[Rotational technique for emulsification of soft lens nucleus]. / Rotatsionnaya metodika emul'sifikatsii myagkogo yadra khrustalika.

Effective and atraumatic removal of a soft lens nucleus requires different surgical techniques compared to phacoemulsification of a dense nucleus. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a non-ultrasound technique for emulsification of a soft lens nucleus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-seven patients (57 eyes) underwent surgery. In 23 cases, early or immature cataracts were detected, and in 34 cases, lens removal was performed for refractive purposes in high myopia and complex myopic astigmatism. Phacoemulsifier Centurion Vision System (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., USA) was used for the surgery. Aspiration of soft lens nucleus was done using a rotational technique. The following aspects were evaluated in the course of the surgery: the volume of the required irrigation solution, and the frequency needing to involve ultrasound for complete emulsification of the lens nucleus. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were also assessed. RESULTS: The surgery was uneventful in all cases. There were no violations of the integrity of capsulorhexis edge. The need for short pulses of minimal power ultrasound during the removal of the soft lens using this technique arose only in 11 (19.3%) cases. The effective ultrasound time was less than 1 second. The required volume of irrigation solution was 33.0 (24.0; 43.0) ml, which does not differ significantly from that in ultrasonic phacoemulsification. CONCLUSIONS: The use of modern phacoemulsifiers providing a high vacuum level allows successful removal of a soft lens without using ultrasound, which prevents its negative impact on the ocular tissues. The use of adequate surgical techniques, including the optimal direction of rotation of the lens nucleus in the rotational technique, improves the efficiency of soft lens nucleus removal.

[Influence of the pattern of femtosecond laser-assisted lens nucleus fragmentation on the energy and hydrodynamic parameters of phacoemulsification]. / Vliyanie patterna fragmentatsii yadra khrustalika femtosekundnym lazerom na energeticheskie i gidrodinamicheskie parametry fakoemul'sifikatsii.

The influence of various patterns of preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the lens nucleus on the energy and hydrodynamic parameters of phacoemulsification remains insufficiently studied. PURPOSE: This study evaluates the influence of various patterns of preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the lens nucleus on the energy, hydrodynamic parameters of phacoemulsification, and the degree of corneal endothelial cell loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hybrid phacoemulsification was performed in 336 patients (336 eyes) with grade IV immature cataract according to the Buratto classification in three age-matched groups. Group 1 included 103 patients (103 eyes) who underwent hybrid phacoemulsification with preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the nucleus with a «pizza¼ pattern (division of the nucleus with 10 radial cuts). Group 2 included 112 patients (112 eyes) who underwent femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the nucleus with a «cylinders¼ pattern (division of the nucleus with 8 radial cuts in combination with 5 circular cuts). Group 3 included 121 patients (121 eyes) who underwent femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the nucleus with a «grid¼ pattern (division of the nucleus with 8 radial cuts in combination with multiple mutually perpendicular cuts in the central zone in the form of a grid with a 0.5 mm cell). Effective ultrasound time and the volume of irrigation solution for emulsification of the lens nucleus fragments were determined during the operation. The loss of corneal endothelial cells was assessed 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: The minimum effective ultrasound time was noted after using the "grid" pattern - 4.05 (2.88; 4.74) s, which was significantly less than with the "cylinders" pattern - 4.97 (3.78; 5.88) s and the "pizza" pattern - 6.15 (4.52; 7.75) s (p<0.05). The effective ultrasound time when using the "cylinders" pattern was significantly less than with the "pizza" pattern (p<0.05). The volume of irrigation solution used for emulsification of the lens nucleus fragments was significantly less in the "grid" pattern - 41.5 (33.5; 49.5) ml compared to the "cylinders" patterns 58.5 (51.0; 66.0), p<0.05 and "pizza" pattern 75.0 (66.0; 83.5), p<0.01. The volume of irrigation solution when using the "cylinders" pattern was significantly less than when using the "pizza" pattern (p<0.05). The loss of corneal endothelial cells after using the "grid" pattern was 8.82 (7.59; 9.87)%, which was significantly less than after the "cylinders" patterns - 9.97 (8.81; 10.83)%, p<0.05 and "pizza" - 11.70 (10.62; 12.97)%, p<0.05. At the same time, the loss of endothelial cells after using the "cylinders" pattern was significantly less than after the "pizza" pattern (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The choice of the optimal pattern of preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the lens nucleus provides a significant decrease in the energy and hydrodynamic parameters of phacoemulsification and, accordingly, the loss of corneal endothelial cells.

[Surgical technique for aspiration of soft lens nucleus with preoperative femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation]. / Khirurgicheskaya tekhnika aspiratsii myagkogo yadra khrustalika s predvaritel'noi femtolazernoi fragmentatsiei.

Fragmentation and aspiration of soft cataracts require different surgical techniques and approaches compared to the removal of dense nuclei, including when using a femtosecond laser. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to develop a non-ultrasound technique for aspiration of a soft lens nucleus after its preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 63 patients (63 eyes) aged 23 to 40 years who underwent surgery. In 27 cases, early or immature cataract was observed, and in 36 cases, cataract removal was performed for refractive purposes in high myopia and complex myopic astigmatism. The VICTUS femtosecond laser surgical system (Technolas Perfect Vision GmbH, Germany) was used for preliminary fragmentation of the lens nucleus. Surgeries were performed using the Centurion Vision System phacoemulsifier (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., USA). The volume of the required irrigation solution was evaluated during the surgery. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were assessed. RESULTS: The surgery was performed without complications in all cases. Capsulorhexis edge was completely preserved along its entire circumference. The study showed the fundamental possibility of aspirating a cataract with a nucleus of grade I-II density without low-frequency ultrasound after preliminary femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the nucleus with a "grid" pattern, which ensures minimal fragment size in the central zone of the nucleus. The volume of irrigation solution required for aspiration of the nucleus was 36.0 (27.0; 44.0) ml, which does not significantly differ from the volume of solution during ultrasound phacoemulsification of a nucleus of such density. CONCLUSIONS: Femtosecond laser-assisted fragmentation of the lens nucleus with a "grid" pattern and phacoemulsifier systems with a high vacuum level allow effective aspiration of a soft lens without using low-frequency ultrasound.

[Modern techniques and features of selective keratoplasty]. / Sovremennye tekhnologii i vozmozhnosti selektivnoi keratoplastiki.

Selective keratoplasty involves replacing the affected layers of the cornea with similar donor tissue. In case of pathological changes in the middle and posterior stroma, deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) is performed. Chronic corneal edema caused by endothelial dysfunction is an indication for endothelial keratoplasty - Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) or Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK). Compared to penetrating keratoplasty (PK), these operations are characterized by a low risk of damage to intraocular structures and a relatively short rehabilitation period. Complications of selective keratoplasty include the formation of a false chamber between the lamellar graft and the recipient's cornea, ocular hypertension during anterior chamber air tamponade. Persistent epithelial defect can be a sign of primary graft failure in DALK, DSAEK and DMEK. Selective keratoplasty is characterized by a lower incidence of immune rejection than PK. In some cases, DALK can be complicated by corneal changes related to suture fixation of the graft. Long-term postoperative use of topical glucocorticoids can cause ocular hypertension and cataracts.

[Current capabilities of anterior segment optical coherence tomography]. / Sovremennye vozmozhnosti opticheskoi kogerentnoi tomografii perednego segmenta glaza.

Optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment of the eye (AS-OCT) is a non-invasive method based on the principles of optical reflectometry (measurement of the degree of backscattering of light passing through transparent or translucent media). Limitations of the first devices of this type were associated with insufficient image quality of the details of the anterior chamber angle and the posterior parts of the lens, primarily due to the "working" level of the scanning wavelength (within 800 µm). Fundamentally new possibilities in the structural and functional assessment of the anterior segment of the eye are associated with the introduction into clinical practice of swept-source AS-OCT device - the CASIA2 anterior optical coherence tomograph (Tomey Corporation, Japan). Its high scanning speed (50 000 A-scans per second) with a wavelength of 1310 µm allows high-quality visualization by building a scan at a depth of 13 mm. The previous model (CASIA SS-1000, Tomey Corporation, Japan) supported scan depth of only 6 mm. This review summarizes the results of research on the clinical use of CASIA2 tomograph.

[The first experience of using femtosecond laser in the treatment of anterior capsular contraction syndrome]. / Pervyi opyt primeneniya femtosekundnogo lazera dlya lecheniya perednekapsulyarnogo kontraktsionnogo sindroma.

Prevention and treatment of anterior capsular contraction syndrome (ACCS) is a relevant problem in cataract surgery. PURPOSE: The study was performed to develop a femtosecond laser-assisted technique for anterior capsulotomy in anterior capsular contraction syndrome and assess its preliminary results in preventing the progression of pathological changes in the capsular bag. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examination and femtosecond laser-assisted treatment without additional surgical intervention was performed in 6 patients (6 eyes) aged 69 to 73 years with anterior capsular contraction syndrome. Femtosecond laser-assisted anterior capsulotomy was performed using the VICTUS system (Technolas Perfect Vision, Germany). Capsulotomy diameter was 4.0-4.5 mm, laser radiation energy - 9000 nJ, laser exposure depth 900-1000 µm. RESULTS: The diameter of the anterior capsulotomy before treatment was 2.85 mm [2.75; 2.93]. After 1 month, the diameter of the anterior capsular opening was 2.88 mm [2.78; 2.96] (p>0.05). One year after femtosecond laser intervention, the anterior capsulotomy opening was almost the same shape and diameter - 2.84 mm [2.74; 2.94] (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Femtosecond laser-assisted circular capsulotomy is an effective and safe method for preventing the progression of anterior capsular contraction syndrome in the absence of severe IOL decentration and for maintaining the diameter of the anterior capsular opening of at least 2.5-3.0 mm.

[Intraoperative optical coherence tomography in vitreoretinal surgery]. / Intraoperatsionnaya opticheskaya kogerentnaya tomografiya v vitreoretinal'noi khirurgii.

This article reviews literature on the use of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) in vitreoretinal surgery, describes the historical aspects of the development of this technology from portable devices to optical coherence tomographs integrated into the surgical microscope, considers the advantages, limitations and disadvantages of this technology, which are now becoming obvious due to the accumulated experience. The review also explores the prospects for the development of iOCT and possible ways to solve its problems. In addition, the review presents and systematizes clinical findings that can be revealed with iOCT in such diseases as rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, macular pathology, etc.

[Faricimab: from research to clinical practice]. / Faritsimab: ot klinicheskikh issledovanii k real'noi klinicheskoi praktike.

Development of new molecules for anti-angiogenic therapy pursues the following objectives: to increase the interval between injections, which can reduce the treatment burden; to improve the effectiveness of treatment by affecting various links of pathogenesis; to ensure a good safety profile. Faricimab is a humanized immunoglobulin G antibody that targets two key angiogenesis sites: vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2). In the STAIRWAY clinical trial, faricimab was shown to produce similar results to monthly ranibizumab at longer intervals and fewer intravitreal injections in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration, specifically in terms of visual preservation and reduction in central retinal thickness (CRT). In the BOULEVARD trial, which lasted 36 weeks, the severity of diabetic retinopathy according to DRSS improved in previously untreated patients with diabetic macular edema by two stages and more in 12.2% of the 0.3 mg ranibizumab group, in 27.7% of patients in the 1.5 mg faricimab group, and in 38.6% of patients in the group treated with 6.0 mg faricimab. In the TENAYA, as well as LUCERNE, YOSEMITE and RHINE trials, the increase in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from baseline in the faricimab group was comparable to that in the aflibercept group. Real clinical practice showed an increase in BCVA from 59.5 to 60.6 letters (p=0.035) due to a decrease in CRT from 334.3 to 303.3 µm (p=0.001). The first published studies are now appearing, and their results correspond to the clinical trials, which indicates a stable effect of the drug and the prospects for use in a large cohort of patients.

[Morphological evaluation of the results of laser activation of scleral hydropermeability in the treatment of glaucoma]. / Morfologicheskaya otsenka rezul'tatov operatsii lazernoi aktivatsii gidropronitsaemosti sklery v lechenii glaukomy.

PURPOSE: The study attempted to experimentally substantiate the possibility of using the laser activation of scleral hydropermeability (LASH) technique in glaucoma treatment by morphological evaluation of treatment outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The pulsed-periodic radiation from an Er-glass fiber laser (λ=1.56 µm) was used. The model experiment consisted of evaluating ultrafiltration of fluid through the tissues of human sclera autopsy specimen according to the original technique using neodymium chloride-based labeling agent and scanning electron microscopy. The clinical part of the study consisted of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and laser confocal microscopy of the sclera and conjunctiva (CMSC) performed in vivo immediately after laser treatment in the laser application sites in 5 patients (5 eyes) aged 57 to 68 years with uncompensated advanced (IIIb-c) stage of glaucoma who had previously underwent LASH surgery. RESULTS: Results of morphological evaluation after LASH revealed structural changes indicating increased transscleral ultrafiltration: increased intrastromal hyporeflective areas in the sclera, thinning of collagen fibers, formation of porous structures. Using an original technique involving neodymium chloride-based labeling agent and scanning electron microscopy, we were able to prove the enhancement of transscleral ultrafiltration. The results of the experiment were confirmed by in vivo OCT images of the sclera and CMSC performed in 5 patients with advanced glaucoma after LASH surgery, in which tissue decompaction in the laser-exposed areas was clearly visualized. CONCLUSION: The revealed structural changes indicate the possibility of reducing intraocular pressure after LASH by the means of forming scleral porous structures and increasing transscleral ultrafiltration. Experimentally selected optimal mode of laser exposure (0.66 W with total exposure time of 6 seconds) during LASH helps avoid gross destructive changes in the eye tissues, making the proposed intervention a sparing approach to the treatment of glaucoma.

[Complications of femto-LASIK and features of cavitation injuries]. / Oslozhneniya femto-LAZIK i osobennosti kavitatsionnykh povrezhdenii.

Modern approach to refractive laser surgery features three main types of lamellar surgery. Two of them are types of open laser keratomileusis (LASIK and femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK), and the third - closed (SMILE). All of these techniques allow achieving good clinical outcomes but differ in possible complications. This article reviews the complications of femto-LASIK and specifically the post-operative cavitation injuries, describes the mechanism of their occurrence, variants of their course, and presents the prevention measures.

[Phaco surgery in disorders of the capsular-zonular apparatus of the lens]. / Fakokhirurgiya pri narusheniyakh svyazochno-kapsulyarnogo apparata khrustalika.

The article presents authors' original methods of phaco surgery that can be used in disorders of the capsular-zonular apparatus of the lens. The cataract surgery techniques for lens subluxation developed and introduced into clinical practice allow using the most physiologically correct intracapsular intraocular lens (IOL) fixation in the vast majority of cases. The introduction of femtosecond laser at key stages of phacoemulsification in complicated clinical situations reduces the dependence of the results on the human factor and allows performing removal of complicated cataracts at a qualitatively new level.

[Hybrid (femtolaser) phacoemulsification: technical aspects and functional results]. / Gibridnaya (femtolazernaya) fakoemul'sifikatsiya: tekhnologicheskie aspekty i funktsional'nye rezul'taty.

This article summarizes scientific and practical results of hybrid femtosecond laser-assisted phacoemulsification (HFE) including study of clinical and technical aspects of the intervention and evaluation of post-surgical functional state of the eye on the basis of clinical, morphological and biomechanical data. The HFE technology should be considered the method of choice for microinvasive phaco surgery, its main advantage being the possibility of controlled handling of such important surgical stages as anterior circular continuous capsulorhexis and nucleus fragmentation on a closed eyeball, which significantly reduces the risk of complications and decreases of effective ultrasound time.

[Prognostic factors and a customized approach to anti-VEGF therapy for exudative age-related macular degeneration. Analysis of the risk of macular atrophy development]. / Prognosticheskie faktory i kastomizirovannyi podkhod k anti-VEGF-terapii pri ekssudativnoi forme vozrastnoi makulyarnoi degeneratsii. Analiz riska vozniknoveniya makulyarnoi atrofii.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic progressive multifactorial disease characterized by a degenerative process in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris of the fovea with secondary neuroepithelial (NE) damage. Intravitreal administration of drugs that inhibit VEGF is recognized as the only treatment for exudative form of AMD. Literature data is limited, and do not allow drawing conclusions about the influence of various factors (identified using OCT in the EDI mode) on the development of various subtypes of atrophy and their progression, so we decided to conduct our own study and research the possible timing and risks of developing various subtypes of macular atrophy in patients with exudative AMD receiving anti-VEGF therapy. As a result of the study, it was revealed that general macular atrophy (p=0.005) has a predominant effect on BCVA in the first year of the follow-up, while subtypes of atrophy anatomically less pronounced at one year of the follow-up manifest themselves only in the second year of the follow-up (p<0.05). Although color photography and autofluorescence are currently the only approved methods for assessing the degree of atrophy, the use of OCT may reveal reliable precursor endpoints that will facilitate and allow earlier and more accurate assessment of neurosensory tissue loss resulting from the atrophy. Thus, the development of macular atrophy is influenced by such parameters of disease activity as intraretinal fluid (p=0.006952), RPE detachment (p=0.001530) and the type of neovascularization (p=0.028860), as well as neurodenegerative changes in the form of drusen (p=0.011259) and cysts (p=0.042023). The new classification of atrophy according to the degree and localization of the lesion allows more differentiated conclusions about the effect of anti-VEGF drugs on the development of certain types of atrophy, which can be a decisive factor in determining the treatment tactics.

[Current possibilities of laser surgery on anterior eye segment]. / Sovremennye vozmozhnosti lazernogo vozdeistviya na struktury perednego segmenta glaza.

The article summarizes the experience of recent years in the development and implementation of novel original laser technologies used in surgery of the anterior segment of the eye. The presented technology of laser activation of scleral hydropermeability (LASH) in glaucoma is based on the effect of enhanced transscleral filtration and has been shown as effective and safe, which was confirmed by the results of a comprehensive clinical and experimental study. Development of another technique was associated with the need to improve the safety of laser interventions in anterior capsule contraction syndrome in pseudophakia, and resulted in a proposition to change the configuration of the anterior lens capsule incision from the usual linear-radial to T-shaped laser anterior capsulorhexis. The proposed technology of laser photomydriasis based on near-infrared radiation of the diode laser (0.810 µm) has shown its effectiveness and gentle nature (absence of atrophy of the iris stroma and post-burn pigmentation) in ectopias and pupil deformity.

[Physical therapy - the main focus of modern ophthalmic rehabilitation]. / Fizioterapiya ­ osnovnoe napravlenie sovremennoi oftal'moreabilitatsii.

Ophthalmic rehabilitation consists of improving or maintaining the functions of the visual analyzer within the possibilities of the "therapeutic window". Ophthalmic rehabilitation involves physiotherapeutic methods, as well as additional ones that improve the condition of the body and indirectly affect the organ of vision. This article presents schematic algorithms of physiotherapeutic ophthalmic stimulation in neurodystrophic diseases of the visual organ and the main results of their multifactorial objective and subjective analysis. It was shown that even with the consistent visual resolution, treatment courses can help get positive changes at the level of nerve structures lasting for three to six months. This allows us to recommend physiotherapeutic ophthalmic stimulation for maintaining the therapeutic effects obtained after the main medical or surgical treatment.

[The development of laser technologies in vitreoretinal surgery (publications review)].

The article presents review of scientific publications on development of laser treatment methods in vitreoretinal surgery. The use of photo-therapy in medicine dates back to ancient times, when people began to use sunlight as treatment of various diseases. The heyday of photo-therapy falls on the second half of the XIX century, which was associated with the invention of first electric lamps. In 1960, T. Maiman developed the world's first laser, revolutionizing precision and control of light delivery. This was the beginning of heyday of laser surgery primarily in ophthalmology, where potential of lasers was instantly recognized. The subsequent discovery of argon laser in 1964 by W. Bridges (USA) marked new era in retinal photo-coagulation. Then new types of lasers with various systems of delivering laser radiation appeared that significantly expanded range of application of laser technologies in ophthalmology and vitreoretinal surgery. Currently, the lasers are applied in oculoplasty, refractive and corneal surgery, in laser support of phacoemulsification of cataract, in treatment of glaucoma, in laser coagulation of retina and thermotherapy. In vitreoretinal surgery laser technologies remain at the level of the XX century. Thus, they are still applied only for endolaser coagulation of retina. And this despite the fact that there is immense potential for applying lasers as "laser scalpel" to remove vitreous humor, epiretinal fibrosis, retinotomy and choroidotomy.

[Modern approaches to the treatment of anterior capsule contraction syndrome]. / Sovremennye podkhody k lecheniyu perednekapsulyarnogo kontraktsionnogo sindroma.

Anterior capsule contraction syndrome is a specific complication of continuous circular capsulorhexis in various phacoemulsification techniques. Surgical, laser and combined methods have been proposed for its treatment. All approaches in the treatment of anterior capsule contraction syndrome have some advantages, as well as certain problems and difficulties. This review presents the current state of this problem of cataract surgery and possible prospects for improving the treatment.

[Clinical outcomes of laser activation of hydraulic permeability of the sclera in the treatment of advanced glaucoma]. / Klinicheskie rezul'taty lazernoi aktivatsii gidropronitsaemosti sklery v lechenii patsientov s dalekozashedshei stadiei glaukomy.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates the hypotensive effect and the outcomes of intravital morphological changes in the intervention site after laser activation of scleral hydro-permeability (LASH) by pulsed-periodic radiation from an Er-glass fiber laser (λ=1.56 µm) in patients with advanced glaucoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: LASH surgery was performed in 19 patients (19 eyes) aged 48 to 73 years with uncompensated advanced stage (IIIb-c) glaucoma. In addition to standard methods of investigation, all patients were examined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and laser confocal microscopy of sclera and conjunctiva (CMSC) at the laser treatment sites, and electronic tonography. RESULTS: The hypotensive effect after LASH in patients with advanced glaucoma was observed in 94.7% (n=18) of cases. The decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) averaged 24.4% from baseline one month after intervention and 32.96% after six months of follow-up. In 15.7% (n=3) of cases, the recorded IOP decrease was insufficient as its target values were not achieved. However, in the vast majority of patients (n=16), the recorded IOP decrease corresponded to the target values and indicated compensation of the process. Results of complex morphological evaluation after LASH revealed structural changes indirectly indicating possible laser-induced influence on the processes of increased transscleral filtration and uveoscleral outflow. A high positive correlation dependence (r=0.848) was also revealed between the degree of IOP lowering and the increase in the coefficient of ease of aqueous humor outflow, attesting to the fact that IOP lowering was mainly due to the improvement of intraocular fluid outflow. CONCLUSION: The demonstrated efficacy of LASH technology indicates the possibility of its successful application as an independent method of IOP reduction in patients with advanced glaucoma.

[Choroidal changes in patients with diabetes mellitus]. / Izmeneniya khorioidei u patsientov s sakharnym diabetom.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and considered one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide. The choroid supplies blood to the retina, photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium, it is essential for metabolic exchange in the retina. Many experimental studies have reported that choroidal pathology in diabetic patients may play a role in the development of DR. Choroidal thickness (CT) can be used to assess the vascularization of the choroid. Choroidal vascularity index (CVI) is also used as a marker in assessment of choroidal vascularization. Many studies have been conducted to evaluate choroidal changes in various eye diseases. However, the data on CT in DM patients, especially in those with DR, are conflicting. Thus, the choroidal status in diabetic patients with or without DR remains controversial. In this systematic review we analyze a number of articles dedicated to the relationship between structural changes in the choroid in patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy of different stages, paying particular attention to choroidal thickness and certain other parameters that allow assessment of choroidal changes.

[Choroidal neovascularization in central serous chorioretinopathy]. / Khorioidal'naya neovaskulyarizatsiya pri tsentral'noi seroznoi khorioretinopatii.

The literature review discusses the features of the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and antiangiogenic therapy of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), with particular attention given to the choice of antiangiogenic drug and therapy regimen to achieve optimal anatomical and functional outcomes in patients with CSC complicated by CNV.