Exercise-induced Musclin determines the fate of fibro-adipogenic progenitors to control muscle homeostasis.

The effects of exercise on fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) are unclear, and the direct molecular link is still unknown. In this study, we reveal that exercise reduces the frequency of FAPs and attenuates collagen deposition and adipose formation in injured or disused muscles through Musclin. Mechanistically, Musclin inhibits FAP proliferation and promotes apoptosis in FAPs by upregulating FILIP1L. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR confirms that FoxO3a is the transcription factor of FILIP1L. In addition, the Musclin/FILIP1L pathway facilitates the phagocytosis of apoptotic FAPs by macrophages through downregulating the expression of CD47. Genetic ablation of FILIP1L in FAPs abolishes the effects of exercise or Musclin on FAPs and the benefits on the reduction of fibrosis and fatty infiltration. Overall, exercise forms a microenvironment of myokines in muscle and prevents the abnormal accumulation of FAPs in a Musclin/FILIP1L-dependent manner. The administration of exogenous Musclin exerts a therapeutic effect, demonstrating a potential therapeutic approach for muscle atrophy or acute muscle injury.

Advances in Innate Immunity to Overcome Immune Rejection during Xenotransplantation.

Transplantation is an effective approach for treating end-stage organ failure. There has been a long-standing interest in xenotransplantation as a means of increasing the number of available organs. In the past decade, there has been tremendous progress in xenotransplantation accelerated by the development of rapid gene-editing tools and immunosuppressive therapy. Recently, the heart and kidney from pigs were transplanted into the recipients, which suggests that xenotransplantation has entered a new era. The genetic discrepancy and molecular incompatibility between pigs and primates results in barriers to xenotransplantation. An increasing body of evidence suggests that innate immune responses play an important role in all aspects of the xenogeneic rejection. Simultaneously, the role of important cellular components like macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and neutrophils, suggests that the innate immune response in the xenogeneic rejection should not be underestimated. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the innate immune system in xenotransplantation and highlight the key issues for future investigations. A better understanding of the innate immune responses in xenotransplantation may help to control the xenograft rejection and design optimal combination therapies.

Clinical and Imaging Study of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Morphine Dependence Through mGluR5/TDP43/NR2B Pathway.

Morphine is tolerable after long-term use. After long-term use, it will have a great impact on the human body, and the treatment effect is not good. In recent years, the continuous development of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment technology has made a treatment. Drug-resistant morphine dependence has a breakthrough. In this article, to study the effect of repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of morphine dependence through mGluR5/TDP43/NR2B pathway, experiments were carried out on rats to compare the changes in the images of rats after different periods of morphine use and their effects on morphine withdrawal. During the period, the performance of rats provides a reference for repeated transcranial stimulation to treat morphine dependence. According to the experimental results, after stopping morphine, withdrawal from the rats, irritable acts, and patience diminished. This is a decrease of more than 50% in comparison with the one of the normal group. There was a different degree of variability in the treatment images of mGluR5/TDP43 and so on after rTMS treatment, and the changes were large. These reductions in detoxification responses in rodents suggest that rTMS serves an instrumental role in the prevention and treatment of phosphorylation related to morphine dependence.

Effectiveness and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of morphine dependence: A retrospective study.

ABSTRACT: Morphine dependence (MD) is a very common complication because of the chronic morphine consumption. Studies suggest that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can be used for the treatment of MD. However, there is still lacking evidence to support rTMS for MD. Thus, this retrospective study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of rTMS for patients with MD.In this retrosepctive study, a total of 100 patients with MD were included, and they were divided into a rTMS group (n = 50), and a control group (n = 50). All patients in both groups received occupational therapy. In addition, patients in the rTMS group received rTMS. All patients in both groups received a total of 8 weeks treatment. The outcomes comprised of morphine craving intensity, depression, anxiety, and sleep quality, which were appraised by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. In addition, treatment-related adverse events were also considered for assessment.After 8 weeks treatment, patients in the rTMS group exerted better benefits in improving VAS (P < .01), SDS (P < .01), SAS (P < .01), and PSQI (P < .01), than patients in the control group. In addition, this study did not identify treatment-related adverse events in both groups.The findings of this study showed that rTMS treatment showed promising effectiveness on patients with MD. However, future studies should focus on warranting the present findings.

A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis of Mozart's Music for drug-resistant epilepsy.

BACKGROUND: This study will aim to assess the effectiveness of Mozart's Music (MM) for the management of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). METHODS: In this study, we will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CINAHL, Chinese Scientific Journal Database Information, WANGFANG, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from their inauguration to March 1, 2020 without language and publication time restrictions. We will also identify other literature resources, such as reference lists of any related reviews. Trial quality will be examined by Cochrane risk of bias tool; reporting bias will be identified by a funnel plot and Egger test; and statistical analysis will be undertaken by RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: This study will summarize high quality randomized controlled trials to appraise the effectiveness and safety of MM for the treatment of patients with DRE. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study will supply evidence to judge whether MM is effective on DRE at evidence-based medicine level. STUDY REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020170512.

Effect of cinnamaldehyde on Cav-1 and Survivin expression in epilepsy: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review aims to assess the effect of cinnamaldehyde on Cav-1 and Survivin expression in epilepsy. METHODS: We will search Cochrane Library, PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, WANGFANG, VIP, CBM, and CNKI from their inceptions to the March 31, 2020, without language restrictions. Two authors will independently carry out searching literature records, scanning titles and abstracts, full texts, collecting data, and assessing risk of bias. RevMan 5.3 software will be used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: This systematic review will investigate whether cinnamaldehyde is effective on Cav-1 and Survivin expression in epilepsy. CONCLUSION: Its findings will provide helpful evidence for the effect of cinnamaldehyde on Cav-1 and Survivin expression in epilepsy.Systematic review registration: INPLASY202040152.