Tumor antigen PRAME is a potential therapeutic target of p53 activation in melanoma cells.

Upregulation of PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma) has been implicated in the progression of a variety of cancers, including melanoma. The tumor suppressor p53 is a transcriptional regulator that mediates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to stress signals. Here, we report that PRAME is a novel repressive target of p53. This was supported by analysis of melanoma cell lines carrying wild-type p53 and human melanoma databases. mRNA expression of PRAME was downregulated by p53 overexpression and activation using DNA-damaging agents, but upregulated by p53 depletion. We identified a p53-responsive element (p53RE) in the promoter region of PRAME. Luciferase and ChIP assays showed that p53 represses the transcriptional activity of the PRAME promoter and is recruited to the p53RE together with HDAC1 upon etoposide treatment. The functional significance of p53 activationmediated PRAME downregulation was demonstrated by measuring colony formation and p27 expression in melanoma cells. These data suggest that p53 activation, which leads to PRAME downregulation, could be a therapeutic strategy in melanoma cells.

Mitochondrial glutamate transporter SLC25A22 uni-directionally export glutamate for metabolic rewiring in radioresistant glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a malignant primary brain tumor. Radiotherapy, one of the standard treatments for GBM patients, could induce GBM radioresistance via rewiring cellular metabolism. However, the precise mechanism attributing to GBM radioresistance or targeting strategies to overcome GBM radioresistance are lacking. Here, we demonstrate that SLC25A22, a mitochondrial bi-directional glutamate transporter, is upregulated and showed uni-directionality from mitochondria to cytosol in radioresistant GBM cells, resulting in accumulating cytosolic glutamate. However, mitochondrial glutaminolysis-mediated TCA cycle metabolites and OCR are maintained constantly. The accumulated cytosolic glutamate enhances the glutathione (GSH) production and proline synthesis in radioresistant GBM cells. Increased GSH protects cells against ionizing radiation (IR)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) whereas increased proline, a rate-limiting substrate for collagen biosynthesis, induces extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, leading to GBM invasive phenotypes. Finally, we discover that genetic inhibition of SLC25A22 using miR-184 mimic decreases GBM radioresistance and aggressiveness both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our study suggests that SLC25A22 upregulation confers GBM radioresistance by rewiring glutamate metabolism, and SLC25A22 could be a significant therapeutic target to overcome GBM radioresistance.

The Warburg effect on radioresistance: Survival beyond growth.

The Warburg effect is a phenomenon in which cancer cells rely primarily on glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation, even in the presence of oxygen. Although evidence of its involvement in cell proliferation has been discovered, the advantages of the Warburg effect in cancer cell survival under treatment have not been fully elucidated. In recent years, the metabolic characteristics of radioresistant cancer cells have been evaluated, enabling an extension of the original concept of the Warburg effect. In this review, we focused on the role of the Warburg effect in redox homeostasis and DNA damage repair, two critical factors contributing to radioresistance. In addition, we highlighted the metabolic involvement in the radioresistance of cancer stem cells, which is the root cause of tumor recurrence. Finally, we summarized radiosensitizing drugs that target the Warburg effect. Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect and radioresistance can provide valuable information for developing strategies to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and provide future directions for successful cancer therapy.

Shikonin Binds and Represses PPARγ Activity by Releasing Coactivators and Modulating Histone Methylation Codes.

Shikonin, a natural ingredient produced by Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity effects. It also inhibits adipocyte differentiation; however, the underlying molecular and epigenetic mechanisms remain unclear. We performed RNA-sequencing of shikonin-treated 3T3-L1 cells. Gene ontology and gene set enrichment analysis showed that shikonin is significantly associated with genes related to adipogenesis, histone modification, and PPARγ. Shikonin treatment downregulated the mRNA expression of PPARγ-responsive genes and rosiglitazone-induced transcriptional activity of PPARγ. Microscale thermophoresis assays showed a KD value 1.4 ± 0.13 µM for binding between shikonin and PPARγ. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays exhibited that shikonin blocked the rosiglitazone-dependent association of PPARγ with its coactivator CBP. In addition, shikonin decreased the enrichment of the active histone code H3K4me3 and increased the repressive code H3K27me3 of PPARγ target promoters. Shikonin is a PPARγ antagonist that suppresses adipogenesis by regulating the enrichment of histone codes during adipogenesis. Therefore, it may be used to treat obesity-related disorders via epigenetic changes.

DGKB mediates radioresistance by regulating DGAT1-dependent lipotoxicity in glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) currently has a dismal prognosis. GBM cells that survive radiotherapy contribute to tumor progression and recurrence with metabolic advantages. Here, we show that diacylglycerol kinase B (DGKB), a regulator of the intracellular concentration of diacylglycerol (DAG), is significantly downregulated in radioresistant GBM cells. The downregulation of DGKB increases DAG accumulation and decreases fatty acid oxidation, contributing to radioresistance by reducing mitochondrial lipotoxicity. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), which catalyzes the formation of triglycerides from DAG, is increased after ionizing radiation. Genetic inhibition of DGAT1 using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or microRNA-3918 (miR-3918) mimic suppresses radioresistance. We discover that cladribine, a clinical drug, activates DGKB, inhibits DGAT1, and sensitizes GBM cells to radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Together, our study demonstrates that DGKB downregulation and DGAT1 upregulation confer radioresistance by reducing mitochondrial lipotoxicity and suggests DGKB and DGAT1 as therapeutic targets to overcome GBM radioresistance.

LDR-adapted liver-derived cytokines have potential to induce atherosclerosis.

PURPOSE: Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease that causes cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The association between radiation and atherosclerosis has already been demonstrated; however, the effects of low-dose radiation (LDR) exposure on atherosclerosis have not been reported. Our study aims to propose that LDR may cause atherosclerosis phenotypes by the upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and downregulation of androgen receptor (AR), which are cytokines secreted from the liver. METHODS: Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice were irradiated at 50 mGy, 100 mGy, and 1000 mGy. LDR irradiated Ldlr-/- mice serum was analyzed by cytokine array and proteomics with silver staining. Oil Red O staining and BODIPY staining were performed to determine lipid accumulation in Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Foam cell formation and monocyte recruitment were assessed through co-culture system with HUVECs and THP-1 cells. RESULTS: After irradiation with LDR (100 mGy) the mice showed atherosclerotic phenotypes and through analysis results, we selected regulated cytokines, PAI-1 and AR, and found that these were changed in the liver. LDR-regulated cytokines have the potential to be transported to endothelial cells and induce lipid accumulation, inflammation of monocytes, increased oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and foam cells formation, that were series of phenotypes lead to plaque formation in endothelial cells and induces atherosclerosis. As a further aspect of this study, testosterone undecanoate (TU) was found to pharmacologically inhibit a series of atherosclerotic phenotypes exhibited by LDR. This study suggests a role for PAI-1 and AR in regulating the development of atherosclerosis after LDR exposure. Targeting PAI-1 and AR could serve as an attractive strategy for the management of atherosclerosis following LDR exposure.

NRBF2-mediated autophagy contributes to metabolite replenishment and radioresistance in glioblastoma.

Overcoming therapeutic resistance in glioblastoma (GBM) is an essential strategy for improving cancer therapy. However, cancer cells possess various evasion mechanisms, such as metabolic reprogramming, which promote cell survival and limit therapy. The diverse metabolic fuel sources that are produced by autophagy provide tumors with metabolic plasticity and are known to induce drug or radioresistance in GBM. This study determined that autophagy, a common representative cell homeostasis mechanism, was upregulated upon treatment of GBM cells with ionizing radiation (IR). Nuclear receptor binding factor 2 (NRBF2)-a positive regulator of the autophagy initiation step-was found to be upregulated in a GBM orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, ATP production and the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) increased upon activation of NRBF2-mediated autophagy. It was also discovered that changes in metabolic state were induced by alterations in metabolite levels caused by autophagy, thereby causing radioresistance. In addition, we found that lidoflazine-a vasodilator agent discovered through drug repositioning-significantly suppressed IR-induced migration, invasion, and proliferation by inhibiting NRBF2, resulting in a reduction in autophagic flux in both in vitro models and in vivo orthotopic xenograft mouse models. In summary, we propose that the upregulation of NRBF2 levels reprograms the metabolic state of GBM cells by activating autophagy, thus establishing NRBF2 as a potential therapeutic target for regulating radioresistance of GBM during radiotherapy.

Exosomal Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Induces Ionizing Radiation-Adaptive Glioblastoma Cachexia.

Cancer cachexia is a muscle-wasting syndrome that leads to a severely compromised quality of life and increased mortality. A strong association between cachexia and poor prognosis has been demonstrated in intractable cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). In the present study, it was demonstrated that ionizing radiation (IR), the first-line treatment for GBM, causes cancer cachexia by increasing the exosomal release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) from glioblastoma cells. Exosomal PAI-1 delivered to the skeletal muscle is directly penetrated in the muscles and phosphorylates STAT3 to intensify muscle atrophy by activating muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1) and muscle atrophy F-box (Atrogin1); furthermore, it hampers muscle protein synthesis by inhibiting mTOR signaling. Additionally, pharmacological inhibition of PAI-1 by TM5441 inhibited muscle atrophy and rescued muscle protein synthesis, thereby providing survival benefits in a GBM orthotopic xenograft mouse model. In summary, our data delineated the role of PAI-1 in the induction of GBM cachexia associated with radiotherapy-treated GBM. Our data also indicated that targeting PAI-1 could serve as an attractive strategy for the management of GBM following radiotherapy, which would lead to a considerable improvement in the quality of life of GBM patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Kaempferol antagonizes adipogenesis by repressing histone H3K4 methylation at PPARγ target genes.

We previously demonstrated that kaempferol, a flavonoid present in various herbs, inhibits adipogenesis by repressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activity. Here, we focused on elucidation of the underlying mechanism using genome-wide tools. First, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed downregulation of genes involved in adipogenesis in response to kaempferol. Subsequent ChIP assays revealed that kaempferol regulates the expression of adipogenic (Adipoq, Fabp4, Lpl) genes by modulating enrichment of active H3K4me3 and repressive H3K27me3 histone codes on target promoters. Second, we performed ChIP sequencing analysis of active H3K4me3, and co-analysis with RNA-seq identified PPARγ responsive sites in genes downregulated by kaempferol, in terms of expression and H3K4me3 deposition. Third, direct kaempferol binding to PPARγ, for which the KD value was 44.54 µM, was determined by microscale thermophoresis. Further RT-qPCR and GST pull-down assays demonstrated that kaempferol antagonizes rosiglitazone-induced PPARγ activation and impairs the rosiglitazone-dependent interaction between PPARγ and its coactivator CBP. Overall, our data suggest that kaempferol, as a PPARγ antagonist, mediates epigenetic repression of lipid accumulation by regulating histone methylation, and could serve as a candidate epigenetic drug to treat obesity-related diseases.

Targeting Glioblastoma Stem Cells to Overcome Chemoresistance: An Overview of Current Therapeutic Strategies.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor. The current standard approach in GBM is surgery, followed by treatment with radiation and temozolomide (TMZ); however, GBM is highly resistant to current therapies, and the standard of care has not been revised over the last two decades, indicating an unmet need for new therapies. GBM stem cells (GSCs) are a major cause of chemoresistance due to their ability to confer heterogeneity and tumorigenic capacity. To improve patient outcomes and survival, it is necessary to understand the properties and mechanisms underlying GSC chemoresistance. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on various resistance mechanisms of GBM to therapeutic agents, with a special focus on TMZ, and summarize the recent findings on the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of chemoresistance in GSCs. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies, including molecular targeting, autophagy inhibition, oncolytic viral therapy, drug repositioning, and targeting of GSC niches, to eliminate GSCs, from basic research findings to ongoing clinical trials. Although the development of effective therapies for GBM is still challenging, this review provides a better understanding of GSCs and offers future directions for successful GBM therapy.

BEX1 and BEX4 Induce GBM Progression through Regulation of Actin Polymerization and Activation of YAP/TAZ Signaling.

GBM is a high-grade cancer that originates from glial cells and has a poor prognosis. Although a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy is prescribed to patients, GBM is highly resistant to therapies, and surviving cells show increased aggressiveness. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying GBM progression after radiotherapy by establishing a GBM orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Based on transcriptomic analysis, we found that the expression of BEX1 and BEX4 was upregulated in GBM cells surviving radiotherapy. We also found that upregulated expression of BEX1 and BEX4 was involved in the formation of the filamentous cytoskeleton and altered mechanotransduction, which resulted in the activation of the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. BEX1- and BEX4-mediated YAP/TAZ activation enhanced the tumor formation, growth, and radioresistance of GBM cells. Additionally, latrunculin B inhibited GBM progression after radiotherapy by suppressing actin polymerization in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Taken together, we suggest the involvement of cytoskeleton formation in radiation-induced GBM progression and latrunculin B as a GBM radiosensitizer.

Downregulated CLIP3 induces radioresistance by enhancing stemness and glycolytic flux in glioblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a malignant primary brain tumor in which the standard treatment, ionizing radiation (IR), achieves a median survival of about 15 months. GBM harbors glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), which play a crucial role in therapeutic resistance and recurrence. METHODS: Patient-derived GSCs, GBM cell lines, intracranial GBM xenografts, and GBM sections were used to measure mRNA and protein expression and determine the related molecular mechanisms by qRT-PCR, immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, OCR, ECAR, live-cell imaging, and immunohistochemistry. Orthotopic GBM xenograft models were applied to investigate tumor inhibitory effects of glimepiride combined with radiotherapy. RESULTS: We report that GSCs that survive standard treatment radiation upregulate Speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member A (Spy1) and downregulate CAP-Gly domain containing linker protein 3 (CLIP3, also known as CLIPR-59). We discovered that Spy1 activation and CLIP3 inhibition coordinately shift GBM cell glucose metabolism to favor glycolysis via two cellular processes: transcriptional regulation of CLIP3 and facilitating Glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) trafficking to cellular membranes in GBM cells. Importantly, in combination with IR, glimepiride, an FDA-approved medication used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, disrupts GSCs maintenance and suppresses glycolytic activity by restoring CLIP3 function. In addition, combining radiotherapy and glimepiride significantly reduced GBM growth and improved survival in a GBM orthotopic xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that radioresistant GBM cells exhibit enhanced stemness and glycolytic activity mediated by the Spy1-CLIP3 axis. Thus, glimepiride could be an attractive strategy for overcoming radioresistance and recurrence by rescuing CLIP3 expression.

Revisiting Platinum-Based Anticancer Drugs to Overcome Gliomas.

Although there are many patients with brain tumors worldwide, there are numerous difficulties in overcoming brain tumors. Among brain tumors, glioblastoma, with a 5-year survival rate of 5.1%, is the most malignant. In addition to surgical operations, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are generally performed, but the patients have very limited options. Temozolomide is the most commonly prescribed drug for patients with glioblastoma. However, it is difficult to completely remove the tumor with this drug alone. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the potential of anticancer drugs, other than temozolomide, against glioblastomas. Since the discovery of cisplatin, platinum-based drugs have become one of the leading chemotherapeutic drugs. Although many studies have reported the efficacy of platinum-based anticancer drugs against various carcinomas, studies on their effectiveness against brain tumors are insufficient. In this review, we elucidated the anticancer effects and advantages of platinum-based drugs used in brain tumors. In addition, the cases and limitations of the clinical application of platinum-based drugs are summarized. As a solution to overcome these obstacles, we emphasized the potential of a novel approach to increase the effectiveness of platinum-based drugs.

Dual Specificity Kinase DYRK3 Promotes Aggressiveness of Glioblastoma by Altering Mitochondrial Morphology and Function.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant primary brain tumor with poor patient prognosis. Although the standard treatment of GBM is surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, often a small portion of surviving tumor cells acquire therapeutic resistance and become more aggressive. Recently, altered kinase expression and activity have been shown to determine metabolic flux in tumor cells and metabolic reprogramming has emerged as a tumor progression regulatory mechanism. Here we investigated novel kinase-mediated metabolic alterations that lead to acquired GBM radioresistance and malignancy. We utilized transcriptomic analyses within a radioresistant GBM orthotopic xenograft mouse model that overexpresses the dual specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 3 (DYRK3). We find that within GBM cells, radiation exposure induces DYRK3 expression and DYRK3 regulates mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity through phosphorylation of proline-rich AKT1 substrate 1 (PRAS40). We also find that DYRK3 knockdown inhibits dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission, leading to increased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and reduced glycolysis. Importantly, enforced DYRK3 downregulation following irradiation significantly impaired GBM cell migration and invasion. Collectively, we suggest DYRK3 suppression may be a novel strategy for preventing GBM malignancy through regulating mitochondrial metabolism.

Autophagic Organelles in DNA Damage Response.

Autophagy is an important subcellular event engaged in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis via the degradation of cargo proteins and malfunctioning organelles. In response to cellular stresses, like nutrient deprivation, infection, and DNA damaging agents, autophagy is activated to reduce the damage and restore cellular homeostasis. One of the responses to cellular stresses is the DNA damage response (DDR), the intracellular pathway that senses and repairs damaged DNA. Proper regulation of these pathways is crucial for preventing diseases. The involvement of autophagy in the repair and elimination of DNA aberrations is essential for cell survival and recovery to normal conditions, highlighting the importance of autophagy in the resolution of cell fate. In this review, we summarized the latest information about autophagic recycling of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and ribosomes (called mitophagy, ER-phagy, and ribophagy, respectively) in response to DNA damage. In addition, we have described the key events necessary for a comprehensive understanding of autophagy signaling networks. Finally, we have highlighted the importance of the autophagy activated by DDR and appropriate regulation of autophagic organelles, suggesting insights for future studies. Especially, DDR from DNA damaging agents including ionizing radiation (IR) or anti-cancer drugs, induces damage to subcellular organelles and autophagy is the key mechanism for removing impaired organelles.

Soybean-Derived Peptides Attenuate Hyperlipidemia by Regulating Trans-Intestinal Cholesterol Excretion and Bile Acid Synthesis.

Increased triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels cause hyperlipidemia. Despite the availability of statin-based drugs to reduce LDL levels, additional effective treatments for reducing blood lipid concentrations are required. Herein, soybean hydrolysate prepared via peptic and tryptic hydrolysis promoted trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) by increasing ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5) and ABCG8 expression. The peptide sequence capable of promoting TICE was determined via HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Based on this, pure artificial peptides were synthesized, and the efficacy of the selected peptides was verified using cellular and hyperlipidemic mouse models. Soybean hydrolysates, including two bioactive peptides (ALEPDHRVESEGGL and SLVNNDDRDSYRLQSGDAL), promoted TICE via the expression of ABCG5 and ABCG8 in enterocytes. They downregulated expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1) and CYP8B1 via expression of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) in a liver X receptor α (LXRa)-dependent pathway. Administration of bioactive peptides to hyperlipidemic mouse models by oral gavage reduced cholesterol levels in serum via upregulation of ABCG5 and ABCG8 expression in the proximal intestine and through fecal cholesterol excretion, upregulated FGF 15/19 expression, and suppressed hepatic bile acid synthesis. Oral administration of soybean-derived bioactive peptides elicited hypolipidemic effects by increasing TICE and decreasing hepatic cholesterol synthesis.

Organ-Specific Effects of Low Dose Radiation Exposure: A Comprehensive Review.

Ionizing radiation (IR) is a high-energy radiation whose biological effects depend on the irradiation doses. Low-dose radiation (LDR) is delivered during medical diagnoses or by an exposure to radioactive elements and has been linked to the occurrence of chronic diseases, such as leukemia and cardiovascular diseases. Though epidemiological research is indispensable for predicting and dealing with LDR-induced abnormalities in individuals exposed to LDR, little is known about epidemiological markers of LDR exposure. Moreover, difference in the LDR-induced molecular events in each organ has been an obstacle to a thorough investigation of the LDR effects and a validation of the experimental results in in vivo models. In this review, we summarized the recent reports on LDR-induced risk of organ-specifically arranged the alterations for a comprehensive understanding of the biological effects of LDR. We suggested that LDR basically caused the accumulation of DNA damages, controlled systemic immune systems, induced oxidative damages on peripheral organs, and even benefited the viability in some organs. Furthermore, we concluded that understanding of organ-specific responses and the biological markers involved in the responses is needed to investigate the precise biological effects of LDR.

The Emerging Roles of Exosomes as EMT Regulators in Cancer.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) causes epithelial cells to lose their polarity and adhesion property, and endows them with migratory and invasive properties to enable them to become mesenchymal stem cells. EMT occurs throughout embryonic development, during wound healing, and in various pathological processes, including tumor progression. Considerable research in the last few decades has revealed that EMT is invariably related to tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. Apart from the interactions between numerous intracellular signaling pathways known to regulate EMT, extracellular modulators in the tumor microenvironment also influence tumor cells to undergo EMT, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) receiving increasing attention as EMT inducers. EVs comprise exosomes and microvesicles that carry proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other small molecules to stimulate EMT in cells. Among EVs, exosomes have been investigated in many studies, and their role has been found to be significant with respect to regulating intercellular communications. In this review, we summarize recent studies on exosomes and their cargoes that induce cancer-associated EMT. Furthermore, we describe the possible applications of exosomes as promising therapeutic strategies.

Decreased FBP1 expression rewires metabolic processes affecting aggressiveness of glioblastoma.

Radiotherapy is a standard treatment option for patients with glioblastoma (GBM). Although it has high therapeutic efficacy, some proportion of the tumor cells that survive after radiotherapy may cause side effects. In this study, we found that fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1), a rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, was downregulated upon treatment with ionizing radiation (IR). Ets1, which was found to be overexpressed in IR-induced infiltrating GBM, was suggested to be a transcriptional repressor of FBP1. Furthermore, glucose uptake and extracellular acidification rates were increased upon FBP1 downregulation, which indicated an elevated glycolysis level. We found that emodin, an inhibitor of phosphoglycerate mutase 1 derived from natural substances, significantly suppressed the glycolysis rate and IR-induced GBM migration in in vivo orthotopic xenograft mouse models. We propose that the reduced FBP1 level reprogrammed the metabolic state of GBM cells, and thus, FBP1 is a potential therapeutic target regulating GBM metabolism following radiotherapy.

Low dose radiation attenuates inflammation and promotes wound healing in a mouse burn model.

BACKGROUND: Burn injuries are devastating traumas that functionally affect a variety of organ systems. As intensive inflammatory responses induced by burns can lead to multiple organ failures and impaired skin regeneration increases risk of infectious complex, multimodal therapeutic approaches are needed. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of low dose radiation (LDR) treatment for regulation of excessive inflammation and wound healing after burn injury. METHODS: Mouse burn model was established by generating third-degree burn injury in dorsal skin and local LDR less than 100 mGy was delivered to the mice. After 3 or 12 days after burn injury, systemic inflammation in liver, lung, spleen, and kidney and skin wound healing were assessed. For investigation of molecular mechanisms, HaCaT keratinocytes were administrated with serum from mice with burn injury and alteration of viability and cornification biomarkers are assessed. RESULTS: In a mouse burn model, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, were downregulated by LDR in major organs and wound healing capacity was increased by LDR. In skin tissue, we observed the alleviation of reactive oxygen species generation and increased antioxidant gene expression by LDR. In addition, we found that treatment of serum from mice with burn injury and LDR increased proliferation and cornification in HaCaT cells through activation of focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: LDR could reduce proinflammatory signaling pathway and increase skin wound healing after burn injury. Therefore, the present study suggested LDR as a novel treatment for burn injury patients.