RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The frequency and the causes for the development of hyperlactatemia during operations on the heart and aorta in conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass (CB) is not adequately described in the literature. THE AIM: To study the clinical significance of the lactate dynamics in arterial blood depending on the source ofpathology, stages of operation, basic parameters of cardiopulmonary bypass, the characteristics of the post-perfusion period, and to identify ways to prevent the development of intraoperative hyperlactatemia in surgical interventions on the heart and aorta. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 420 adult cardiac surgery patients operated on the heart and ascending aorta were examined. All patients were operated on under balanced General anesthesia, CB in hypothermic or normothermic mode. Lactate level in arterial blood and the frequency of hyperlactatemia were analyzed at the following stages of operation: after induction of anesthesia, prebypass period, during CB, in the postbypass period and at the time of admission of the patient in the ICU. During CB we analyzed the duration of the CB, the degree of hemodilution, calculated value of oxygen delivery. Oxygen consumption was recorded in the current mode, the monitor CDI-500. Hyperlactatemia was considered the concentration of lactate above 3 mmol/L. RESULTS: Preperfusion period in all groups of cardiac surgery patients was characterized by a normal level of blood lactate in the absolute majority ofpatients, the frequency of hyperlactatemia did not exceed 1%. Hemodynamic stability was achieved without the use of catecholamines by optimizing volemia and heart rate. While CB showed a trend of increasing lactate on average in comparison with the previous period in patients operated on the heart. Duration CB less than 3 hours was not a factor in the development of hyperlactatemia, provided that oxygen delivery in all patients during perfusion exceeded 300 ml/min/m2, hematocrit ofperfusate at the end of CB was at 25-27% in most patients. To maintain it at a large hemodilution the ultrafiltration hemoconcentration was used. The frequency of hyperlactatemia was 3%. A significant increase in lactate concentration at the end of the CB to 3.39k1,3 mmol/l (range of 2.1-7.2 mmol/l) on the background of metabolic acidosis found only in patients with circulatory arrest due to receipt of blood products of anaerobic glycolysis after the resumption of the CB. They have frequency of hyperlactatemia risen to 29%. The lac- tate average value at admission ofpatients in the ICU with application of 50-60% ofpatients in dopamine/dobutrex at a dose of 5 mcg/kg/min and reaching the targets of transfusion therapy was slightly higher in the baseline period and corresponded to the upper level of normal values. Only during operations on the aortic arch under conditions of circulatory arrest, the concentration of lactate at the end of the operation was 3,4+1,1 mmol/l with a tendency to decrease in comparison with the period of the CB. From 88 to 93% patients during operations on the heart and ascending aorta without circulatory arrest and 64% ofpatients after operations on the aortic arch with circulatory arrest were admitted to the ICU with a normal lactate level in arterial blood Conclusion. The duration ofperfusion less than 3 hours in the conditions of these indicators preservation is not a risk factor for the development of hyperlactatemia. In postbypass period during operations on the heart and aorta without circulatory arrest about 90% ofpatients transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) with normal values of lactate. During operations on the aortic arch with circulatory arrest about 60% ofpatients have normal levels of lactate at admission from the operating room to the ICU.
