Factors influencing the development of executive function in adolescents / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Executive function is an advanced cognitive process aimed at the flexible coordination, optimization, and control of the cognitive processes of task solving in order to accomplish a specific task, ensuring that the individual produces effective behaviors, including inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Given the sensitivities and specificities that characterize an individual s physical and mental development during adolescence, this period is critical for the development of executive function in adolescents. In the paper, the influencing factors of adolescents executive function development are systematically described from three dimensions, namely, biology, environment and lifestyle; by analyzing the mechanisms and differences in the effects of different influencing factors, this editorial provides a scientific basis for adolescents executive function improvement and intervention.

Antifouling and Self-Healing Performance of Marine Coatings Based on Hydrogen-Bond Interactions.

Biofouling is an urgent problem that has to be solved in marine industries. As the traditional antifouling coating loses its antifouling ability after being damaged, the introduction of self-healing performance into the antifouling coating becomes a high priority. Accordingly, we report here a self-healing and antifouling polyurethane composite coating (PCL/MPU-Si/M) with the use of its carbonyl groups as multiple hydrogen bond acceptors. Its fabrication is carried out under mild and solvent-free conditions, forming a "cross-linking" network structure composed of alternately strong and weak bonds based on multiple carbonyl groups. The self-healing efficiency of PCL/MPU-Si/M in tensile strength is 85% after 48 h at room temperature, and higher temperatures can accelerate this self-healing process. Lubricant polydimethylsiloxane and antifoulant medetomidine endow the material with antifouling properties. The maximum antibacterial ability and algae inhibition coverage ability are 91.7 and 90.9%, respectively. This work provides a possible perspective for the design of antifouling and self-healing marine coatings.

Immunomodulation: The next target of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in the context of ischemic stroke.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is the most prevalent form of brain disease, characterized by high morbidity, disability, and mortality. However, there is still a lack of ideal prevention and treatment measures in clinical practice. Notably, the transplantation therapy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been a hot research topic in stroke. Nevertheless, there are risks associated with this cell therapy, including tumor formation, coagulation dysfunction, and vascular occlusion. Also, a growing number of studies suggest that the therapeutic effect after transplantation of MSCs is mainly attributed to MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos). And this cell-free mediated therapy appears to circumvent many risks and difficulties when compared to cell therapy, and it may be the most promising new strategy for treating stroke as stem cell replacement therapy. Studies suggest that suppressing inflammation via modulation of the immune response is an additional treatment option for IS. Intriguingly, MSC-Exos mediates the inflammatory immune response following IS by modulating the central nervous system, the peripheral immune system, and immunomodulatory molecules, thereby promoting neurofunctional recovery after stroke. Thus, this paper reviews the role, potential mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of MSC-Exos in post-IS inflammation in order to identify new research targets.

Cell atlas of CCl 4-induced progressive liver fibrosis reveals stage-specific responses.

Chronic liver injury leads to progressive liver fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis, a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, there are currently no effective anti-fibrotic therapies available, especially for late-stage patients, which is partly attributed to the major knowledge gap regarding liver cell heterogeneity and cell-specific responses in different fibrosis stages. To reveal the multicellular networks regulating mammalian liver fibrosis from mild to severe phenotypes, we generated a single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas encompassing 49 919 nuclei corresponding to all main liver cell types at different stages of murine carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4)-induced progressive liver fibrosis. Integrative analysis distinguished the sequential responses to injury of hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells and endothelial cells. Moreover, we reconstructed cell-cell interactions and gene regulatory networks implicated in these processes. These integrative analyses uncovered previously overlooked aspects of hepatocyte proliferation exhaustion and disrupted pericentral metabolic functions, dysfunction for clearance by apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells, accumulation of pro-fibrotic signals, and the switch from an anti-angiogenic to a pro-angiogenic program during CCl 4-induced progressive liver fibrosis. Our dataset thus constitutes a useful resource for understanding the molecular basis of progressive liver fibrosis using a relevant animal model.

CT radiomics model for predicting progression-free survival of locally advanced cervical cancer after concurrent chemoradiotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective:To construct machine learning models based on CT imaging and clinical parameters for predicting progression-free survival (PFS) of locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) patients after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT).Methods:Clinical data of 167 LACC patients treated with CCRT at Shandong Cancer Hospital from September 2015 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were randomly divided into the training and validation cohorts according to the ratio of 7 vs. 3. Clinical features were selected by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model ( P<0.1). Radiomics models and nomograms were constructed by radiomics features which were selected by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression model to predict the 1-, 3- and 5-year PFS. Combined models and nomogram models were developed by selected clinical and radiomics features. The Kaplan Meier-curve, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, C-index and calibration curve were used to evaluate the model performance. Results:A total of 1 409 radiomics features were extracted based on the region of interest (ROI) in CT images. CT radiomics models showed better performance for predicting 1-, 3-and 5-year PFS than the clinical model in the training and validation cohorts. The combined model displayed the optimal performance in predicting 1-, 3-and 5-year PFS in the training cohort [area under the curve (AUC): 0.760, 0.648, 0.661, C-index: 0.740, 0.667, 0.709] and verification cohort (AUC: 0.763, 0.677, 0.648, C-index: 0.748, 0.668, 0.678).Conclusions:Combined model constructed based on CT radiomics and clinical features yield better prediction performance than that based on radiomics or clinical features alone. As an objective image analysis approach, it possesses high prediction efficiency for PFS of LACC patients after CCRT, which can provide reference for clinical decision-making.

Efficacy and safety of Omalizumab for the treatment of pediatric allergic asthma: a retrospective multicenter real-world study in China / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of Omalizumab for treating pediatric allergic asthma in real world in China.Methods:The clinical data of children aged 6 to 11 years with allergic asthma who received Omalizumab treatment in 17 hospitals in China between July 6, 2018 and September 30, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.Such information as the demographic characteristics, allergic history, family history, total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, specific IgE levels, skin prick test, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels, eosinophil (EOS) counts, and comorbidities at baseline were collected.Descriptive analysis of the Omalizumab treatment mode was made, and the difference in the first dose, injection frequency and course of treatment between the Omalizumab treatment mode and the mode recommended in the instruction was investigated.Global Evaluation of Treatment Effectiveness (GETE) analysis was made after Omalizumab treatment.The moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbation rate, inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) dose, lung functions were compared before and after Omalizumab treatment.Changes in the Childhood Asthma Control Test (C-ACT) and Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) results from baseline to 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 52 weeks after Omalizumab treatment were studied.The commodity improvement was assessed.The adverse event (AE) and serious adverse event (SAE) were analyzed for the evaluation of Omalizumab treatment safety.The difference in the annual rate of moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbation and ICS reduction was investigated by using t test.The significance level was set to 0.05.Other parameters were all subject to descriptive analysis.A total of 200 allergic asthma patients were enrolled, including 75.5% ( n=151) males and 24.5% ( n=49) females.The patients aged (8.20±1.81) years. Results:The median total IgE level of the 200 patients was 513.5 (24.4-11 600.0) IU/mL.Their median treatment time with Omalizumab was 112 (1-666) days.Their first dose of Omalizumab was 300 (150-600) mg.Of the 200 cases, 114 cases (57.0%) followed the first Omalizumab dosage recommended in the instruction.After 4-6 months of Omalizumab treatment, 88.5% of the patients enrolled ( n=117) responded to Omalizumab.After 4 weeks of treatment with Omalizumab, asthma was well-controlled, with an increased C-ACT score [from (22.70±3.70) points to (18.90±3.74) points at baseline]. Four-six months after Omalizumab administration, the annual rate of moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbation had a reduction of (2.00±5.68) per patient year( t=4.702 5, P<0.001), the median ICS daily dose was lowered [0 (0-240) μg vs. 160 (50-4 000) μg at baseline] ( P<0.001), the PAQLQ score was improved [(154.90±8.57) points vs. (122.80±27.15) points at baseline], and the forced expiratory volume in one second % predicted (FEV 1%pred) was increased [(92.80±10.50)% vs. (89.70±18.17)% at baseline]. In patients with available evaluations for comorbidities, including allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis or eczema, urticaria, allergic conjunctivitis and sinusitis, 92.8%-100.0% showed improved symptoms.A total of 124 AE were reported in 58 (29.0%) of the 200 patients, and the annual incidence was 0(0-15.1) per patient year.In 53 patients who suffered AE, 44 patients (83.0%) and 9 patients (17.0%) reported mild and moderate AE, respectively.No severe AE were observed in patients.The annual incidence of SAE was 0(0-1.9) per patient year.Most common drug-related AE were abdominal pain (2 patients, 1.0%) and fever (2 patients, 1.0%). No patient withdrew Omalizumab due to AE. Conclusions:Omalizumab shows good effectiveness and safety for the treatment of asthma in children.It can reduce the moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbation rate, reduce the ICS dose, improve asthma control levels, and improve lung functions and quality of life of patients.

Finite element analysis of different reconstruction methods of coracoclavicular ligament for acromioclavicular joint dislocation / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#This study aims to examine the biomechanical effects of different reconstruction methods, including single-bundle, double-bundle anatomical reconstruction, and double-bundle truly anatomical reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligament on the acromioclavicular joint using finite element analysis, to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical application of truly anatomical coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction.@*METHODS@#One volunteer, aged 27 years old, with a height of 178 cm and a weight of 75 kg, was selected for CT scanning of the shoulder joint. Three-dimensional finite element models of single-bundle reconstruction, double-bundle anatomical reconstruction, and double-bundle truly anatomical reconstruction of coracoclavicular ligament were established by using Mimics17.0, Geomagic studio 2012, UG NX 10.0, HyperMesh 14.0 and ABAQUS 6.14 software. The maximum displacement of the middle point of the distal clavicle in the main loading direction and the maximum equivalent stress of the reconstruction device under different loading conditions were recorded and compared.@*RESULTS@#The maximum forward displacement and the maximum backward displacement of the middle point of the distal clavicle in the double-bundle truly anatomic reconstruction were the lowest, which were 7.76 mm and 7.27 mm respectively. When an upward load was applied, the maximum displacement of the distal clavicle midpoint in the double-beam anatomic reconstruction was the lowest, which was 5.12 mm. Applying three different loads forward, backward, and upward, the maximum equivalent stress of the reconstruction devices in the double-beam reconstruction was lower than that in the single-beam reconstruction. The maximum equivalent stress of the trapezoid ligament reconstruction device in the double-bundle truly anatomical reconstruction was lower than that in the double-bundle anatomical reconstruction, which was 73.29 MPa, but the maximum equivalent stress of the conoid ligament reconstruction device was higher than that of the double-bundle anatomical reconstruction.@*CONCLUSION@#The truly anatomical reconstruction of coracoclavicular ligament can improve the horizontal stability of acromioclavicular joint and reduce the stress of the trapezoid ligament reconstruction device. It can be a good method for the treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation.

Hanger reflex and cervical dystonia-negative sensory trick in normal person / 中华神经科杂志

Hanger reflex is a common phenomenon in the population that involuntary head and neck rotation or skew occurs when applying pressure to the forehead, tempus or occipitalia with an ordinary wire hanger tightly around the head. The hanger reflex is consistent with the characteristics of sensory tricks in dystonia, and the phenomenon induced by it in normal people should be regarded as negative sensory tricks in dystonia. The mechanism of dystonia behind the hanger reflex and its therapeutic potential deserve more clinicians′ attention.

Application of PET/CT radiomics in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Primary lung cancer is the first malignant tumor in our country and in the world with an increasing mortality trend, which seriously endangers the human health. By digging the deep relationship between high-dimensional imaging features and pathophysiological features, radiomics can establish a predictive model to distinguish pathological types, tumor stages, distant metastases and survival, guide individualized diagnosis and treatment strategies, and improve prognosis. PET/CT has higher diagnostic accuracy and specificity by reflecting tumor tissue metabolism. This article reviews the application of PET/CT radiomics in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Association of SCN2A, ABCB1 and CYP2C19*3 with genetic susceptibility to major depressive disorder / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: Due to genetic factors might increase the risk of depression, this study investigated the genetic risk factors of depression in Chinese Han population by analyzing the association between 13 candidate genes and depression. Methods: 439 depression patients and 464 healthy controls were included in this case-control study. Case group consisted of 158 males and 281 females, aged (29.84±14.91) years old, who were hospitalized in three departments of the affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University including Affective Disorders Department, Adult Psychiatry Department and Geriatrics Department, from February 2020 to September 2021. The control group consisted of 196 males and 268 females, aged (30.65±12.63) years old. 20 loci of 13 candidate genes in all subjects were detected by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Age difference was compared using the student's t-test, the distributions of gender and genotype were analyzed with Pearson's Chi-square test. The analyses of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequency and the genetic association of depression were conducted using the corresponding programs in PLINK software. Results: PLINK analysis showed that SCN2A rs17183814, ABCB1 rs1045642, CYP2C19*3 rs4986893 and NAT2*5A rs1799929 were associated with depression before Bonferroni correction (χ2=10.340, P=0.001; χ2=11.010, P=0.001; χ2=9.781, P=0.002; χ2=4.481, P=0.034). The frequencies of minor alleles of above loci in the control group were 12.07%, 43.64%, 2.59% and 3.88%, respectively. The frequencies of minor alleles of loci mentioned above in the case group were 17.43%, 35.99%, 5.47% and 6.04%, respectively. OR values were 1.538, 0.726, 2.178 and 1.592, respectively. After 1 000 000 permutation tests using Max(T) permutation procedure, the four loci were still statistically significant, the empirical P-value were 0.002, 0.001, 0.003 and 0.042, respectively. However, only three loci including SCN2A rs17183814, ABCB1 rs1045642 and CYP2C19 rs4986893 had statistical significance after Bonferroni correction, the adjusted P-value were 0.026, 0.018 and 0.035, respectively. Conclusion: SCN2A rs17183814, ABCB1 rs1045642 and CYP2C19*3 rs4986893 were associated with depression's susceptibility in Chinese Han population. The A allele of SCN2A rs17183814 and CYP2C19*3 rs4986893 were risk factors for depression, while the T allele of ABCB1 rs1045642 was a protective factor for depression.

Consensus on taxonomy of planning automation for radiotherapy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Powered by big data and artificial intelligence, the research and clinical application of treatment planning automation for radiation therapy are rapidly growing. The application and supervision of planning automation systems necessitate careful consideration of different levels of automation, as well as the context for use. For autonomous vehicles, the levels of automation have been defined at home and abroad. Nevertheless, no such definitions exist for radiotherapy planning automation. To promote and standardize the development of radiotherapy planning automation and initiate discussion within the community, we developed this recommendation with reference to the taxonomy of driving automation for vehicles and divided the radiotherapy planning automation into six levels (level 1 to 6).

Application value of low-dose 4DCT scanning in simulation and target delineation for solitary pulmonary tumors / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective:To explore the feasibility of low-dose 4DCT scanning in simulation and target delineation for solitary pulmonary tumors (SPTs).Methods:23 patients with SPTs received 4DCT scanning simulation with the conventional scanning (CON), low voltage (LV), low current (LA) and low voltage combined with low current (LVA) in sequence. Based on the 4DCT images derived from the four sets of scanning parameters, the internal gross tumor volume (IGTV CON, IGTV V, IGTV A, IGTV VA) of SPTs were delineated and matched. Taking IGTV CON as reference, the tumor displacement and the centroid position of IGTV V, IGTV A and IGTV VA were compared with IGTV CON. The radiation doses under different scanning parameters were compared. Results:The volumes of IGTV CON, IGTV V and IGTV A were (12.26±12.30) cm 3, (12.21±12.16) cm 3 and (11.87±11.70) cm 3, respectively ( P=0.337). IGTV VA was (11.34±11.07) cm 3, significantly smaller than IGTV CON ( P=0.005). There was no significant difference in the centroid positions of IGTV CON, IGTV V, IGTV A and IGTV VA in three directions ( P=0.491, 0.360, 0.136). The Dice′s similarity coefficient (DSC VA) was significantly lower than DSC V and DSC A ( P=0.004, 0.030). The tumor displacement measured by the four sets of 4DCT images was similar in the LR direction ( P=0.470), and also in the AP direction ( P=0.108). For the displacement in the SI direction, LVA scanning was smaller than CON ( P=0.015). The radiation doses under four different scanning conditions were (397.0±140.3) mGy·cm, (175.0±61.8) mGy·cm, (264.8±95.3) mGy·cm and (116.8±41.2) mGy·cm, respectively ( P<0.001). Conclusions:LV or LA scanning exert no significant effect on the volume, centroid position of IGTV and the tumor displacement in 4DCT simulation for SPTs. The radiation dose that patients receive under LV and LV scanning is lower than that of CON. Consequently, LV or LA scanning is feasible in 4DCT simulation and target delineation for SPTs.

Expert consensus on nucleic acid amplification test of respiratory pathogens in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Acute respiratory tract infection is the most common infectious disease in children, which seriously threatens children′s health.Rapid and accurate etiological diagnosis is of great significance for the clinical treatment and control of these diseases.Pathogen nucleic acid test was applied and became the main method of respiratory tract infection diagnosis for its high sensitivity and specificity.To regulate the application of pathogen nucleic acid amplification test in respiratory tract infection in children, improve the diagnosis level, expert consensus on nucleic acid amplification test of respiratory pathogens in children was prepared to guide the application and promote pathogens diagnosis ability.

The application and research progress of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of children′s community-acquired pneumonia / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death among children under 5 years of age globally.Due to the lack of medical resources, the incidence of severe pneumonia and even death is higher in less-developed areas.The early diagnosis and accurate treatment of CAP contribute to improve the prognosis.In recent years, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and medicine is becoming a research hotspot, which also provides a new idea for the diagnosis of CAP.This study aims to review the application and research progress of AI in the diagnosis of CAP based on clinical symptoms, physical examination and imaging examination, and analyzes the advantages and limitations of various auxiliary AI diagnostic algorithms.In the future, innovative methods will be provided for the diagnosis and treatment of CAP with the further advance in the application of AI, which will improve the diagnostic efficiency of CAP and reduce the death rate of pneumonia.

Study on knowledge, attitudes and practices of pulse oximetry among pediatric healthcare providers in China and their influencing factors / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of pulse oximetry among pediatric healthcare providers in China and analyze the factor influencing the KAP.Methods:A self-developed questionnaire was used for an online research on the KAP of 11 849 pediatric healthcare providers from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities of China from March 11 to 14, 2022.The factors influencing the KAP of pulse oximetry among pediatric healthcare providers were examined by Logistic regression. Results:The scores of KAP, of pulse oximetry were 5.57±0.96, 11.24±1.25 and 11.19±4.54, respectively.The corresponding scoring rates were 69.61%, 74.95%, and 55.99%, respectively. Logistic regression results showed that the gender and working years of pediatric healthcare providers, the region they were located, and whether their medical institution was equipped with pulse oximeters were the main factors affecting the knowledge score (all P<0.05). Main factors influencing the attitude score of pediatric healthcare providers included their knowledge score, gender, educational background, working years, region, medical institution level, and whether the medical institution was equipped with pulse oximeters (all P<0.05). For the practice score, the main influencing factors were the knowledge score, gender, age, and whether the medi-cal institution was equipped with pulse oximeters (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Chinese pediatric healthcare providers need to further improve their knowledge about and attitudes towards pulse oximetry.Pulse oximeters are evidently under-used.It is urgent to formulate policies or guidelines, strengthen education and training, improve knowledge and attitudes, equip more institutions with pulse oximeters, and popularize their application in medical institutions.

Expert consensus on clinical application of pulse oximetry in children / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Hypoxemia is a common complication of pneumonia, asthma, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in children.Rapid identification of hypoxemia is of great significance for the disposal and management of critical children.Pulse oximetry is recognized by the World Health Organization as the best way to monitor hypoxemia in children, and it can monitor pulse oxygen saturation noninvasively and continuously.Based on the related literature at home and abroad, combined with the clinical needs of pediatrics, the " Expert consensus on clinical application of pulse oximetry in children" is formulated to improve the understanding of pediatricians and nurses on the application in pediatric clinical practice, principle, operation techniques, and limitations of pulse oximetry.

Progress of hyperventilation syndrome in children / 国际儿科学杂志

Hyperventilation syndrome(HVS)in children is a common functional respiratory disorder with a group of symptoms mainly characterized by hyperventilation, which is usually triggered by anxiety or stress events.A standardized questionnaire and the hyperventilation provocation test are helpful for diagnosis.Currently, the Nijmegen questionnaire is a common clinical tool to quantify and assess the severity of the symptoms.Emotional and psychological factors are major causes of HVS onset, meanwhile, abnormal breathing patterns are also implicated.Reassurance therapy and breathing retraining can improve the symptoms.

Comparison Study on Differences between the Latest Edition of ASTM Standards and YY/T 0987-2016 Series Standards for Magnetic Resonance Compatibility of Surgical Implants / 中国医疗器械杂志

The series of YY/T 0987 standards converted from the corresponding ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) standards regulate the marking medical devices and testing methods for passive implants in the magnetic resonance environment. Along with the advancement of scientific cognition and the development of technology, the ASTM continuously amends and updates standards. This article studies the new version of ASTM standards and analyzes the advancing parts newly added as compared to the current YY/T 0987-2016 standard and eventually pinpoints some problems that remained to be solved. Except for the standard for image artifacts, this study found out that other standards had also been constantly updated, such as the standard of ASTM F2503 for marking medical devices extends its referenced documents and adds some ISO standards in, meanwhile, the test method on magnetically induced displacement force, radio frequency induced heating and magnetically induced torque also had been significantly adjusted and improved accordingly. This article recommends that domestic standards need to keep pace with the latest edition of ASTM F standards and to supplement new research achievements timely, just in order to provide a better normalization, guidance and support to the development of Chinese passive implants industry.

Correlation between children and adolescents physical activity and socioeconomic status in China / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the correlation between physical activity (PA) and socioeconomic status (SES) among Chinese children and adolescents, and to provide theoretical basis for physical activity promotion for Chinese children and adolescents.@*Methods@#By using stratified random cluster sampling, a total of 4 269 children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 were selected from six cities in China from September to December 2018. Physical Activity Level Evaluation Questionnaire of Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 7 to 18 was used to investigate PA and SES, and the height and weight were measured.@*Methods@#In terms of different intensity of PA, the time spent on light intensity physical activity(LPA), moderate intensity physical activity(MPA), moderate to vigorous physical activity(MVPA)and total physical activity(TPA) in low SES group was 28.5(6.9,57.1) min/d, 46.2 (25.7,79.2) min/d, 61.4(34.3,101.9) min/d and 102.9(65.0,145.8)min/d respectively, which was higher than that in middle SES groups [ 21.4 (4.3,50.7), 37.1(18.6,65.7), 50.3(27.1,86.8), 85.7(49.3,127.1) min/d] and high SES groups [24.3( 5.0 ,54.3), 40.0(21.4,69.1), 54.3(32.9,91.4), 89.6(55.7,132.9) min/d]( P <0.01). In terms of different types of PA, the traffic PA [40.0(15.0,68.6) min/d] and entertainment PA[4.3(0,17.1)min/d] accounted the highest proportion in low SES group,while sports PA [36.4(20.7,60.7) min/d] accounted the highest proportion in high SES group( P <0.01).The compliance rates of MVPA in low, middle and high SES groups were 51.1%, 42.5% and 45.2%, respectively, and the differences were statistically significant ( χ 2= 22.02 , P <0.05). After controlling for confounding factors, the detection rate of MVPA in the low SES group was 1.24 times higher than that in the high SES group ( P <0.01).@*Conclusion@#The MVPA and TPA time of children and adolescents with middle SES group were the lowest. Physical activities spent on traffic and entertainment account highest in low SES group, while physical activities spent on sports account highest in high SES group.

Smith-Purcell radiation based on the transmission enhancement of a subwavelength hole array with inner tunnels.

The use and control of the extraordinary optical transmission through subwavelength hole arrays has enormous application potential in photonic devices. In this paper, we propose a subwavelength hole array with inner tunnels, for which the Smith-Purcell radiation (SPR) with this enhanced transmission phenomenon in THz is excited when the transmission peak locates in the SPR band. The SPR is monitored using particle-in-cell simulations in order to analyze the mechanisms responsible for improving the radiation coherence. Analysis of the electron energy loss reveals that the proposed subwavelength hole array with inner tunnels outperforms a conventional subwavelength grating array with respect to SPR generation efficiency. As SPR plays a significant role in research on particle diagnosis and terahertz radiation sources, the performance of the proposed structure suggests that it has high application potential.