Perspectives on improving photosynthesis to increase crop yield.

Improving photosynthesis, the fundamental process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, is a key area of research with great potential for enhancing sustainable agricultural productivity and addressing global food security challenges. This perspective delves into the latest advancements and approaches aimed at optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Our discussion encompasses the entire process, beginning with light harvesting and its regulation and progressing through the bottleneck of electron transfer. We then delve into the carbon reactions of photosynthesis, focusing on strategies targeting the enzymes of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Additionally, we explore methods to increase CO2 concentration near the Rubisco, the enzyme responsible for the first step of CBB cycle, drawing inspiration from various photosynthetic organisms, and conclude this section by examining ways to enhance CO2 delivery into leaves. Moving beyond individual processes, we discuss two approaches to identifying key targets for photosynthesis improvement: systems modeling and the study of natural variation. Finally, we revisit some of the strategies mentioned above to provide a holistic view of the improvements, analyzing their impact on nitrogen use efficiency and on canopy photosynthesis.

Additional Diagnosis of Brain Death by Transcranial Doppler

Ever since transplant surgery became a common procedure. The early diagnosis of irreversible cessation of cerebral function has become an important need We analysed the findings of transcranial doppler of five cases. Two was diagnosed brain death by currently accepted criteria. Two cases showed absence of intracranial blood flow and normal to disturbed flow status of the cervical carotid artery. Three cases showed reverberating flow pattern with reflux phenomenon. Transcranial doppler investigation seems to provide a practical, non-invasive. And reliable disgnostic evidence for the arrest of cerebral circulation.

A case-control study of the effect of environmental sanitation on diarrhoea morbidity in Malawi

A case-control design has been applied in the evaluation of improved environmental sanitation on diarrhoeal diseases in rural Malawi. The study demonstrates the feasibility of using such an approach to evaluate two levels of water supply and sanitation service quickly and at moderate cost. Sample sizes would need to be increased substantially to evaluate multiple levels of service or to investigate interactions between water supply and sanitation. The results indicate that children living in families who use good quality water supplies and latrines experience 20 percent less diarrhoea as reported to the health clinics during the warm; rainy season