cold and arid regions.

As global anthropogenic nitrogen inputs continue to rise, nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (N-DAMO) plays an increasingly significant role in CH4 consumption in lake sediments. However, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the effects of anthropogenic activities on N-DAMO bacteria in lakes in the cold and arid regions. Sediment samples were collected from five sampling areas in Lake Ulansuhai at varying depth ranges (0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm). The ecological characterization and niche differentiation of N-DAMO bacteria were investigated using bioinformatics and molecular biology techniques. Quantitative PCR confirmed the presence of N-DAMO bacteria in Lake Ulansuhai sediments, with 16S rRNA gene abundances ranging from 1.72 × 104 to 5.75 × 105 copies·g-1 dry sediment. The highest abundance was observed at the farmland drainage outlet with high available phosphorus (AP). Anthropogenic disturbances led to a significant increase in the abundance of N-DAMO bacteria, though their diversity remained unaffected. The heterogeneous community of N-DAMO bacteria was affected by interactions among various environmental characteristics, with AP and oxidation-reduction potential identified as the key drivers in this study. The Mantel test indicated that the N-DAMO bacterial abundance was more readily influenced by the presence of the denitrification genes (nirS and nirK). Network analysis revealed that the community structure of N-DAMO bacteria generated numerous links (especially positive links) with microbial taxa involved in carbon and nitrogen cycles, such as methanogens and nitrifying bacteria. In summary, N-DAMO bacteria exhibited sensitivity to both environmental and microbial factors under various human disturbances. This study provides valuable insights into the distribution patterns of N-DAMO bacteria and their roles in nitrogen and carbon cycling within lake ecosystems.

Effects of different frequencies music on cortical responses and functional connectivity in patients with minimal conscious state.

The objective of this study was to investigate brain activation and functional network patterns during musical interventions in different frequency bands using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, and to provide a basis for more effective music therapy strategy selection for patients in minimally conscious state (MCS). Twenty six MCS patients and 20 healthy people were given music intervention with low frequency (31-180 Hz), medium frequency (180-4k Hz), and high frequency (4k-22k Hz) audio. In MCS patients, low frequency music intervention induced activation of left prefrontal cortex and left primary sensory cortex (S1), also a left-hemisphere lateralization effect of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). And the functional connectivity of right DLPFC-right S1 was significantly improved by high frequency music intervention. The low frequency and high frequency music may contribute more than medium frequency music to the recovery of consciousness. This study also validated the effectiveness of fNIRS in studies of brain function in MCS patients.

Design and investigation of a capacitance-coupling pre-ionized sharpening switch.

The sharpening switch is one of the most important elements in the trigger generator, which is used to sharpen the front of the trigger pulse. The breakdown performance of the sharpening switch has an important influence on the output and stability of the trigger generator. In this paper, a novel 200 kV capacitance-coupling pre-ionized sharpening switch, which can realize pre-ionization by dividing voltage through its own structural capacitances, is proposed and investigated. In order to obtain the optimal parameters of the pre-ionized sharpening switch, the influences of the electrode structure, electrode material, main gap distance, and pre-ionized gap distance on the breakdown performance are studied experimentally. The experimental results show that the electrode structure with a circular knife-edged cathode and a plate-shaped anode has the smallest breakdown jitter, followed by the needle-plate structure and the tapered ball-head structure. The stainless steel electrode has the smallest jitter, followed by graphite, aluminum, and brass electrodes. When the gap distances of the main gap and the pre-ionized gap are 13 and 1.5 mm, respectively, the breakdown stability of the pre-ionized sharpening switch is the best. Under an input voltage pulse with a rise time of about one microsecond, the jitter of the capacitance-coupling pre-ionized sharpening switch with the optimal parameters is 6.08 ns, which is about 0.6% of the rise time of the input pulse. The jitter decreases by 44.5% compared to the switch without pre-ionization. The rise time of the output pulse is sharpened to 17 ns, corresponding to a voltage rise rate of more than 11 kV/ns.

The association between weight-adjusted-waist index and depression: Results from NHANES 2005-2018.

OBJECTIVE: The weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) serves as an innovative obesity measure, seemingly surpassing body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in evaluating lean and fat mass. This study aimed to explore the relationship between WWI and depression in United States (US) adults. METHODS: This population-based study investigated adults with comprehensive WWI and PHQ-9 (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire) data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018. WWI was computed by dividing WC by the square root of body weight. Weighted multivariate logistic regression and smoothed curve fitting were employed to examine linear and non-linear associations. Additionally, subgroup analyses and interaction tests were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 34,528 participants were enrolled with a prevalence of depression of 7.61 %. WWI was positively related to depression with the full adjustment [odds ratio (OR) = 1.21, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI): 1.13-1.29]. After converting WWI to a categorical variable by quartiles (Q1-Q4), compared to Q1 the highest WWI quartile was linked to an obviously increased likelihood of depression (OR = 1.51, 95 % CI: 1.29-1.76). Subgroup analysis revealed the stability of the independent positive relationship between WWI and depression (all P for trend >0.05). CONCLUSION: WWI levels were positively related to an increased likelihood of depression in US adults. Our findings indicated that WWI may serve as a simple anthropometric index to predict depression.

Does decreased autophagy and dysregulation of LC3A in astrocytes play a role in major depressive disorder?

Astrocytic dysfunction contributes to the molecular pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the astrocytic subtype that mainly contributes to MDD etiology and whether dysregulated autophagy in astrocytes is associated with MDD remain unknown. Using a single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) atlas, three astrocyte subtypes were identified in MDD, while C2 State-1Q astrocytes showed aberrant changes in both cell proportion and most differentially expressed genes compared with other subtypes. Moreover, autophagy pathways were commonly inhibited in astrocytes in the prefrontal cortices (PFCs) of patients with MDD, especially in C2 State-1Q astrocytes. Furthermore, by integrating snRNA-seq and bulk transcriptomic data, we found significant reductions in LC3A expression levels in the PFC region of CUMS-induced depressed mice, as well as in postmortem PFC tissues and peripheral blood samples from patients with MDD. These results were further validated by qPCR using whole-blood samples from patients with MDD and healthy controls. Finally, LC3A expression in the whole blood of patients with MDD was negatively associated with the severity of depressive symptoms. Overall, our results underscore autophagy inhibition in PFC astrocytes as a common molecular characteristic in MDD and might reveal a novel potential diagnostic marker LC3A.

A 6-week, phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Anyu Peibo capsules for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults.

Background: Almost one-third of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not respond to conventional antidepressants, and new treatments for MDD are urgently needed. Objectives: This phase IIb clinical trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Anyu Peibo capsules in the treatment of adults with MDD. Design: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, fixed-dose study. Methods: A total of 172 patients with MDD from nine study centers were randomized (1:1) to receive placebo (n = 86) or oral Anyu Peibo capsules (0.8 g) twice per day (n = 86) for 6 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score from baseline to week 6, analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) approach with the baseline MADRS score, center effect and center by group interaction as the covariates. Other efficacy endpoints and variables included clinical response and remission rates according to the MADRS and the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) scores, the change in the HAMD-17, Clinical Global Impression - Severity scale and Clinical Global Impression - Improvement scale scores and the reduction in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale from baseline to week 6. Results: The mean baseline MADRS total scores were 29.20 and 29.72 in the Anyu Peibo (n = 82) and placebo groups (n = 81), respectively. The least squares mean change in the MADRS score from baseline to week 6 was 16.59 points in the Anyu Peibo group and 14.51 points in the placebo group. Although there were greater reductions in the MADRS score from baseline to week 6 in the Anyu Peibo capsule group compared to the placebo group, the difference did not reach statistical significance (least-squares mean difference, 2.07 points; 95% confidence interval, -0.27 to 4.41; p = 0.0819). The results of sensitivity analyses by ANCOVA with the last observation carried forward method for missing data indicated that the administration of Anyu Peibo capsules may lead to a significant reduction in depressive symptoms compared to the placebo (least-squares mean difference: 3.29 points; 95% confidence interval: 0.64-5.93; p = 0.0152). Furthermore, Anyu Peibo capsules showed significant benefits over placebo when the change in the HAMD-17 score from baseline to week 6 was evaluated as the secondary analysis (t = 2.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-4.23; p = 0.0464). Conclusion: Anyu Peibo capsules may have an effective and safe antidepressant effect, which warrants further research.

Association of serum oleic acid level with depression in American adults: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: As the most abundant fatty acid in plasma, oleic acid has been found to be associated with multiple neurological diseases; however, results from studies of the relationship between oleic acid and depression are inconsistent. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed 4,459 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014. The following covariates were adjusted in multivariable logistic regression models: age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol status, metabolic syndrome, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and total cholesterol. RESULTS: Serum oleic acid levels were positively associated with depression. After adjusting for all covariates, for every 1 mmol/L increase in oleic acid levels, the prevalence of depression increased by 40% (unadjusted OR: 1.35, 95%CI: 1.16-1.57; adjusted OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.03-1.90). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that oleic acid may play a role in depression. Further research is needed to investigate the potential benefits of changing oleic acid levels for the treatment and prevention of depression.

Association between Red Blood Cell Distribution Width and Short-Term Mortality in Patients with Paralytic Intestinal Obstruction: Retrospective Data Analysis Based on the MIMIC-III Database.

Objective: Elevated red cell distribution (RDW) has been reported to be associated with mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis and cholecystitis admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). However, evidence for the relationship between RDW and paralytic intestinal obstruction is lacking. Therefore, the article aims to investigate the relationship between RDW and 28-day mortality of the patients with paralytic intestinal obstruction. Patients and Methods. This is a single-center retrospective study. Based on a particular screening criterion, 773 patients with paralytic intestinal obstruction were selected from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database. Indicators of the first 24 h into the ICU were used to analyze the relationship between RDW and 28-day death from paralytic intestinal obstruction by Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis, logistic regression analysis, and stratification analysis. Results: The curve fitting exhibited a nonlinear relationship. The K-M curve showed that groups with higher RDW values had lower survival rates. The logistic regression analysis revealed that RDW increased with 28-day mortality in patients with paralytic intestinal obstruction in the fully adjusted model. In the fully adjusted model, OR value and 95% CI from the second to the third quantiles compared to the first quartile (reference group) were 1.89 (1.04, 3.44) and 3.29 (1.82, 5.93), respectively. The results of stratified analysis of each layer had the same trend as those of regression analysis, and the interaction results were not significant. Conclusion: Elevated RDW was associated with increased 28-day mortality from paralytic intestinal obstruction in the ICU. This study can help to further explore the relationship between RDW and death in patients with paralytic intestinal obstruction.

Test-retest reliability of fNIRS in resting-state cortical activity and brain network assessment in stroke patients.

Resting-state functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) scanning has attracted considerable attention in stroke rehabilitation research in recent years. The aim of this study was to quantify the reliability of fNIRS in cortical activity intensity and brain network metrics among resting-state stroke patients, and to comprehensively evaluate the effects of frequency selection, scanning duration, analysis and preprocessing strategies on test-retest reliability. Nineteen patients with stroke underwent two resting fNIRS scanning sessions with an interval of 24 hours. The haemoglobin signals were preprocessed by principal component analysis, common average reference and haemodynamic modality separation (HMS) algorithm respectively. The cortical activity, functional connectivity level, local network metrics (degree, betweenness and local efficiency) and global network metrics were calculated at 25 frequency scales × 16 time windows. The test-retest reliability of each fNIRS metric was quantified by the intraclass correlation coefficient. The results show that (1) the high-frequency band has higher ICC values than the low-frequency band, and the fNIRS metric is more reliable than at the individual channel level when averaged within the brain region channel, (2) the ICC values of the low-frequency band above the 4-minute scan time are generally higher than 0.5, the local efficiency and global network metrics reach high and excellent reliability levels after 4 min (0.5 < ICC < 0.9), with moderate or even poor reliability for degree and betweenness (ICC < 0.5), (3) HMS algorithm performs best in improving the low-frequency band ICC values. The results indicate that a scanning duration of more than 4 minutes can lead to high reliability of most fNIRS metrics when assessing low-frequency resting brain function in stroke patients. It is recommended to use the global correction method of HMS, and the reporting of degree, betweenness and single channel level should be performed with caution. This paper provides the first comprehensive reference for resting-state experimental design and analysis strategies for fNIRS in stroke rehabilitation.

Association between atherogenic coefficient and depression in US adults: a cross-sectional study with data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018.

OBJECTIVE: The pathogenesis of depression is related to immune inflammatory response. Atherogenic coefficient (AC) is an important indicator of lipid abnormalities, which can lead to immune inflammatory responses. However, no study has investigated the relationship between AC and depression in adult Americans. Therefore, we investigated this relationship. DESIGN: This study used a cross-sectional design. SETTING: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2018) data were used for this study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 32 502 participants aged 20 years or older who had complete information for AC and depression were included in this study. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Depressive symptoms were assessed using the nine-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with a cut-off point of 9/10 indicating likely depression cases. Weighted logistic regression analyses and the smooth curve fittings were performed to explore the association between AC and depression. RESULTS: After adjusting for potential confounders, a single unit increase in AC was associated with a 3% increase in the prevalence of depression (HR=1.03, 95% CI=1.00 to 1.06, p=0.039). The relationship between AC and depression was more obvious in females. CONCLUSIONS: The AC is positively associated with depression.

Nonlinear relationship between sleep midpoint and depression symptoms: a cross-sectional study of US adults.

BACKGROUND: Despite the close relationship between sleep-wake cycles and depression symptoms, the relationship between sleep midpoint and depression symptoms in adults remains understudied. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 18280 adults aged ≥ 18 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2020 were analyzed. Covariates included age, sex, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family income, body mass index, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, comorbid condition, sleep duration, and sleep disturbance were adjusted in multivariate regression models. RESULTS: Weighted restricted cubic spline based on the complex sampling design of NHANES showed that in participants with a sleep midpoint from 2:18 AM to 6:30 AM, the prevalence of depression symptoms increased by 0.2 times (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.33) per 1-h increment in sleep midpoint compared to the reference point of 2:18 AM. For participants with a sleep midpoint after 6:30 AM and before 2:18 AM the next day, the relationship between sleep midpoint and depression symptoms was not significant after adjusting for all covariates (adjusted OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.99-1.03). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate a significant nonlinear association between sleep midpoint and depression symptoms in a nationally representative sample of adults.

Does the timing of intake matter? Association between caffeine intake and depression: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: Recent research suggests that caffeine intake is associated with a reduced risk of depression. However, the relationship between caffeine intake during different periods of the day and depression is still unclear. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed noninstitutionalized adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, with a weighted representation of approximately 218 million US adults. Covariate-adjusted sample-weighted regressions were used to examine associations between caffeine intake and depression in different periods. RESULTS: Caffeine intake during non-early morning periods (outside of 5:00-8:00 AM) is associated with a high prevalence of depression (unadjusted OR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.05-1.11; adjusted OR: 1.03, 95 % CI: 1.00-1.06). Participants who consumed caffeine in the early morning (5:00-8:00 AM) had a lower prevalence of depression compared to participants who did not consume caffeine in the early morning (unadjusted OR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.67-0.85; adjusted OR: 0.86, 95 % CI: 0.75-0.99). LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional study could not determine the temporal association; patients with depression in this study were not clinically diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Among US adults, early morning caffeine consumers had a lower prevalence of depression than non-consumers; caffeine intake during non-early morning periods is associated with a high prevalence of depression. Our results may suggest the importance of caffeine intake time for depression.