Effect of the parental origin of the X-chromosome on the clinical features, associated complications, the two-year-response to growth hormone (rhGH) and the biochemical profile in patients with turner syndrome.

BACKGROUND: It is possible that genes on the X chromosome are expressed differently depending of its parental origin. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the parental origin of the X-chromosome on phenotypic variability, response to rhGH and on the biochemical profile of TS patients. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional multicenter correlational study carried out over three years in six Latin-American university hospitals. Unrelated 45,X TS patients (n = 93; 18.3 ± 8.5 years )) were evaluated. A subgroup (n = 34) of the patients were prospectively treated with rhGH over two years. DNA profiles of patients and their mothers were compared to determine the parental origin of the retained X-chromosome through 10 polymorphic X-chromosome-STRs. The association with clinical features, biochemical profiles and anthropometric data at the beginning and after two years of rhGH treatment was determined. RESULTS: Seventy two percent of patients retained the maternal X chromosome (Xm). A trend towards significance between maternal height and patients final height (p ≤ 0.07) in 45,Xm subjects was observed. There was no correlation between paternal height and patient height. No differences were detected between both groups in regard to dysmorphic features, classical malformations or increase in the height-SDS after rhGH. There were higher levels of triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol in patients >20 years who retained the Xm. CONCLUSIONS: The parental origin of the retained X chromosome may influence lipid metabolism in TS patients, but its effect on growth seems to be minimal. No parental-origin-effect on the phenotypic features, associated anomalies and on the growth response to rhGH was found in 45,X TS individuals.

New genetic associations in thiopurine-related bone marrow toxicity among inflammatory bowel disease patients.

BACKGROUND: The toxicity related to thiopurine drug therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) varies widely among patients. Almost 15-30% of patients with IBD develop side effects during treatment, often bone marrow suppression. Several factors have been implicated in determining this toxicity, mainly individual genetic variation related to formation of active thiopurine metabolites. The aim was to identify genes involved in thiopurine-related myelosuppression. MATERIALS & METHODS: A two-stage investigation of 19,217 coding SNPs (cSNPs) was performed in a Spanish (Inflammatory Bowel Disease Group of Galicia [EIGA]) cohort of 173 IBD patients, 15 with bone marrow suppression. The top 20 cSNPs identified in the first stage with p < 10(-3) for allelic test association and SNPs that define the common TPMT alleles were replicated in a different Spanish (ENEIDA) cohort (87 patients, 29 with bone marrow suppression). RESULTS: Several cSNPs showed a significant p-value in the allelic joint analysis (p-Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test ≤2.55 × 10(-3)) despite no cSNP passing correction for multiple testing in the first cohort. Of note is rs3729961 in the gene IL6ST, a transducer signal chain shared by many cytokines including IL6 (p-value combined = 2.36 × 10(-4), odds ratio [95% CI]: 3.41 [1.71-6.78]). In addition, we detected association with rs3749598 in the FSTL5 gene that appears to interact with metalloproteases at the extracellular matrix level (p-value combined = 4.89 × 10(-4)), odds ratio (95% CI): 3.67 (1.68-8.01). CONCLUSION: We have identified IL6ST and FSLT5 as new bone marrow suppression susceptibility candidate genes after thiopurine treatment in IBD patients. This is the first report of variants associated with thiopurine-related myelosuppression that was identified by a genome-wide association study. Its validation awaits functional analyses and replication in additional studies. Original submitted 14 September 2012; Revision submitted 13 February 2013.

Development of a panel of genome-wide ancestry informative markers to study admixture throughout the Americas.

Most individuals throughout the Americas are admixed descendants of Native American, European, and African ancestors. Complex historical factors have resulted in varying proportions of ancestral contributions between individuals within and among ethnic groups. We developed a panel of 446 ancestry informative markers (AIMs) optimized to estimate ancestral proportions in individuals and populations throughout Latin America. We used genome-wide data from 953 individuals from diverse African, European, and Native American populations to select AIMs optimized for each of the three main continental populations that form the basis of modern Latin American populations. We selected markers on the basis of locus-specific branch length to be informative, well distributed throughout the genome, capable of being genotyped on widely available commercial platforms, and applicable throughout the Americas by minimizing within-continent heterogeneity. We then validated the panel in samples from four admixed populations by comparing ancestry estimates based on the AIMs panel to estimates based on genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. The panel provided balanced discriminatory power among the three ancestral populations and accurate estimates of individual ancestry proportions (R² > 0.9 for ancestral components with significant between-subject variance). Finally, we genotyped samples from 18 populations from Latin America using the AIMs panel and estimated variability in ancestry within and between these populations. This panel and its reference genotype information will be useful resources to explore population history of admixture in Latin America and to correct for the potential effects of population stratification in admixed samples in the region.

Polimorfismos intragénicos de los genes de los factores VIII y IX y su utilidad en el diagnóstico indirecto de portadoras de hemofilias A y B / Intragenic polymorphisms of factor VIII and IX genes and their utility in the indirect diagnosis of carriers of haemophilias A and B

Las Hemofilias A y B se consideran enfermedades hereditarias ligadas al sexo debidas a mutaciones en los genes que codifican para los factores VIII y IX respectivamente, ocasionando deficiencia en los niveles de la concentración plasmática de estas proteínas y cuyos roles son los de participar activamente en el mecanismo de la coagulación sanguínea. Se han reportado diversas mutaciones responsables de la alteración de estos genes; razón por la cual resulta poco práctico la aplicación de un método de diagnóstico molecular directo para la identificación de mujeres portadoras, por ello, una estrategia diagnóstica apropiada es el análisis indirecto de polimorfismos ligados al gen. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar mujeres portadoras en diversas familias con antecedentes de HA y HB residentes del estado Zulia, en Venezuela, caracterizando polimorfismos intragénicos de los genes del factor VIII y factor IX, los cuales permitieron asignar haplotipos y diagnosticar o descartar el estado portador al 95 por ciento de las mujeres que requerían el estudio para HA y al 100 por ciento para HB.

Haemophilia A and B are considered sex-linked inherited diseases caused by mutations in genes that encode factors VIII and IX, respectively. This results in the deficiency of these proteins plasma levels which are actively involved in the mechanism of blood coagulation. It has been reported that several mutations are responsible for the alteration of these genes, which is why the application of a molecular diagnostic method for the direct identification of female carriers is impractical. An appropriate diagnostic strategy is the indirect analysis of polymorphisms linked to the gene. The aim of this study was to identify female carriers in different families with history of HA and HB that live in Zulia State, Venezuela, characterizing intragenic gene polymorphisms of the clotting factors VIII and IX, which helped to identify and assign haplotypes, to diagnose or to exclude the carrying condition, to 95 percent of women who were needing the study for HA and to 100 percent for HB.

[Intragenic polymorphisms of factor VIII and IX genes and their utility in the indirect diagnosis of carriers of Haemophilias A and B]. / Polimorfismos intragénicos de los genes de los factores VIII y IX y su utilidad en el diagnóstico indirecto de portadoras de Hemofilias A y B.

Haemophilia A and B are considered sex-linked inherited diseases caused by mutations in genes that encode factors VIII and IX, respectively. This results in the deficiency of these proteins plasma levels which are actively involved in the mechanism of blood coagulation. It has been reported that several mutations are responsible for the alteration of these genes, which is why the application of a molecular diagnostic method for the direct identification of female carriers is impractical. An appropriate diagnostic strategy is the indirect analysis of polymorphisms linked to the gene. The aim of this study was to identify female carriers in different families with history of HA and HB that live in Zulia State, Venezuela, characterizing intragenic gene polymorphisms of the clotting factors VIII and IX, which helped to identify and assign haplotypes, to diagnose or to exclude the carrying condition, to 95% of women who were needing the study for HA and to 100% for HB.

[G138A polymorphism of the RNASEL gene and its association with the development of prostate cancer. Preliminary study]. / Polimorfismo G1385A del gen RNASEL y su asociación con el desarrollo de cáncer de próstata. Estudio preliminar.

Prostate Cancer (CAP), is a complex disease with a multifactorial origin. It is characterized by heterogenous patterns of growth of neoplasic tissue, varying widely in its progression, age of beginning and therapy response. It is considered as the second most common cause of death by cancer in men and, it has been estimated, that one of five, suffers of CAP through the course of his life. The genetic etiology of neoplasic transformation of normal prostate cells is still not known; nevertheless, investigations in epidemiology have demonstrated a strong genetic component in its development, suggesting so much a pattern of mendelian inheritance as the presence of loci of susceptibility throughout the human genome. It has been described a cromosomic location related to the CAP in locus 1q24-25, denominated HPC1, where the gene RNASEL is located, and the seggregation of its alleles has been associated with the development of CAP in numerous familiar groups. The RNASEL gene codifies for a ribonuclease protein that degrades vi-ral and cellular ARN and takes part in the apoptosis. A decrease of the enzymatic activity up to three times in carriers of the G1385A polymorphism of this gene has been reported, and the same has been associated frequently with the development of CAP. Using a variant of the Polymerase Chain Reaction, Allele specific amplification, this investigation had as objective to determine the association between variant G1385A and CAP, in a sample of 103 masculine individuals with and without CAP, pertaining to the population of Maracaibo, Venezuela. An association between these variants and CAP could not be demonstrated.

[C677T polymorphism of the methylentetrahydrofolate reductase gene as risk factor in women with recurrent abortion]. / Polimorfismo C677T del gen de la Metiltetrahidrofolato Reductasa como factor de riesgo en mujeres con aborto recurrente.

The pathogenesis of recurrent spontaneous abortion is multifactorial, presumably involving the interaction of several genetic and environmental factors. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism has been implicated as risk factor for recurrent spontaneous abortion (RA). The main objective of this research was to investigate the association between the C677T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene as a genetic risk factor for idiopathic RA. Molecular analysis was performed in 80 DNA samples from 30 patients with RA and among 50 healthy control subjects. Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), a 198 bp (bases pairs) fragment, was digested with the restriction enzyme Hinf1, which can recognize the C > T substitution responsible for the polymorphism. 677T MTHFR allele frequencies for group with RA and the control group were 35% and 33%, respectively and 677C MTHFR allele frequencies were 65% and 67%, respectively. There was no significant difference in allele frequency between these two groups. The data presented in this study fail to support the relationship between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and risk in women with RA.

Polimorfismo C677T del gen de la metiltetrahidrofolato reductasa como factor de riesgo en mujeres con aborto recurrente / C677T polymorphism of the methylentetrahydrofolate reductase gene as risk factor in women with recurrent abortion

La patogénesis de los abortos espontáneos recurrentes es multifactorial; probablemente se debe a la interacción de varios factores ambientales y genéticos. El polimorfismo C677T del gen de la metiltetrahidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR), ha sido implicado como factor de riesgo para aborto espontáneo recurrente (AR). El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la asociación del polimorfismo C677T de la MTHFR como factor de riesgo en AR idiopático. Se analizaron 80 muestras de ADN, correspondientes a 30 mujeres con AR y a 50 mujeres controles. A través de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) se amplificó un fragmento de 198 pares de base (pb), el cual se sometió a digestión con la enzima de restricción HinfI, que reconoce el sitio de restricción creado por la transición C>T en la posición 677. La frecuencia alélica de la MTHFR en el grupo de estudio y control fue 35% y 33% respectivamente; para el alelo T y 65% y 67% respectivamente, para el alelo C. No se encontró diferencia significativa entre el alelo T ni el C al ser comparados en ambos grupos. No se demostró un factor predisponente entre el polimorfismo C677T de la MTHFR y el AR en la muestra estudiada.

The pathogenesis of recurrent spontaneous abortion is multifactorial, presumably involving the interaction of several genetic and environmental factors. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism has been implicated as risk factor for recurrent spontaneous abortion (RA). The main objective of this research was to investigate the association between the C677T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene as a genetic risk factor for idiopathic RA. Molecular analysis was performed in 80 DNA samples from 30 patients with RA and among 50 healthy control subjects. Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), a 198 bp (bases pairs) fragment, was digested with the restriction enzyme HinfI, which can recognize the C > T substitution responsible for the polymorphism. 677T MTHFR allele frequencies for group with RA and the control group were 35% and 33%, respectively and 677C MTHFR allele frequencies were 65% and 67%, respectively. There was no significant difference in allele frequency between these two groups. The data presented in this study fail to support the relationship between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and risk in women with RA.

Polimorfismo G1385A del gen RNASEL y su asociación con el desarrollo de cáncer de próstota: estudio preliminar / G138A polymorphism of the RANASEL gene and its association with the development of prostate cancer: preliminary study

El cáncer de Próstata (CAP), es una enfermedad compleja de origen multifactorial. Se caracteriza por patrones heterogéneos de crecimiento de tejido neoplásico, que varían ampliamente en su progresión, edad de aparición y respuesta al tratamiento. Se considera la segunda causa más común de muerte por malignidad en hombres y se estima que uno de cada cinco padece de CAP en el curso de su vida. La etiología genética de la transformación neoplásica de las células prostáticas normales aún es desconocida, sin embargo, investigaciones epidemiológicas han demostrado un fuerte componente genético en su desarrollo, y sugieren tanto un patrón de herencia mendeliana como la presencia de loci de susceptibilidad a lo largo del genoma humano. Se ha descrito una región cromosómica relacionada con el CAP denominada como HPC1, en el locus 1q24-25, donde se ubica el gen RNASEL, y las mutaciones en el mismo, se han asociado con la presencia del CAP en múltiples grupos familiares. EL gen RNASEL codifica para una ribonucleasa que degrada ARN viral y celular y que interviene en la apoptosis. Se ha reportado disminución de la actividad enzimática de hasta tres veces en portadores del polimorfismo G1385A de este gen, y la misma se ha asociado frecuentemente con el desarrollo del CAP. Mediante la utilización de una variante de la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (RCP), una amplificación alelo específica, se estudiaron 103 individuos masculinos con y sin CAP pertenecientes a la población de Maracaibo, Venezuela, evidenciándose ausencia de asociación.

Prostate Cancer (CAP), is a complex disease with a multifactorial origin. It is characterized by heterogenous patterns of growth of neoplasic tissue, varying widely in its progression, age of beginning and therapy response. It is considered as the second most common cause of death by cancer in men and, it has been estimated, that one of five, suffers of CAP through the course of his life. The genetic etiology of neoplasic transformation of normal prostate cells is still not known; nevertheless, investigations in epidemiology have demonstrated a strong genetic component in its development, suggesting so much a pattern of mendelian inheritance as the presence of loci of susceptibility throughout the human genome. It has been described a cromosomic location related to the CAP in locus 1q24-25, denominated HPC1, where the gene RNASEL is located, and the seggregation of its alleles has been associated with the development of CAP in numerous familiar groups. The RNASEL gene codifies for a ribonuclease protein that degrades viral and cellular ARN and takes part in the apoptosis. A decrease of the enzymatic activity up to three times in carriers of the G1385A polymorphism of this gene has been reported, and the same has been associated frequently with the development of CAP. Using a variant of the Polymerase Chain Reaction, Allele specific amplification, this investigation had as objective to determine the association between variant G1385A and CAP, in a sample of 103 masculine individuals with and without CAP, pertaining to the population of Maracaibo, Venezuela, An association between these variants and CAP could not be demonstrated.

[Frequency and clinicopathological associations of K-ras mutations in Venezuelan patients with colo-rectal cancer]. / Frecuencia y asociación clínicopatológico de las mutaciones del oncogen K-ras en pacientes venezolanos con cáncer colorectal.

Mutations in the K-ras oncogene are common in colo-rectal cancer, which affect the biological behaviour and may influence the susceptibility to therapy in these tumors. The objective of this work was to identify the types of K-ras mutations observed in referred patients with colo-rectal cancer and to relate them to their degree of histological differentiation and clinical stage. Histopathological and clinical data were obtained from medical records. DNA was obtained from both, fresh tissue and tumor tissue embedded in paraffin. The K-ras gene was amplified through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplified fragments were digested with restriction enzymes. We found mutations in codons 12 and 13 of the K-ras oncogene in 23.33% of patients. Of these, 28.57% were located at codon 12, 57.14% were at codon 13 and 14.29% at both codons. They were more frequent in tumors located in the left hemicolon and, according to their histological type, were more frequent in well differentiated adenocarcinomas (58.70%) and in mucinous (28.57%). The identified mutations were more frequent in advanced stages (C2) of Dukes' classification. The molecular analysis of the K-ras oncogene made mutations evident, which could be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal tumors. The frequency of mutations found in this work is similar to some of those reported worldwide; however, they differ in the more frequent type of mutation, which, in our study, was located at codon 13 in more than 50% of the cases.

Identificación de especies en productos de origen animal mediante PCR / PCR-species-identication in animal products

La identificación de la especie en productos de origen animal (carne, leche o sus derivados) se hace necesaria y de exigencia por los consumidores modernos, entre otras razones: i) para evitar fraude económico, ya sea por sustitución o adulteración del mismo, ii) por motivos de salud humana, tales como alergias alimentarías, iii) por implicaciones culturales; de allí que se debe contar con herramientas analíticas y sensibles para dicha identificación tales como el análisis de fragmentos de ADN en especial de origen mitocondrial (gen 12S ARNr) dada su particularidad de ser especifica de especies. A tal fin se estableció una metodología de identificación mediante la amplificación de fragmentos específicos de ADN mitocondrial (ADNm) a partir de muestras biológicas de las principales especies animales implicadas en la producción de carnes o alimentos (bovina, porcina, ovina, caprina, equina, asnos, felina y canina), específicamente de una fracción parcial del gen 12sARNr de una región conservada usando unos cebadores comunes para dichas especies, un “reverse” especifico de especie y análisis posterior mediante geles de agarosa al 1,5 por ciento y amplificación de fragmentos que oscilaron entre 150 y 364 pb. Los resultados indican que se puede identificar la especie a la que pertenece la muestra analizada en el 100 por ciento de los casos, ofreciendo una herramienta especifica para determinar la especie en alimentos de origen animal.

Nowadays identification of animal-origin products (meat, milk and dairy products) is of paramount importance to costumers and specially as for species identification for a number of reasons: i) to avoid economic fraud for substitution or alteration of the product ; ii) to avoid health issues such as food allergies; iii) for culturals reasons. There for the value of analytic and sensitive identification tools such as DNA fragments analysis, especially those of mitochondrial origin (12S rRNA gene) because of its species-specific character. An identification methodology through amplification of a species-conserved region of 12S rRNA gene (forward primer) and of a species-specific region of the same gene (reverse primer). Template DNA was extracted from biological samples of bovine, swine, ovine, caprine, equine and canine origin. After 1.5 percent agarose gel electrophoresis, fragments ranging from 150 to 364 bp were observed. Results show that species could be easily identified through PCR in all cases and that this methodology could be a specific tool for determining the origin of animal products.

Frecuencia y asociación línicopatológico de las mutaciones del oncogen K-ras en pacientes venezolanos con cáncer colorectal / Frequency and clinicopathological associations of K-ras mutations in Venezuelan patients with colo-rectal cancer

Las mutaciones en el oncogén K-ras son comunes en cáncer colo-rectal, afectan el comportamiento biológico y podrían influir en la susceptibilidad terapéutica en estos tumores. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los tipos de mutación K-ras observados en pacientes referidos con cáncer colo-rectal y relacionarlos con el grado de diferenciación histológica y con el estadio clínico. Se obtuvo ADN genómico tanto de tejido tumoral incluido en parafina, como de tejido fresco. Se amplificó el gen K-ras a través de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP) y se digirieron los fragmentos amplificados con enzimas de restricción, por último se obtuvieron datos clínicos e histopatológicos de las historias clínicas. Se encontraron mutaciones en los codones 12 y 13 del oncogén K-ras en el 23,33% de los pacientes. De estos 28,57% en el codón 12, en el codón 13 se encontró un 57,14% y 14,29% para ambos codones. Fueron más frecuentes en el hemicolon izquierdo con 78,57% y según la clasificación histológica en los adenocarcinomas bien diferenciados (58,70%) y en los mucinosos (28,57%). Las mutaciones identificadas fueron mas frecuentes en estadios avanzados C2 de la clasificación de Dukes`. El análisis molecular del oncogén K-ras permitió evidenciar mutaciones que sirven como parámetro diagnóstico y pronóstico en los tumores colo-rectales. La frecuencia de mutaciones encontradas en este trabajo es similar a algunas de las reportadas a nivel mundial, sin embargo difieren en el tipo de mutación mas frecuente, que en nuestro medio fue la mutación del codón 13 del gen con más de un 50%.

Mutations in the K-ras oncogene are common in colo-rectal cancer, which affect the biological behaviour and may influence the susceptibility to therapy in these tumors. The objective of this work was to identify the types of K-ras mutations observed in referred patients with colo-rectal cancer and to relate them to their degree of histological differentiation and clinical stage. Histopathological and clinical data were obtained from medical records. DNA was obtained from both, fresh tissue and tumor tissue embedded in paraffin. The K-ras gene was amplified through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplified fragments were digested with restriction enzymes. We found mutations in codons 12 and 13 of the K-ras oncogene in 23.33% of patients. Of these, 28.57% were located at codon 12, 57.14% were at codon 13 and 14.29% at both codons. They were more frequent in tumors located in the left hemicolon and, according to their histological type, were more frequent in well differentiated adenocarcinomas (58.70%) and in mucinous (28.57%). The identified mutations were more frequent in advanced stages (C2) of Dukes’ classification. The molecular analysis of the K-ras oncogene made mutations evident, which could be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal tumors. The frequency of mutations found in this work is similar to some of those reported worldwide; however, they differ in the more frequent type of mutation, which, in our study, was located at codon 13 in more than 50% of the cases.

Distribución de las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas del polimorfismo GHRd3 en pacientes venezolanos con talla baja

Objetivos. La deleción (GHRd3) o inserción (GHRfl) del exón 3 es un polimorfismo común en el gen del receptor de la hormona de crecimiento (GHR) en los seres humanos. La presencia del alelo GHRd3 se ha asociado con el grado de respuesta de terapia con Hormona de Crecimiento Recombinante Humana (rhGH). El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de este polimorfismo en un grupo de 69 niños venezolanos con talla baja que estaban recibiendo rhGH. Métodos. Se extrajo DNA a través de la técnica del método combinado Fenol/Sevag e Inorgánica. Se determinó el genotipo del exón 3 del gen GHR usando tanto PCR- monoplex como PCR-multiplex. Resultados. Entre los pacientes con talla baja la frecuencia genotípica se distribuyó de la siguiente manera: GHRfl/GHRfl (55%) GHRfl/GHRd3 (35%) y GHRd3/GHRd3 (10%) y la frecuencia alélica fue de 0,27 para GHRd3 y 0,73 para GHRfl. Para el grupo testigo la frecuencia genotípica se distribuyo así: GHRfl/GHRfl (56%), GHRfl/ GHRd3 (30%) y GHRd3/GHRd3 (14%) y la frecuencia alélica era de 0,29 para GHRd3 y 0,71 para GHRfl. Las características clínicas basales de los pacientes con talla baja eran similares entre los diferentes genotipos encontrados en el grupo de estudio. Conclusiones. La proporción del genotipo y los alelos del gen GHR fueron similares entre el grupo testigo y los pacientes con talla baja, lo que traduce que la etiología de la talla baja no obedece a este polimorfismo.

Objective. The deletion (GHRd3) or insertion (GHRfl) of exon 3 is a common polymorphism in the receptor growth hormone gene (GHR) in humans. The presence of the allele GHRd3 has been associated with the degree of responsiveness to therapy with recombinant human Growth Hormone (rhGH). The aim of this study was to determine the genotypic and allele frequencies of this polymorphism in a group of 69 Venezuelan children with short stature who were receiving rhGH. Methods. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood lymphocytes using combined method Fenol/SEVAG + Salting out. The GHR-exon 3 was genotyped using both PCR monoplex and multiplex assays. Results. Among patients with short stature, genotype frequency was distributed as follows: GHRfl/GHRfl (55%), GHRfl/GHRd3 (35%) and GHRd3/GHRd3 (10%) and allele frequency for GHRd3 and GHRfl was 0.27 and 0.73, respectively. For the control group, genotype frequency was distributed as follows: GHRfl/GHRfl (56%), GHRfl/GHRd3 (30%) and GHRd3/GHRd3 (14%) and allele frequency for GHRd3 and GHRfl was 0.29 and 0.71, respectively. The baseline clinical features of patients with short stature were similar among different genotypes found in the study group. Conclusions. The proportion of genotype and allele of the GHR gene were similar between the control group and patients with short stature, which translates that the etiology of short stature is not due to this polymorphism.

Diagnóstico molecular in útero de distrofia muscular de Duchenne / In utero molecular diagnostic of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

Identificar el estado de portadora de mujeres gestantes con historia familiar de distrofia muscular tipo Duchenne mediante análisis molecular indirecto y diagnosticar si sus fetos varones estaban afectados o no con esta enfermedad. Se analizaron 9 muestras de DNA correspondientes a 3 gestantes, 2 fetos, 2 cónyuges, 1 varón afectado y 1 varón sano. A través de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, se amplificaron secuencias de los polimorfismos de repeticiones cortas en tandem (STRs)de los intrones 44, 45, 49, 50, y 3 ´DYS del gen de la distrofina; Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad del Zulia (UGM-LUZ). Se pudieron elaborar los haplotipos respectivos en las personas clave de la familia afectada, que permitieron identificar en las 3 gestantes al cromosoma X portador de la mutación responsable de esta enfermedad, logrando diagnosticar 1 feto varón afectado con distrofia muscular tipo Duchenne y 1 feto femenino no portadora. Las nuevas técnicas diagnósticas a nivel molecular en gestantes con enfermedades hereditarias permiten el diagnóstico in útero de enfermedades.

[Indirect prenatal molecular diagnostic of haemophilia A and B]. / Diagnóstico prenatal molecular indirecto de Hemofilia A y B.

Haemophilia A (HA) and B (HB) are the most common inherited bleeding diseases. HA and HB are X-linked recessive disorders caused by mutation in the factor VIII gene which maps to Xq28 and factor IX located at Xq27, respectively; resulting in absence or deficiency of these proteins. Several mutations have been reported as responsible for the disturbance of these genes; therefore, the use of direct molecular techniques to analyze the carrier status of women and their affected fetuses in not easy to perform. Thus, gene linked polymorphisms analysis is the most convenient molecular test since it is independent from the nature of the mutation, allowing the identification of the mutant X chromosome by following its segregation along the pedigree. The main objective of this research was to perform the molecular diagnosis of HA or HB carrier status in pregnant women and male fetuses affected or not, who were referred to the Medical Genetic Unit of the University of Zulia (UGM-LUZ), Maracaibo, Venezuela. Molecular analysis for HA and HB was performed in 32 DNA samples from 8 pregnant women, 8 fetuses, 8 affected and 8 healthy males. Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), a 142 bp (bases pairs) fragment, which corresponds to intron 18 of the Factor VIII gene, was amplified. This fragment has a restriction polymorphism for the enzyme Bcl I. Additionally, a Duplex PCR was performed for the STRs (short tandem repeat) of introns 13 and 22 of the same gene. On the other hand, Hinf I, Xmn I y Taq I polymorphism in the factor IX gene were also amplified, so, we were able to build the haplotypes for each one of the key members in the families affected. The latter, allowed us to identify, in five of the eight cases, the mutant X chromosome responsible of HA and HB, thus, prenatal diagnosis was possible with the following results: three healthy males fetuses, two affected males fetuses with HA and three females fetuses.

Diagnóstico prenatal molecular indirecto de hemofilia A y B / Indirect prenatal molecular diagnostic of haemophilia A and B

La hemofilia A (HA) y B (HB), son enfermedades hereditarias de la coagulación sanguínea, su mecanismo de transmisión es recesivo ligado al cromosoma X y son debidas a mutaciones en los genes que codifican respectivamente para el factor VIII, localizado en Xq28 y para el factor IX, localizado en Xq27; esto ocasiona deficiencia o ausencia de estas proteínas en el plasma. Múltiples mutaciones son responsables de la alteración en estos dos genes, razón por la cual resulta poco práctica la aplicación de un método de diagnóstico molecular directo en la identificación de mujeres portadoras y de fetos afectados; por ello, la estrategia diagnóstica adecuada es el empleo de polimorfismos ligados al gen, los cuales son independientes de la mutación y su análisis permite seguirle la pista al cromosoma X portador de la mutación, apoyándose en el estudio del árbol genealógico familiar. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar desde el punto de vista molecular, gestantes portadoras de HA o HB y fetos varones afectados o no por estas enfermedades, referidos a la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad del Zulia (UGM-LUZ), Maracaibo, Venezuela. Se analizaron 32 muestras de DNA correspondientes a 8 gestantes, 8 fetos, 8 varones afectados y 8 varones sanos para el factor VIII. A través de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), se amplificó un fragmento de 142 pares de bases (pb) que corresponde al intrón 18 del gen, el cual contiene un polimorfismo de restricción para la enzima BclI y a través de PCR duplex se amplificaron secuencias STRs de los intrones 13 y 22, y para el factor IX, se amplificaron los polimorfismos HinfI, XmnI y TaqI; se pudieron elaborar los haplotipos respectivos en las personas clave de las familias afectadas, que permitieron identificar en 5 de las 8 familias al cromosoma X portador de la mutación responsable de estas enfermedades, logrando diagnosticar tres fetos varones sanos, dos fetos varones afectados con HA y tres fetos hembras.

[Association of the vitamin D receptor gene BBAAtt haplotype with osteoporosis in post-menopausic women]. / Asociación del haplotipo BBAAtt del gen del receptor de la vitamina D con la osteoporosis en mujeres posmenopáusicas.

Osteoporosis (OP) is an important public issue affecting more than 150 millions all over the world, mainly post-menopausic women. Epidemiological studies have shown that the genetic factors could be involved in 80-90% of the bone mineral density variabiblity and therefore, related to the risk of OP manifestations. The vitamin D receptor (VRD) gene has been extensively studied, but its relationship with OP has been controversial. The aim of this investigation was to study the association of Bsm I, Apa I and Taq I VDR gene polymorphism with OP in 147 post-menopausic women; 71 with OP and 76 without the disease (control). The molecular gene analysis was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genotypes BB, AA, and tt were found in 56.33, 50.70 and 25.35% and in 21.05, 28.95 and 10.53% of OP patients and controls respectively. The haplotype BBAAtt was observed in 23.94% of OP patients and 5.26% of the controls. This haplotype was a risk factor for OP, since a odds ratio (OR) of 5.66 was found, while, haplotype BbaaTT was a protection factor (OR: 0.10). These findings support the association of the vitamin D receptor gene BBAAtt haplotype with OP.

Asociación del haplotipo BBAAtt del gen del receptor de la vitamina D con la osteoporosis en mujeres posmenopáusicas / Association of the vitamin D receptor gene BBAAtt haplotype with osteoporosis in post-menopausic women

La Osteoporosis (OP) es un problema de salud pública, que afecta a más de 150 millones de personas en el mundo, mayoritariamente mujeres posmenopáusicas. Estudios epidemiológicos demuestran que los factores genéticos podrían representar el 80-90 por ciento de la variabilidad en la densidad mineral ósea y en consecuencia relacionarse con el riesgo a sufrir OP. El gen del receptor de la vitamina D (RVD) se ha estudiado ampliamente en este campo y su relación con la osteoporosis ha sido controversial. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar la asociación de los polimorfismos Bsm I, Apa I y Taq I del gen del RVD con la OP en 147 mujeres posmenopáusicas, 71 con OP y 76 sin la enfermedad (control). El análisis molecular se realizó utilizando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP). Los genotipos BB, AA y tt se encontraron en 56,33, 50,70 y 25,35 por ciento y en 21,05, 28,95 y 10,53 por ciento, en el grupo con OP y control, respectivamente. El haplotipo BBAAtt se observó en un 23,94 por ciento en el grupo con OP y en 5,26 por ciento en el grupo control. Este haplotipo resultó ser factor de riesgo para la OP con Razón de disparidad (RD) de 5,66, mientras que el haplotipo BbaaTT, factor de protección (RD: 0,10). Estos hallazgos apoyan la asociación del haplotipo BBAAtt del gen del receptor de la vitamina D con la OP.

Usefulness of 12 Y-STRs for forensic genetics evaluation in two populations from Venezuela.

The distribution of allele frequencies and haplotypes for 12 STRs loci, (DYS19, DYS389I/II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a/b, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439) on the Y-chromosome from two Venezuelan populations were determined in 173 DNA samples of unrelated males living in Caracas (62) and Maracaibo (111). Some parameters of forensic importance were calculated. AMOVA and genetic distances between these populations were estimated. The results confirmed Y-STR genotypes as useful markers for forensic genetics analysis.

[Molecular analysis of the GABRB3 gene in autistic patients: an exploratory study]. / Análisis molecular del gen GABRB3 en pacientes con autismo: estudio exploratorio.

Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairment of social interaction, language, communication, and stereotyped, repetitive behavior. Genetic predisposition to Autism has been demonstrated in families and twin studies. There is evidence (linkage and genetic association, biochemical, neuropathological, functional and cytogenetic) that the gamma-amino-butyric acid receptor beta 3 subunit gene (GABRB3) at 15q11-q13 is a susceptibility candidate gene for Autism. The aim of this exploratory study was to identify new variants of this gene. We performed the molecular analysis (SSCP/Sequencing) of 10 exons and its intronic flanking regions of GABRB3, using a candidate gene screening approach in 18 idiopathic autistic patients. We did not find non-synonymous mutations at the encoding regions, but we identified four SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism). The first one, represented a silent mutation p.P25P in exon la and was found in 33.33% of the patients. The second one: IVS3 + 13C > T (5b far from the intron 5' consensus sequence), was found in 44.44% of the patients, while it was also identified in 16.67% of the controls. Simultaneously, 33.33% of the patients had both variants, and although, 16.67% of the controls also had the same combination of variants, 66.66% of the patients with those alleles had a familiar history of Autism. The third and fourth SNP: IVS5 + 40T > G and IVS-70A > G were identified in two different patients. None of the last three SNPs have been reported at the SNP database (dbSNP). The proximity of SNP: IVS3 + 13C > T with the consensus and interaction sequence with U1 nucleoriboprotein, could disturb the normal splicing of mRNA. This is in agreement with the evidence of lower levels of GABA-A receptors in autistic brains; so, it could be a common variant, that by itself could not cause a phenotypic effect, but joined to other variants with the same gene, in different related genes or with epigenetic changes, could explain the autistic phenotype and its heterogeneity.