Response to Cold: A Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis in Eight Cold-Adapted Yeasts.

Microorganisms have evolved to colonize all biospheres, including extremely cold environments, facing several stressor conditions, mainly low/freezing temperatures. In general, terms, the strategies developed by cold-adapted microorganisms include the synthesis of cryoprotectant and stress-protectant molecules, cold-active proteins, especially enzymes, and membrane fluidity regulation. The strategy could differ among microorganisms and concerns the characteristics of the cold environment of the microorganism, such as seasonal temperature changes. Microorganisms can develop strategies to grow efficiently at low temperatures or tolerate them and grow under favorable conditions. These differences can be found among the same kind of microorganisms and from the same cold habitat. In this work, eight cold-adapted yeasts isolated from King George Island, subAntarctic region, which differ in their growth properties, were studied about their response to low temperatures at the transcriptomic level. Sixteen ORFeomes were assembled and used for gene prediction and functional annotation, determination of gene expression changes, protein flexibilities of translated genes, and codon usage bias. Putative genes related to the response to all main kinds of stress were found. The total number of differentially expressed genes was related to the temperature variation that each yeast faced. The findings from multiple comparative analyses among yeasts based on gene expression changes and protein flexibility by cellular functions and codon usage bias raise significant differences in response to cold among the studied Antarctic yeasts. The way a yeast responds to temperature change appears to be more related to its optimal temperature for growth (OTG) than growth velocity. Yeasts with higher OTG prepare to downregulate their metabolism to enter the dormancy stage. In comparison, yeasts with lower OTG perform minor adjustments to make their metabolism adequate and maintain their growth at lower temperatures.

Identification of Stress-Related Genes and a Comparative Analysis of the Amino Acid Compositions of Translated Coding Sequences Based on Draft Genome Sequences of Antarctic Yeasts.

Microorganisms inhabiting cold environments have evolved strategies to tolerate and thrive in those extreme conditions, mainly the low temperature that slow down reaction rates. Among described molecular and metabolic adaptations to enable functioning in the cold, there is the synthesis of cold-active proteins/enzymes. In bacterial cold-active proteins, reduced proline content and highly flexible and larger catalytic active sites than mesophylls counterparts have been described. However, beyond the low temperature, microorganisms' physiological requirements may differ according to their growth velocities, influencing their global protein compositions. This hypothesis was tested in this work using eight cold-adapted yeasts isolated from Antarctica, for which their growth parameters were measured and their draft genomes determined and bioinformatically analyzed. The optimal temperature for yeasts' growth ranged from 10 to 22°C, and yeasts having similar or same optimal temperature for growth displayed significative different growth rates. The sizes of the draft genomes ranged from 10.7 (Tetracladium sp.) to 30.7 Mb (Leucosporidium creatinivorum), and the GC contents from 37 (Candida sake) to 60% (L. creatinivorum). Putative genes related to various kinds of stress were identified and were especially numerous for oxidative and cold stress responses. The putative proteins were classified according to predicted cellular function and subcellular localization. The amino acid composition was compared among yeasts considering their optimal temperature for growth and growth rates. In several groups of predicted proteins, correlations were observed between their contents of flexible amino acids and both the yeasts' optimal temperatures for growth and their growth rates. In general, the contents of flexible amino acids were higher in yeasts growing more rapidly as their optimal temperature for growth was lower. The contents of flexible amino acids became lower among yeasts with higher optimal temperatures for growth as their growth rates increased.

Fatty Acid Profile, Total Carotenoids, and Free Radical-Scavenging from the Lipophilic Fractions of 12 Native Mexican Avocado Accessions.

Mexico is the world's largest producer, exporter, and consumer of avocados. "Hass" avocado is the most commercialized cultivar, while the native Mexican avocado varieties have been displaced. Thus, studies regarding their chemical and nutraceutical characterization are scarce. We studied the total lipid content, fatty acid profile, carotenoid content, and free radical-scavenging activity of the fruit pulp from 12 accessions of the native Mexican avocado (Persea americana var. drymifolia). The results show that the chemical and nutraceutical characteristics depend on the accession type. The total lipid content ranged from 13.22 to 23.41%. The major saturated fatty acid in all the avocado accessions was palmitic acid (15.54-22.68%). Monounsaturated fatty acids, like oleic (56.58-74.19%), linoleic (5.62-16.85%) and linolenic (0.63-2.85%) acids were the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids in all the native Mexican avocado accessions. The total carotenoid content (1.57 to 7.83 mg eq. of ß-carotene 100 g-1 fresh weight) and the free radical-scavenging activity (7.58-88.62 mMol trolox equivalent 100 g-1 fresh weight) also varied significantly (p < 0.05) among accessions. Native Mexican avocados have a great nutraceutical potential due to their high content of omega-9, omega-6, and omega-3 fatty acids and carotenoids. These compounds have been reported to display antioxidant activities and protect against cardiovascular diseases.

Anthocyanin and Oil Contents, Fatty Acids Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of Mexican Landrace Avocado Fruits.

Mexican landrace avocados are naturally distributed mainly in high areas of central Mexico, where they have been produced and consumed since pre-Hispanic times. However, trees of these species are being replaced by improved varieties with greater global demand, and many species have been lost due to the destruction of their natural habitats. Many people in Mexico like to consume the pulp and peel of these fruits and have done so since pre-Hispanic times. This is because the peel of Mexican landrace avocados, unlike the peel of Hass avocados, is very thin and flavorful. The peel color may be bluish-purple or dark reddish due to the presence of anthocyanins, which are compounds with antioxidant activity. The objective of this study was to assess the oil and anthocyanin contents and to evaluate the antioxidant activity in fruits of 11 accessions collected from producing-regions of Mexico. The oil content was 16.2 to 32.3 g 100 g-1 in pulp, and the main unsaturated fatty acids were oleic, linoleic and palmitoleic acids, depending on the accession. The anthocyanin contents in peels ranged from 0.64 to 47 mg g-1 fresh weight. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the peel (53.3-307.3 mmol g-1 fresh weight). The results confirm that the pulp and peel of dark-peel Mexican landrace avocados could be important nutraceuticals for humans.

Importancia del 18F-FDG PET/CT en patología no neoplásicas / Role of PET/CT with 18F-FDG in non-neoplastic pathology

En la actualidad el uso de las imágenes metabólicas en Medicina Nuclear con tecnología PET/ CT con diferentes radiotrazadores, en especial la 18F-FDG, se está extendiendo más allá del ámbito de la oncología, siendo las enfermedades inflamatorias e infecciosas de las que más interés están despertando. El PET/CT tiene la ventaja de poder detectar enfermedades incluso cuando no tienen una correlación en las imágenes morfológicas, permitiendo además localizar de manera precisa estas alteraciones. Entre las patologías más estudiadas se encuentran el estudio de fiebre de origen desconocido, enfermedades inflamatorias, enfermedades del tejido conectivo, vasculitis y también en el seguimiento y diagnóstico de algunas patologías infecciosas. En este artículo se hace una revisión de la aplicación y aporte de las imágenes PET/CT en diferentes patologías inflamatorias e infecciosas comparándolas con técnicas de imagen estructurales y de Medicina Nuclear convencional, haciendo énfasis en procesos inflamatorios e infecciosos articulares, prótesis en traumatología y prótesis vasculares complementando con casos clínicos.

At present, the use of metabolic images in Nuclear Medicine like PET/CT technology with different radiotracers, especially 18F-FDG, is extending beyond the field of oncology, with the inflammatory and infectious diseases being the most interesting. They are waking up PET/CT has the advantage of being able to detect diseases even when they do not have a correlation in morphological images, also locating these alterations accurately. Among the most studied pathologies are fever of unknown origin, inflammatory diseases, connective tissue diseases, vasculitis and also in the monitoring and diagnosis of some infectious diseases. In this article, a review of the application and contribution of PET/CT images in different inflammatory and infectious pathologies is made comparing them with structural imaging techniques and conventional Nuclear Medicine, speciallyd inflammatory and infectious joint processes, prostheses in traumatology and prostheses vascular and clinical cases.

Ausencia congénita de la vena porta hepática asociada a malrotación intestinal y a vena cava inferior izquierda: reporte de caso / Congenital absence of the hepatic portal vein associated to intestinal malrotation and left-sided inferior vena cava: a case report

La ausencia congénita de la vena porta hepática es una malformación en extremo rara, fue descrita por primera vez en 1793 por John Abernethy y a la fecha se han reportado sólo 101 casos. Afecta con mayor frecuencia a mujeres y determina que el drenaje venoso intestinal sea derivado hacia el territorio de las venas sistémicas. Es también conocida como derivación porto-sistémica extra hepática congénita (CEPS), por su sigla en inglés, y se asocia a otras alteraciones congénitas,incluyendo anomalías cardíacas, de las vías biliares, enfermedades metabólicas y retardo mental. En este trabajo presentamos el hallazgo de esta malformación en el cadáver de un niño de dos años de edad, donde la vena porta seguía un trayecto anómalo y se unía a la vena renal derecha. El confluente venoso "mesentérico-esplénico-renal" así formado presentaba un trayecto descendente, recibía a la vena gonadal derecha, y desembocando en la confluencia de las venas ilíacas comunes. Esto se asociaba a mal rotación intestinal, arteria hepática aberrante y a vena cava inferior izquierda, situación descrita sólo una vez en la literatura. El hallazgo de estas anomalías anatómicas en los cadáveres disecados con fines docentes en nuestro Departamento de Anatomía, tiene un valor formativo indiscutible para nuestros alumnos de pre y postgrado, quienes pueden valorar las implicancias de este conocimiento anatómico en la clínica diaria.

Congenital absence of the hepatic portal vein is an extremely rare malformation that was first described by John Abernethy in 1793. Only 101 cases had been described in the literature until 2015 and most affected females. In this anomaly, also known as congenital extrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (CEPS), intestinal venous drainage is derived towards the territory of the systemic veins and could be associated with other birth defects, including heart and biliary tract anomalies, metabolic diseases, mental retardation. We present the case of a 2-year-old boy who died because of multifocal pneumonia and necropsy showed anatomical findings consistent with this malformation as an incidental finding. The portal vein followed an anomalous course and joined the right renal vein, forming the "mesenteric-splenic-renal" venous collector, which then received the right gonadal vein and ended at the confluence of the common iliac veins. In our case this anomaly was associated to intestinal malrotation, aberrant hepatic artery and persistent left inferior vena cava, situation described once in the literature. The finding of these anatomical abnormalities in cadavers has a great teaching value for our undergraduate and graduate students who are learning anatomy and they can also assess the associated clinical.

AIP mutations in young patients with acromegaly and the Tampico Giant: the Mexican experience.

Although aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) mutations are rare in sporadic acromegaly, their prevalence among young patients is nonnegligible. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the frequency of AIP mutations in a cohort of Mexican patients with acromegaly with disease onset before the age of 30 and to search for molecular abnormalities in the AIP gene in teeth obtained from the "Tampico Giant". Peripheral blood DNA from 71 patients with acromegaly (51 females) with disease onset <30 years was analysed (median age of disease onset of 23 years) and correlated with clinical, biochemical and imaging characteristics. Sequencing was also carried out in DNA extracted from teeth of the Tampico Giant. Five patients (7 %) harboured heterozygous, germline mutations of the AIP gene. In two of them (a 9-year-old girl with gigantism and a young man with symptoms of GH excess since age 14) the c.910C>T (p.Arg304Ter), well-known truncating mutation was identified; in one of these two cases and her identical twin sister, the mutation proved to be a de novo event, since neither of their parents were found to be carriers. In the remaining three patients, new mutations were identified: a frameshift mutation (c.976_977insC, p.Gly326AfsTer), an in-frame deletion (c.872_877del, p.Val291_Leu292del) and a nonsense mutation (c.868A > T, p.Lys290Ter), which are predicted to be pathogenic based on in silico analysis. Patients with AIP mutations tended to have an earlier onset of acromegaly and harboured larger and more invasive tumours. A previously described genetic variant of unknown significance (c.869C > T, p.Ala299Val) was identified in DNA from the Tampico Giant. The prevalence of AIP mutations in young Mexican patients with acromegaly is similar to that of European cohorts. Our results support the need for genetic evaluation of patients with early onset acromegaly.

Consenso médico de biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina de tiroides. reporte de citología tiroidea basado en el sistema de bethesda / Medical consensus of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid. bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology

En este artículo se presenta un consenso médico basado en el sistema de Bethesda del Instituto Nacionalde Cáncer (Estados Unidos) para el uso de la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina en el manejo de nódulos tiroideos, realizado en conjunto con patólogos, radiólogos, endocrinólogos y otras especialidades médicas de Colombia, España, Chile, Venezuela, Estados Unidos y Panamá. En este trabajo se describen las indicaciones de la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina de tiroides, requisitos previos, entrenamiento, acreditación, técnicas, terminología diagnóstica, pruebas complementarias y opciones de tratamiento. El objetivo del actual artículo es presentar ante la comunidad médica la clasificación de los reportes citológicos, el reporte de ecografía que propone usar el sistema de datos y el reporte de imágenes tiroideas (TIRADS, del inglés The Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System), el uso de la medición de tiroglobulina en biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina y técnicas de citología líquida;...

This article presents a medical consensus based on the Bethesda system of the National Cancer Institute (USA) for the use of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules. This consensus was performed in conjunction with pathologists, radiologists, endocrinologists, and other medical specialties of Colombia, Spain, Chile, Venezuela, United States, and Panama. In this work was described the indications for fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid, prerequisites, training, accreditation, techniques, diagnostic terminology, additional tests and treatment options. The aim of this article is present to the medical community the classification of cytological report, ultrasound report using the data system, and the thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS); as well as, the use of thyroglobulin measurement in fine needle aspiration biopsy, and liquid-based cytology techniques...

Mucocele nasofacial: una presentación inusual de un quiste común nasofacial / Mucocele: an unusual presentation of a common cyst

Objetivo: reportamos un caso raro de mucocele nasofacial, correspondiente a una presentación primaria en una anciana con historia de carcinoma de cabeza y cuello, el cual fue tratado con radioterapia. Reporte de caso: mujer de 90 años de edad, que presenta masa subcutánea indolora en vestíbulo nasal y ángulo nasofacial, de crecimiento progresivo lento, de diez años de evolución. La CT muestra una masa en el vestíbulo nasal, con extensión facial. Tratamiento: la escisión quirúrgica de la masa confi rmó el diagnóstico. Luego de un año no hay recurrencia del mucocele. Conclusión: los mucoceles en el vestíbulo nasal son extremadamente raros, pero pueden presentarse en pacientes con antecedentes de radioterapia. Una masa nasofacial de tejido blando subcutánea puede ser signo positivo de un mucocele nasal. El caso es discutido, por lo cual se revisa la literatura pertinente.

Objective: To report a rare case of nasofacial mucocele which was the initial presentation of a head and neck carcinoma occurring in old woman who had been treated with radiotherapy. Case Report: A 90 year-old woman presented to the outpatient clinic with a painless slowly progressive subcutaneous swelling that had been growing over the previous 10 years and located in the nasal vestibule and the nasofacial angle. CT showed a mass in the nasal vestibule with facial extension. Treatment: Surgical excision of the mass was performed and histopathological examination confi rmed the diagnosis. At one year follow up, there was no recurrence.

Paracordoma recidivante en la mano de un niño. Comunicación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Recurring parachordoma in the hand of a child. A case report and review of the literature

El paracordoma es una neoplasia infrecuente de partes blandas que forma parte del espectro tumor mixto/mioepitelioma. Descrito en la década de 1950, se han comunicado 64 casos, 10 de los cuales corresponden a niños. El rango etario es amplio, con una media en la cuarta década. El paracordoma es morfológicamente similar al cordoma, pero su localización es extraaxial, preferentemente en la porción proximal de las extremidades, y posee un patrón inmunohistoquímico característico. Esta neoplasia es de crecimiento lento y localmente agresivo, pero se han informado casos con metástasis. Se presenta un niño de 8 años con un paracordoma de un año de evolución en la mano izquierda, que recidivó a los 6 meses de la cirugía inicial(AU)

Parachordoma is an unusual soft tissue tumour, falling within the mixed tumor/myoepithelioma spectrum. Only 64 cases have been reported since it was first described in 1950; of these 10 occurred in children. The overall age range is broad but the majority of patients are between 40 and 50 years old. Morphologically it is similar to chordoma but with an extraaxial location, occurring most frequently in the proximal limbs. Furthermore, it shows a different pattern with immunostaining. It is a slow growing tumour with local invasion, although metastases have been reported. We present a case of parachordoma in an 8 year old boy who presented with a slow growing mass in his left hand which recurred 6 months post-operatively(AU)

Focal conduction block in a case of tarsal tunnel syndrome.

We report a case of tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS) with focal conduction block across the tarsal tunnel (TT). A 46-year-old woman had pain in the left foot, sensory loss on the plantar surface, and positive Tinel sign over the TT. TTS was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan and surgery. Motor nerve conduction studies showed focal conduction block across the TT. Conduction block has rarely been reported in TTS. In this case, conduction block provides evidence for focal demyelination as the primary pathological process in TTS.

Prophylactic central neck dissection in stage N0 papillary thyroid carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the disease-free survival results of prophylactic central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma preoperatively staged as N0. DESIGN: Inception cohort. SETTING: Head and neck surgery unit at a national oncologic center. PATIENTS: Patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of stage N0 papillary thyroid cancer but no previous oncologic treatment, no recurrent tumor, and no distant metastasis. INTERVENTION: Central neck dissection intended as curative treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Disease-free survival. Demographic, clinical, therapeutic, pathologic, and neck recurrence information was also collected. RESULTS: A total of 266 patients were included. Mean (SD) follow-up time was 6.9 (4.3) years. Ninety percent of patients had a follow-up longer than 2 years. Prophylactic central neck dissection was performed in 136 patients (51.3%). Of those patients who underwent central neck dissection, 112 had metastatic lymph nodes (82.3%). Neck recurrence occurred in 45 patients (16.9%). Overall, 5-year neck disease-free survival was 86.8%; it was 88.2% in the central neck dissection group vs 85.6% in the group that did not undergo central neck dissection (P = .72). In the multivariate analysis, factors related to central neck dissection were macroscopic extrathyroidal extension (odds ratio [OR], 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-3.79) and multifocality (OR, 3.96; 95% CI, 2.08-7.53). In Cox multivariate analysis for disease-free survival, central neck dissection did not show any significant effect. CONCLUSION: Prophylactic central neck dissection did not show any advantage in the rate of neck recurrence in patients with N0 clinical stage disease.

Costo del capital en el sector pesquero-acuícola Chileno / The cost of capital for the fisheries-aquacultural sector in Chile / Custo do capital no sector pesqueiro-aquícola Chileno

En el presente estudio se estima una tasa de costo promedio ponderado de capital (WACC) para el sector pesquero-acuícola chileno, un parámetro esencial para la toma de decisiones de inversión en dicho sector. Para ello se estima la estructura de capital promedio de un grupo de empresas representativas del sector, su costo de deuda promedio y el costo del patrimonio. Para la estimación de este último parámetro, en años recientes han surgido diversos enfoques para corregir los problemas relacionados con la baja integración de las economías emergentes a la economía global. En este estudio se estiman comparativamente tres enfoques: el CAPM local, CAPM global y el método de corrección de Godfrey y Espinoza (1996). Los resultados confirman que ese procedimiento arroja estimaciones mucho más plausibles para el costo del patrimonio, implicando una tasa WACC para el sector pesquero-acuícola chileno de 19,6% nominal anual.

In this study the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is estimated for the Chilean fisheries-aquacultural sector, which is an essential tool for investors’ decision making. For this purpose a group of companies that are representative of the sector is considered. For them, both the cost of each source of capital (debt and equity) and the capital structure (financial leverage) were estimated. With respect to the cost of equity capital, in recent years diverse approaches have been put forth to correct the bias resulting from the low integration of emergent economies to the global economy. In this study three approaches are compared: the local CAPM, global CAPM and a less traditional correction method proposed by Godfrey and Espinoza (1996). The results confirm that the latter procedure produces estimations of the cost of equity that are much more realistic than those obtained with the other two. Using this method we estimated the annual WACC for the sector in the study to be 19.6%.

No presente estudo estima-se uma taxa no custo médio ponderado de capital (WACC) para o sector pesqueiro-aquícola chileno, um parâmetro essencial para a tomada de decisões sobre investimento neste setor. Para isto é realizada uma estimativa da estrutura de capital médio de um grupo de empresas representativas do setor, seu custo de dívida médio e o custo do patrimônio. Para a apuração de este último parâmetro, em anos recentes têm surgido diversos pontos de vista para corrigir os problemas relacionados com a baixa integração das economias emergentes à economia global. Neste estudo são considerados comparativamente três pontos de vista: o CAPM local, CAPM global e o método de correção de Godfrey e Espinoza (1996). Os resultados confirmam que esse procedimento mostra apurações muito mais plausíveis para o custo do patrimônio, implicando uma taxa WACC para o sector pesqueiro-aquícola chileno de 19,6% nominal anual.

Guía clínica para el diagnóstico y cuidado de niños/adolescentes con bronquiolitis obliterante post-infecciosa, 2009 / Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and care of children and adolescents with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans, 2009

La bronquiolitis obliterante (BO) es un síndrome clínico poco frecuente en niños, caracterizado por la obstrucción crónica al flujo de aire asociado a cambios inflamatorios y distintos grados de fibrosis en la vía aérea pequeña. Si bien existen muchas etiologías, la causa mas frecuente se asocia a infeccionesrespiratorias virales, principalmente adenovirus. No existe un consenso para establecer su diagnóstico; sin embargo, se considera un espectro de síntomas persistentes asociados a un patrón en mosaico, bronquiectasias y atelectasias persistentes. El rol de la biopsia pulmonar ha sido cuestionado por subajo rendimiento, invasividad y complicaciones. No existe un tratamiento específico por lo que elmanejo es soporte. Probablemente la mejor estrategia constituya el empleo de antibióticos en forma agresiva, soporte kinésico y nutricional constante y una precoz rehabilitación pulmonar. Estas guías clínicas representan un esfuerzo multidisciplinario, basado en evidencias actuales para brindarherramientas prácticas para el diagnóstico y cuidado de niños y adolescentes con BO post infecciosa.

Hernia inguinal en pediatría y exploración quirúrgica contralateral: consideraciones preliminares para una antigua controversia / Inguinal hernia in children and contralateral exploration: considerations for an ancient controversy

Hasta hace unos años se recomendaba la intervención bilateral de toodos los niños con hernia inguinal unilateral. Sin embargo, se debe reconocer que la cirugía de un conducto sano, no está exente de riesgos y actualmente los estudios parecen demostrar que es necesario evaluar cada paciente en forma individual y considerar la opinión de los padres debidamente informados.

Carcinoma papilar de tiroides en niños y adolescentes: relación de las características patológicas con la recurrencia / Thyroid papillary carcinoma in children and adolescents: relationship of pathological characteristics with recurrence

Introducción. El carcinoma papilar en jóvenes tiene un mejor pronóstico que en adultos, a pesar de que se presenta en etapas más avanzadas, tiene un mayor número de recurrencias regionales y su tratamiento puede llevar a un mayor número de complicaciones. Se ha demostrado que el tamaño, la variedad histológica, la presencia de invasión capsular, peritiroidea y vascular, la multifocalidad y la presencia de ganglios comprometidos en el momento del diagnóstico, son factores pronósticos. Se analiza la relación de los factores de riesgo patológicos clásicos con la presencia de metástasis ganglionares cervicales en el momento del diagnóstico y la recurrencia local, regional y sistémica.Materiales y métodos. Se diagnosticaron y trataron 35 niños y adolescentes menores de 21 años con carcinoma papilar de tiroides entre febrero de 1985 y diciembre de 2004, en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología de Colombia. Se hizo un análisis univariado y multivariado de las variables histopatológicas clásicas, la recurrencia y la supervivencia global.Resultados. La distribución por estadios clínicos fue: 23 pacientes en I (65,8 porciento), 6 pacientes en II (17,1 porciento) y 6 pacientes en III (17,1 porciento). Se encontró compromiso ganglionar en 22 (62,9 porciento). En 5 (14,3 porciento) pacientes hubo compromiso multifocal del tumor, 11 (31,4 porciento) tuvieron invasión a la cápsula, 2 (5,71 porciento) tuvieron invasión vascular y 9 (25,7 porciento) presentaron compromiso peritiroideo microscópico. En 10 sujetos (28,6 porciento) se presentó recurrencia durante el seguimiento. El único factor que mostró relación estadísticamente significativa con la recurrencia fue la invasión vascular. Discusión. La invasión vascular demostró ser un factor pronóstico importante en el análisis univariado y multivariado respecto a la recurrencia.

Complicaciones y recurrencia en el tratamiento del carcinoma papilar de tiroides. Experiencia del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología / Complications and recurrence following surgical treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Experience at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología

Introducción. El carcinoma de tiroides es el tumor de cabeza y cuello más frecuente. El tratamiento del carcinoma de tiroides es eminentemente quirúrgico. Para el caso particular de los pacientes con cáncer de tiroides, una de las principales consecuencias que afectan el paciente y su entorno son las complicaciones quirúrgicas y la recurrencia, ya que la supervivencia es prolongada y ya se ha demostrado el poco impacto de cualquier intervención sobre la mortalidad específica. Decidimos realizar un estudio descriptivo enfocado en las complicaciones perioperatorias y la recurrencia, además de la búsqueda de factores que pudieran explicar resultados diferentes a los publicados en la literatura...

Rol de la ultrasonografía en el diagnóstico y manejo de la hernia inguinal en pacientes pediátricos / Role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management in pediatric patients with inguinal hernia

La ultrasonografía (US) puede jugar un rol importante, tanto en la confirmación diagnóstica de hernia inguinal como en la detección preoperatoria de hernia inguinal contralateral.

Cas IIgly induces apoptosis in glioma C6 cells in vitro and in vivo through caspase-dependent and caspase-independent mechanisms.

In this work, we investigated the effects of Casiopeina II-gly (Cas IIgly)--a new copper compound exhibiting antineoplastic activity--on glioma C6 cells under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, as an approach to identify potential therapeutic agents against malignant glioma. The exposure of C6 cells to Cas IIgly significantly inhibited cell proliferation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In cultured C6 cells, Cas IIgly caused mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of apoptosis induction factor (AIF) and endonuclease G at all concentrations tested; in contrast, fragmentation of nucleosomal DNA, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation were observed at high concentrations. Administration of N-acetyl-L-cystein, an antioxidant, resulted in significant inhibition of AIF translocation, nucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and caspase-3 activation induced by Cas IIgly. These results suggest that caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways both participate in apoptotic events elicited by Cas IIgly. ROS formation induced by Cas IIgly might also be involved in the mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of AIF and apoptosis. In addition, treatment of glioma C6-positive rats with Cas IIgly reduced tumor volume and mitotic and cell proliferation indexes, and increased apoptotic index. Our findings support the use of Cas IIgly for the treatment of malignant gliomas.