The association of systemic immune-inflammation index with lung function, risk of COPD and COPD severity: A population-based study.

PURPOSE: The relationship between the levels of Systemic Immune-inflammation Index (SII) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung function, and COPD severity were not fully understood. We conducted this cross-sectional, population-based study to investigate the complex association between SII and COPD, lung function, and COPD severity among the US adults. METHODS: Overall, 18,349 participants were included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2018. The exposure variable was SII, calculated from platelet counts, neutrophil counts, and lymphocyte counts. Weighted univariable and multivariable logistic regression, subgroup analysis, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression were performed to assess the relationship between COPD, lung function, COPD severity and SII. Last, we used a propensity score matching (PSM) analysis to reduce selective bias and validate these relationships. RESULTS: Approximately 1,094 (5.96%) of the participants were diagnosed as COPD. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, CI) for the Q2 group (Log-SII > 2.740) was 1.39 (1.16 to 1.68). Before and after matching, multivariable logistic regression models revealed that increased Log-SII levels (SII Logarithmic transformation) associated positively with the risk of COPD. The subgroup analysis showed no interaction between Log-SII and a variety of variables (P for interaction > 0.05). RCS showed a reversed L-shaped relationship between Log-SII with COPD (P for nonlinear = 0.001) in individuals. In addition, we observed negative significant correlations between forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) / forced vital capacity (FVC) %, FEV1/FVC% predicted and SII, and reversed U-shaped curve relationships between FEV1, FEV1% predicted and SII. High SII level is associated with severity of COPD, especially at Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 1 and GOLD 3. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the Log-SII level is associated with COPD risk, lung function, and COPD severity.

New monoterpene phenol dimers from the fruits of Psoralea corylifolia.

Three new monoterpene phenol dimers, bisbakuchiols V-X (1-3), and two bakuchiol ethers (4 and 5), along with four known compounds (6-9) were isolated from the fruits of Psoralea corylifolia. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectral analysis. The absolute configurations of 1, 2, 4, and 5 were specified by quantum chemical calculations of ECD spectra.

In situ characterization of heterogeneous surface wetting in porous materials.

The performance of nano- and micro-porous materials in capturing and releasing fluids, such as during CO2 geo-storage and water/gas removal in fuel cells and electrolyzers, is determined by their wettability in contact with the solid. However, accurately characterizing wettability is challenging due to spatial variations in dynamic forces, chemical heterogeneity, and surface roughness. In situ measurements can potentially measure wettability locally as a contact angle - the angle a denser phase (e.g water) contacts solid in the presence of a second phase (e.g. hydrogen, air, CO2) - but suffer from difficulties in accurately capturing curvatures, contact areas, and contact loops of multiphase fluids. We introduce a novel extended topological method for in situ contact angle measurement and provide a comparative review of current geometric and topological methods, assessing their accuracy on ideal surfaces, porous rocks containing CO2, and water in gas diffusion layers. The new method demonstrates higher accuracy and reliability of in situ measurements for uniformly wetting systems compared to previous topological approaches, while geometric measurements perform best for mixed-wetting domains. This study further provides a comprehensive open-source platform for in situ characterization of wettability in porous materials with implications for gas geo-storage, fuel cells and electrolyzers, filtration, and catalysis.

Global, regional, and national burden and trends of early-onset tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer from 1990 to 2019.

BACKGROUND: Tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (TBL) is one of the main cancer health problems worldwide, but data on the burden and trends of early-onset tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (EO-TBL) are sparse. The aim of the present study was to provide the latest and the most comprehensive burden estimates of the EO-TBL cancer from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: Overall, we used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study in EO-TBL cancer from 1990 to 2019. Evaluation metrics included incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The joinpoint regression model was used to analyze the temporal trends. Decomposition analysis was employed to analyze the driving factors for EO-TBL cancer burden alterations. Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) analysis was used to estimate trends in the next 20 years. RESULTS: The global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) for EO-TBL cancer decreased significantly from 3.95 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 3.70-4.24), 3.41 (95% UI: 3.19-3.67), 158.68 (95% UI: 148.04-170.92) in 1990 to 2.82 (95% UI: 2.54-3.09), 2.28 (95% UI: 2.07-2.49), 106.47 (95% UI: 96.83-116.51) in 2019 with average annual percent change (AAPC) of -1.14% (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.32 to -0.95), -1.37% (95% CI: -1.55 to -1.18), and - 1.35% (95% CI: -1.54 to -1.15) separately. The high and high-middle sociodemographic index (SDI) region had a higher burden of EO-TBL cancer but demonstrated a downward trend. The most prominent and significant upward trends were Southeast and South Asia, Africa, and women in the low SDI and low-middle SDI quintiles. At the regional and national level, there were significant positive correlations between ASDR, ASIR, ASMR, and SDI. Decomposition analysis showed that population growth and aging have driven the increase in the number of incidence, mortality, and DALYs in the global population, especially among the middle SDI quintile and the East Asia region. The BAPC results showed that ASDR, ASIR, and ASMR in women would increase but the male population remained relatively flat over the next 20 years. CONCLUSIONS: Although global efforts have been the most successful and effective in reducing the burden of EO-TBL cancer over the past three decades, there was strong regional and gender heterogeneity. EO-TBL cancer need more medical attention in the lower SDI quintiles and in the female population.

Chiral separation and bioactivities of six pairs of enantiomeric dilignans from Magnolia officinalis var. biloba.

Six pairs of enantiomeric dilignans, (+)/(-)-magdiligols A-F, have been isolated from an ethanolic extract of the barks of Magnolia officinalis var. biloba. Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, NMR calculation with DP4+ analysis, and the electronic circular dichroism spectra calculation. (+)/(-)-1-3 possessed a dihydrobenzopyran ring, while a propyl chain of 1 was linked via ether bond. (+)/(-)-Magdiligols D and E ((+)/(-)-4 and 5) were dilignans possessing a furan ring. (+)-Magdiligol B ((+)/(-)-2), (+)/(-)-magdiligol C ((+)/(-)-3), and racemes 2, 3, and 5 showed potential hepatoprotective effects against APAP-induced HepG2 cell damage, increased the cell viability from 65.4% to 72.7, 78.7.76.6, 73.9, 77.9 and 73.2%, via decreasing the level of the live enzymes ALH and LDH consistently. (+)/(-)-Magdiligols B-D ((+)/(-)-2-4) and (+)/(-)-magdiligol F ((+)/(-)-6) exhibited significant antioxidative activity. (+)/(-)-Magdiligols B-C ((+)/(-)-2 and 3), (-)-magdiligol D ((-)-4), and (+)-magdiligol E ((+)-5) displayed significant PTP1B inhibitory activity with IC50 values 1.41-3.42 µM. (+)/(-)-Magdiligol B ((+)/(-)-2), and its raceme (2) demonstrated α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 values 1.47, 2.88 and 1.85 µM, respectively.

Species diversity of pathogenic wood-rotting fungi (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) in China.

Wood-rotting basidiomycetes have been investigated in the Chinese forest ecosystem for the past 30 years. Two hundred and five pathogenic wood-decayers belonging to 9 orders, 30 families, and 74 genera have been found in Chinese native forests, plantations, and gardens. Seventy-two species (accounting for 35% of the total pathogenic species) are reported as pathogenic fungi in China for the first time. Among these pathogens, 184 species are polypores, nine are corticioid fungi, eight are agarics and five are hydnoid basidiomycetes. One hundred and seventy-seven species (accounting for 86%) cause white rot, while 28 species (accounting for 14%) result in brown rot; 157 species grow on angiosperm trees (accounting for 76.5%) and 44 species occur on gymnosperm trees (accounting for 21.5%), only four species inhabit both angiosperms and gymnosperms (accounting for 2%); 95 species are distributed in boreal to temperate forests and 110 in subtropical to tropical forests. In addition, 17 species, including Fomitopsis pinicola, Heterobasidion parviporum, and Phellinidium weirii etc. which were previously treated as pathogenic species in China, do not occur in China according to recent studies. In this paper, the host(s), type of forest, rot type, and distribution of each pathogenic species in China are given.

OmpR (TCS response regulator) of Aeromonas veronii plays a major role in drug resistance, stress resistance and virulence by regulating biofilm formation.

Aeromonas veronii (A. veronii), a highly pathogenic bacteria with a wide range of hosts, widely exists in the environment of humans, animals and aquatic animals, and can cause a variety of diseases. In this study, the receptor regulator ompR in the envZ/ompR of two-component system was selected to construct a mutant strain (Δ ompR) and a complement strain (C-ompR) to explore the regulatory effect of ompR on the biological characteristics and virulence of TH0426. The results showed that the ability of biofilm formation and osmotic stress of TH0426 were significantly reduced (P < 0.001), the resistance to ceftriaxone and neomycin were slightly down-regulate when the ompR gene was deleted. At the same time, animal pathogenicity experiments showed that the virulence of TH0426 was significantly down-regulated (P < 0.001). These results indicated that ompR gene regulates the biofilm formation of TH0426, and regulates some biological characteristics of TH0426, including drug sensitivity, resistance to osmotic stress, and also affects its virulence.

Two new species of Antrodia (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) in western China.

Two new species of Antrodia, A. aridula and A. variispora, are described from western China. Phylogeny based on a six-gene dataset (ITS + nLSU + nSSU + mtSSU + TEF1 + RPB2) demonstrates that samples of the two species form two independent lineages within the clade of Antrodia s.s. and are different in morphology from the existing species of Antrodia. Antrodia aridula is characterized by its annual and resupinate basidiocarps with angular to irregular pores of 2-3 mm each and oblong ellipsoid to cylindrical basidiospores measuring 9-12 × 4.2-5.3 µm, growing on gymnosperm wood in a dry environment. Antrodia variispora is characterized by its annual and resupinate basidiocarps with sinuous or dentate pores with a size of 1-1.5 mm each and oblong ellipsoid, fusiform, pyriform, or cylindrical basidiospores measuring 11.5-16 × 4.5-5.5 µm, growing on the wood of Picea. The differences between the new species and morphologically similar species are discussed in this article.

A contribution to Porogramme (Polyporaceae, Agaricomycetes) and related genera.

The polypores with shallow pores from tropical Asia and America are studied. Our molecular phylogeny based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) demonstrates six clades are formed among Porogramme and related genera. Two new genera, Cyanoporus and Pseudogrammothele, are established, and the six clades represent Porogramme, Cyanoporus, Grammothele, Epithele, Theleporus, and Pseudogrammothele, respectively. The molecular clock analyses estimate the divergence times of the six clades based on a dataset (ITS + LSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2), and we recognize the mean stem ages of the six genera are earlier than 50 Mya. Three new species in Porogramme were morphologically and phylogenetically confirmed, and they are described as P. austroasiana, P. cylindrica, and P. yunnanensis. Phylogenetic analysis shows that type species of Tinctoporellus and Porogramme are nested in the same clade, and Tinctoporellus is treated as a synonym of Porogramme. Based on our phylogeny, twelve new combinations are proposed, and the differences between the new species and similar or related species are discussed.

Hypoglycemic oligostilbenes from the stems of Caragana sinica.

Six new oligostilbenes, carastilphenols A-E (1-5) and (-)-hopeachinol B (6), with three reported oligostilbenes were obtained from the stems of Caragana sinica. The structures of compounds 1-6 were determined by comprehensive spectroscopy analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism calculations. Thus, natural tetrastilbenes were determined as absolute configuration for the first time. Also, we did several pharmacological essays. In the antiviral tests, compounds 2, 4 and 6 showed moderate anti-coxsackie virus B3 type (CVB3) effect on Vero cells activities in vitro with IC50 values of 19.2 âˆ¼ 69.3 µM; and compounds 3 and 4 showed different levels of anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) effect on Hep2 cells activities in vitro with IC50 values of 23.1 and 33.3 µM, respectively. As for hypoglycemic activity, compounds 6-9 (10 µM) showed the inhibition of α-glucosidase in vitro with IC50 values of 0.1 âˆ¼ 0.4 µM; and compound 7 showed significant inhibition (88.8%, 10 µM) of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with IC50 value of 1.1 µM in vitro.

Large-scale physically accurate modelling of real proton exchange membrane fuel cell with deep learning.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, consuming hydrogen and oxygen to generate clean electricity and water, suffer acute liquid water challenges. Accurate liquid water modelling is inherently challenging due to the multi-phase, multi-component, reactive dynamics within multi-scale, multi-layered porous media. In addition, currently inadequate imaging and modelling capabilities are limiting simulations to small areas (<1 mm2) or simplified architectures. Herein, an advancement in water modelling is achieved using X-ray micro-computed tomography, deep learned super-resolution, multi-label segmentation, and direct multi-phase simulation. The resulting image is the most resolved domain (16 mm2 with 700 nm voxel resolution) and the largest direct multi-phase flow simulation of a fuel cell. This generalisable approach unveils multi-scale water clustering and transport mechanisms over large dry and flooded areas in the gas diffusion layer and flow fields, paving the way for next generation proton exchange membrane fuel cells with optimised structures and wettabilities.

Effects and mechanisms of Xiaochaihu Tang against liver fibrosis: An integration of network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Liver fibrosis is a potentially harmful chronic liver disease caused by various etiologies. There is currently no specific drug for liver fibrosis. Xiaochaihu Tang (XCHT) is a traditional formula combined of seven herbs, which was first recorded in the Treatise on Febrile Diseases in Han Dynasty of ancient China. It is widely used in clinic to hepatic protection, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory treatment. And it has been recommended for treating chronic hepatitis and chronic cholecystitis in the latest guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of liver fibrosis with integrated traditional and western medicine. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aims to explore the therapeutic effects of XCHT on liver fibrosis and its underlying molecular mechanisms from the perspective of network pharmacology and experimental research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced and bile duct ligation (BDL) induced liver fibrosis models in mice were established to evaluate the anti-fibrosis effects of XCHT in vivo. Potential anti-fibrosis targets of XCHT were screened via network establishment. The underlying mechanisms were uncovered through GO and pathway enrichment analysis. Then, the core targets were identified from protein-protein interaction network by means of the Cytohubba plug-in of Cytoscape. Furthermore, two effective monomer components of XCHT were recognized by molecular docking. Moreover, the predicted components and pathways were verified by in vitro experiments. RESULTS: When treated with XCHT, liver fibrosis was alleviated in both mice models, showing as the improvement of liver function, the protection of hepatocytes, the inhibition of HSC activation and the reduction of hepatic collagen accumulation. 540 monomer components, 300 therapeutic targets, 109 signaling pathways, 246 GO biological processes, 77 GO cellular components, 107 GO molecular functions items and core targets were identified by network analysis. Then, 6-gingerol and baicalein were identified as the core components of anti-fibrosis effects of XCHT via leptin or Nrf2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the experiment in vitro also validated the results. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests XCHT could alleviate liver fibrosis through multi-targets and multi-pathways; 6-gingerol and baicalein are its core components which may play an important role via leptin or Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Three new anthraquinones from Prismatomeris tetrandra (Roxb.) K. Schum and their protective effects in neuroblastoma cells / 药学学报

Three new anthraquinones were isolated from the 80% ethanol extract of Prismatomeris tetrandra by silica gel, MCI, ODS column chromatography and high performance preparative liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures of the new compounds were identified by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and other spectroscopic methods as 6-hydroxy-1,2,3-trimethoxy-7-methylanthracene-9,10-dione (1), 6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3-trimethoxyanthracene-9,10-dione (2) and 7-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2-dimethoxyanthracene-9,10-dione (3). Compounds 1, 2 and 3 showed protective effects against monosodium glutamate-induced damage in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, with the cell survival rates elevated 18.45%, 4.31%, and 7.65%, respectively.

Canonical transient receptor potential channel 1 aggravates myocardial ischemia-and-reperfusion injury by upregulating reactive oxygen species.

The canonical transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) proteins form Ca2+-permeable cation channels that are involved in various heart diseases. However, the roles of specific TRPC proteins in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remain poorly understood. We observed that TRPC1 and TRPC6 were highly expressed in the area at risk (AAR) in a coronary artery ligation induced I/R model. Trpc1-/- mice exhibited improved cardiac function, lower serum Troponin T and serum creatine kinase level, smaller infarct volume, less fibrotic scars, and fewer apoptotic cells after myocardial-I/R than wild-type or Trpc6-/- mice. Cardiomyocyte-specific knockdown of Trpc1 using adeno-associated virus 9 mitigated myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, Trpc1 deficiency protected adult mouse ventricular myocytes (AMVMs) and HL-1 cells from death during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of genes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in Trpc1-/- cardiomyocytes. Among these genes, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like (Ogdhl) was markedly downregulated. Moreover, Trpc1 deficiency impaired the calcineurin (CaN)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in AMVMs. Suppression of this pathway inhibited Ogdhl upregulation and ROS generation in HL-1 cells under H/R conditions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed NF-κB binding to the Ogdhl promoter. The cardioprotective effect of Trpc1 deficiency was canceled out by overexpression of NF-κB and Ogdhl in cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, our findings reveal that TRPC1 is upregulated in the AAR following myocardial I/R, leading to increased Ca2+ influx into associated cardiomyocytes. Subsequently, this upregulates Ogdhl expression through the CaN/NF-κB signaling pathway, ultimately exacerbating ROS production and aggravating myocardial I/R injury.

Two new ursane triterpenoids from Agastache rugosa (Fisch. et.Mey.) O. Kuntze / 药学学报

Two new ursane triterpenoids along with twelve known compounds were isolated from 80% ethanol extract of Agastache rugosa (Fisch. et. Mey.) O. Kuntze by using silica gel column, MCI column, ODS column and HPLC. The structures of the new compounds were identified as 2α,3α-dihydroxy-24-nor-urs-4(23),12(13)-dien-28-oic acid (1) and 2α,3α-dihydroxy-24-nor-urs-4(23),12(13),20(30) -trien-28-oic acid (2) by HR-ESI-MS, NMR and ECD spectral data, named agasursacid A and agasursacid B. In addition, compounds 3, 4, 6, 8 showed anti-coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) activities with a IC50 as 4.77, 1.59, 11.11 and 25.87 μmol·L-1, resepectively.

A new contribution to Megasporoporia sensu lato: Six new species and three new combinations.

Megasporoporia sensu lato has recently been intensively studied in China and South America, and four independent clades representing four genera have been recognized phylogenetically. In this study, more samples, mostly from subtropical and tropical Asia, Oceania, and East Africa, are analyzed. A phylogeny based on a 4-gene dataset of sequences (ITS + nLSU + mtSSU + tef) has confirmed the presence of four genera in Megasporoporia sensu lato: Jorgewrightia, Mariorajchenbergia, Megasporia, and Megasporoporia sensu stricto. Six new species, Jorgewrightia austroasiana, Jorgewrightia irregularis, Jorgewrightia tenuis, Mariorajchenbergia subleucoplaca, Megasporia olivacea, and Megasporia sinuosa, are described based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Three new combinations are proposed, viz. Jorgewrightia kirkii, Mariorajchenbergia epitephra, and Mariorajchenbergia leucoplaca. To date, 36 species of Megasporoporia sensu lato are accepted and an identification key to these species is provided. In addition, the identification of Dichomitus amazonicus, Dichomitus cylindrosporus, and Megasporoporia hexagonoides is discussed.

The effects of dietary supplementation of ginseng stem and leaf saponins on the antioxidant capacity, immune response, and disease resistance of crucian carp, Carassius auratus.

This is the first study to explore the positive effects of ginseng stem and leaf saponins (GSLS) on antioxidant capability, immunity, and disease resistance of crucian carp. Seven hundred fifty crucian carps (initial body weight: 25 ± 0.15 g (mean ± SE)) were randomly allocated into five groups with three replicates each; five diets supplemented with the final concentration of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 g/kg GSLS were fed to crucian carp for 5 weeks. The results demonstrated that, at a concentration of 8 g/kg, the contents of IgM, C4, SOD, GSH-Px, and the activity of AKP in serum of crucian carp gradually increased at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days, and the expression of immune-relative cytokine genes (TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ) in the liver, spleen, and the intestinal tract also had a significant up-regulation (P < 0.05), and which were significant difference compared with control (P < 0.05). The above results demonstrated that dietary GSLS showed enhancement effects on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capability, and innate immune response of crucian carp. The feed of 8 g/kg GSLS for 1 week could improve the survival rate 44% more than the control group when crucian carp infected Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). In conclusion, the addition of GSLS at a concentration of 8 g/kg in the diet improve immune-related enzyme activity better, immune-relative cytokine expression, and disease resistance.

Two new forest pathogens in Phaeolus (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) on Chinese coniferous trees were confirmed by molecular phylogeny.

Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. was originally described in Europe and is considered a common forest pathogen on conifers in the Northern Hemisphere. Our molecular phylogeny based on samples from China, Europe, and North America confirms that P. schweinitzii is a species complex, including six taxa. P. schweinitzii sensu stricto has a distribution in Eurasia; the samples from Northeast and Southwest China are distantly related to P. schweinitzii sensu stricto, and two new species are described after morphological, phylogenetic, and geographical analyses. The species growing on Larix, Picea, and Pinus in Northeast China is described as Phaeolus asiae-orientalis. Another species mostly occurring on Pinus yunnanensis in Southwest China is Phaeolus yunnanensis. In addition, three taxa distributed in North America differ from P. schweinitzii sensu stricto. Phaeolus tabulaeformis (Berk.) Pat. is in Southeast North America, "P. schweinitzii-1" in Northeast North America, and "P. schweinitzii-2" in western North America.

A 26.5 pArms Neurotransmitter Front-End With Class-AB Background Subtraction.

This paper presents an analog front-end (AFE) for fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) with analog background subtraction using a pseudo-differential sensing scheme to cancel the large non-faradaic current before seeing the front-end. As a result, the AFE can be compact and low-power compared to conventional FSCV AFEs with dedicated digital back-ends to digitize and subtract the background from subsequent recordings. The reported AFE, fabricated in a 0.18- µ m CMOS process, consists of a class-AB common-mode rejection circuit, a low-input-impedance current conveyor, and a 1st-order current-mode delta-sigma (ΔΣ) modulator with an infinite impulse response quantizer. This AFE achieves an effective dynamic range of 83 dB with a state-of-the-art 39.2 pArms input-referred noise when loaded with a 1 nF input capacitance (26.5 pArms open-circuit) across a 5 kHz bandwidth while consuming an average power of 3.7 µW. This design was tested with carbon-fiber microelectrodes scanned at 300 V/s using flow-injection of dopamine, a key neurotransmitter.

Outline, Divergence Times, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Trechisporales (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota).

Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) data set and the combined 2-locus data set [5.8S + nuc 28S rDNA (nLSU)] of taxa of Trechisporales around the world show that Sistotremastrum family forms a monophyletic lineage within Trechisporales. Bayesian evolutionary and divergence time analyses on two data sets of 5.8S and nLSU sequences indicate an ancient divergence of Sistotremastrum family from Hydnodontaceae during the Triassic period (224.25 Mya). Sistotremastrum family is characterized by resupinate and thin basidiomata, smooth, verruculose, or odontoid-semiporoid hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal structure, and generative hyphae bearing clamp connections, the presence of cystidia and hyphidia in some species, thin-walled, smooth, inamyloid, and acyanophilous basidiospores. In addition, four new species, namely, Trechispora dentata, Trechispora dimitiella, Trechispora fragilis, and Trechispora laevispora, are described and illustrated. In addition, three new combinations, namely, Brevicellicium daweishanense, Brevicellicium xanthum, and Sertulicium limonadense, are also proposed.