A Rare Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polyoxoboroniobate Based on Pagoda-Shaped {LiB2Nb29O86} Clusters and {Cd2(cis-en)2(trans-en)} Complexes.

A new inorganic-organic hybrid polyoxoboroniobate {H4K2[Cu(cis-en)2(H2O)]9[Cu(cis-en)2]6[Cd2(cis-en)2(trans-en)][LiB2Nb29O86]2·79H2O} (1, en = ethylenediamine), is built from pagoda-shaped {LiB2Nb29O86} clusters, linear {Cd2(cis-en)2(trans-en)} bridging units, and copper-amine complexes. The {LiB2Nb29O86} cluster represents the first example of combining oxoboron clusters with polyoxoniobate clusters (PONbs). It consists of an unusual HPONb fragment {LiNb18O54}, a fused-ring structural boroniobate cluster {B2Nb5O13}, and a classical Lindqvist {Nb6O19} fragment. The {Cd2(cis-en)2(trans-en)} and [Cu(cis-en)2]2+ complexes link the pagoda-shaped {LiB2Nb29O86} clusters into 1D infinite ladder chains. This is the first instance of simultaneous coordination of the cis-en and trans-en ligands with a single metal cation in the inorganic-organic hybrid PONb family. Furthermore, 1 exhibits good proton conductivity.

Immunogenic Comparison of Nucleic Acid-Based Vaccines Administered by Pyro-Drive Jet Injector.

mRNA vaccines were successfully developed and approved for emergency use to fight coronavirus disease 2019. However, the effect of DNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is considerably lower than that of mRNA vaccines. A pyro-drive jet injector (PJI) efficiently delivers plasmid DNA intradermally into animal models. Here, we compared the immunogenic potential of DNA and mRNA vaccines in mice using the same platform. PJI was used to deliver naked mRNA and pDNA and their efficacy in inducing antigen expression and immune responses was assessed. Our results showed that PJI efficiently delivered mRNA into the skin, and a smaller effective dose than that of pDNA injection was required to achieve similar levels of antigen expression. The PJI-delivered CpG-free pDNA vaccine efficiently induced antigen-specific antibody production and a cell-mediated IFN-γ response compared to the mRNA vaccine, as well as the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1ß) in the skin and lymph nodes. However, the intradermal mRNA vaccine was significantly less immunogenic than the standard intramuscular mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine, despite equivalent mRNA dosages. Improvements in lipid nanoparticle and mRNA technology have revolutionized mRNA vaccines, and DNA vaccines can be similarly modified for higher clinical efficacy.

An organophosphate 3d-4f heterometallic polyoxoniobate nanowire.

Four different structural compositions of organophosphate, 3d transition metal, 4f lanthanide and polyoxoniobate (PONb) are unified in a system for the first time to form a new type of organophosphate 3d-4f heterometallic inorganic-organic hybrid PONb nanowire. Interesting magnetic anisotropy and slow magnetic relaxation are found in the PONb nanowire.

Opposing roles of RUBCN isoforms in autophagy and memory B cell generation.

RUBCN (also known as Rubicon) was originally identified as a negative regulator of autophagy, a process by which cells degrade and recycle damaged components or organelles and that requires the activity of the class III PI3K VPS34 and the mTORC1 protein complex. Here, we characterized the role of a shorter isoform, RUBCN100, as an autophagy-promoting factor in B cells. RUBCN100 was translated from alternative translation initiation sites and lacked the RUN domain of the longer, previously characterized RUBCN130 isoform. Specific deficiency of RUBCN130 in B cells enhanced autophagy, which promoted memory B cell generation. In contrast to RUBCN130, which is localized in late endosomes and lysosomes and suppresses the enzymatic activity of VPS34, an effect thought to mediated by its RUN domain, RUBCN100 was preferentially located in early endosomes and enhanced VPS34 activity, presumably because of the absence of the RUN domain. Furthermore, RUBCN100, but not RUBCN130, enhanced autophagy and suppressed mTORC1 activation. Our findings reveal that the opposing roles of two RUBCN isoforms are critical for autophagy regulation and memory B cell differentiation.

Photochromic Polyoxoniobates with Photoinduced "D-f-A" Electron Transfer Mechanism.

Compounds with redox activities have appealing applications in catalytic, electronic and magnetic properties, but the redox inert of polyoxoniobates (PONbs) significantly limits their applications for a long time. In this work, we are able to integrate organophosphate and lanthanide cluster into PONb to create the first family of inorganic-organic hybrid organophosphate-Ln-PONb composite clusters. These novel species not only present the first family of redox active PONbs that can be reduced to form long-lived "heteropoly blues" under ambient conditions, but also a new photochromic system. More importantly, the analyses of the electronic configurations and photochromic properties for a series of designed proof-of-concept PONbs models allow us to discover a D-f-A electron transfer mechanism, that is, photoinduced electron is transferred from a photosensitive organophosphate electron donor (D) to the NbV electron acceptor (A) through the unoccupied 4 f-orbitals of Ln (f). This work paves the way for developing diverse PONb-based redox materials and expanding the possibility of the applications of PONbs in the redox chemistry.

A Three-Dimensional (3D) Indium-Containing Polyoxoniobate Framework Based on {In5Nb71}n Helical Pillars.

A rare 3D Indium-containing polyoxoniobate framework {H9[Cu(en)2(H2O)2][Cu(en)2]12[In(en)]5[Nb23-O65(OH)3(H2O)2]{Nb24O67(OH)2(H2O)3]2}·68H2O(1), based on the In-containing polyoxoniobate cluster, {[In(en)]5[Nb23O65(OH)3(H2O)2][Nb24O67(OH)2(H2O)3]2}35- ({In5Nb71}) and [Cu(en)2]2+ linkers has been successfully synthesized. The nest-like cluster {In5Nb71} is constructed from one brand-new V-shaped {Nb23O70}, two triangle-shaped {Nb24O72} and five [In(en)]3+. The [In(en)] fragments link {Nb24O72} and {Nb23O70} units into unique {In5Nb71}n helical pillars. The copper-amine complexes connect the {In5Nb71}n helical pillars into a three-dimensional (3D) inorganic-organic hybrid In-Cu-containing framework. This material also exhibits good ionic conductivity and vapor adsorption capacity properties.

A novel and effective approach to generate germline-like monoclonal antibodies by integration of phage and mammalian cell display platforms.

Phage display technology allows for rapid selection of antibodies from the large repertoire of human antibody fragments displayed on phages. However, antibody fragments should be converted to IgG for biological characterizations and affinity of antibodies obtained from phage display library is frequently not sufficient for efficient use in clinical settings. Here, we describe a new approach that combines phage and mammalian cell display, enabling simultaneous affinity screening of full-length IgG antibodies. Using this strategy, we successfully obtained a novel germline-like anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibody named m101, which was revealed to be a potent anti-TIM-3 therapeutic monoclonal antibody via in vitro and in vivo experiments, indicating its effectiveness and power. Thus, this platform can help develop new monoclonal antibody therapeutics with high affinity and low immunogenicity.

Circulating Blood miR-155 and miR-21 Promote the Development of Acute Pancreatitis and Can Be Used to Assess the Risk Stratification of Pancreatitis.

To explore the role of circulating blood miR-155 and miR-21 in promoting acute pancreatitis (AP) and evaluating the risk stratification of pancreatitis. In this experiment, 70 patients with AP treated in our hospital from October 2019 to December 2020 were included in the research group (RG), and the blood of 52 healthy cases was collected and they were included in the control group (CG). The expression of miR-155 and miR-21 in circulating blood was observed in the two groups. The diagnostic efficacy of miR-155 and miR-21 in AP was observed. The risk factors of patients with AP were observed. The expression of serum gastrointestinal hormones was observed in the two groups. The GAS and VIP in RG were higher than those in CG, while MTL and CCK were lower than those in CG. Moreover, the detection level of mild, moderate, severe, and critical patients was also significantly different (P < 0.05). The expression of miR-155 and miR-21 in circulating blood of RG was significantly lower than that of CG (P < 0.05), and the area under the miR-155 curve was 0.775 and the area under the miR-21 curve was 0.832. Alcoholism, GAS, VIP, MTL, CCK, miR-155, and miR-21 were the risk factors of patients. miR-155 and miR-21 show low expression in the serum of patients. The lower the expression, the more serious the disease. They are closely related to the development of AP. miR-155 and miR-21 have good diagnostic efficacy by ROC analysis, and they are expected to become effective indicators for the diagnosis and treatment of AP in the future.

3d-4f Heterometallic cluster incorporated polyoxoniobates with magnetic properties.

A series of 3d-4f heterometallic cluster incorporated polyoxoniobates (PONbs) with different magnetic properties were first made and characterized. This work not only provides a promising strategy to make new heterometallic cluster incorporated PONbs but also demonstrates an ideal model to probe how transition-metal ions influence the magnetic property of PONbs.

Proton conductive polyoxoniobate frameworks constructed from nanoscale {Nb68O200} cages.

Nanoscale {Nb68O200} cages have been successfully employed as flexible and stable secondary building units to combine with bridging copper-amine complexes to construct two proton conductive polyoxoniobate frameworks, demonstrating a promising strategy for making new porous materials.

Deep brain stimulation in neuropsychiatric disease / 中华神经医学杂志

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an important treatment in neuromodulation therapy, and DBS is widely used in movement disorders. In addition, DBS has also been used in non-movement disorders, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease and Tourette syndrome, and has satisfactory effect. In this paper, the status quo and pathophysiological mechanisms of DBS in the treatment of non-movement disorders represented by epilepsy are summarized as follows.