Adjuvant activity of multimolecular complexes based on Glycyrrhiza glabra saponins, lipids, and influenza virus glycoproteins.

Numerous studies have shown that immunostimulatory complexes containing Quil-A saponin and various antigens are effective in stimulating the immune response and can be used as vaccine preparations for animals and humans. However, Quil-A saponin possesses toxicity and haemolytic activity. In the present work, a saponin-containing preparation named "Glabilox" was isolated from the roots of a Glycyrrhiza glabra L. plant by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that Glabilox has no toxicity or haemolytic activity and can form stable immunostimulatory complexes. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with an immunostimulating complex containing Glabilox and H7N1 influenza virus antigens stimulated high levels of humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccination of chickens with the same immunostimulating complex protected 100% of the animals after experimental infection with a homologous virus. Comparative studies showed that the immunogenic and protective activity of immunostimulatory complexes containing Quil-A and immunostimulatory complexes containing Glabilox are comparable to each other. The results of these studies indicated that Glycyrrhiza glabra saponins show great promise as safe and effective adjuvants.

Adjuvant activity of saponins from Kazakhstani plants on the immune responses to subunit influenza vaccine.

In recent years, there have been a number of reports on the successful use of immunostimulatory complexes with saponins and viral glycoproteins as veterinary vaccines and in clinical trials for human medicine. The saponins Algiox, Sapanox and Pangisan were isolated and purified by HPLC from Allochrusa gypsophiloides, Saponaria officinalis and Gypsophila paniculata plants in Kazakhstan and they proved to have low toxicity in experiments with mice, chickens and chicken embryos. Algiox, Sapanox and Pangisan can be used to create immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) similar to saponin-Quil-A-containing ISCOMs both in structure and in immunostimulatory efficiency. The adjuvant effect of the obtained saponins was studied by subcutaneous injection of mice with ISCOMs containing these herbal saponins and lipids and glycoproteins of H7N1 influenza virus. Sapanox, Pangisan and Algiox from Kazakhstani plants of the family Caryophyllaceae could be considered an additional source of highly effective adjuvants not only for veterinary vaccines but also for human medicine.

[USING INTERFERON INDUCTORS IN THERAPY OF PRE-SCHOOL-AGE PATIENTS WITH REACTIVATED EPSTEIN - BARR VIRUS INFECTION.]

The efficacy of including interferon inductor - meglumine acridone acetate (cycloferon) - into a complex therapy of pre-school-age patients with reactivated Epstein - Barr virus infection in the form of mononucleosis has been assessed. It is established that the use of cycloferon leads to regression of the main clinical-hematological symptoms of disorder during the progression period (with a decrease in the clinical treatment period on the average by 4.39 bed days) and favors smoother course of the restoration period. The maximum effect was achieved using prolonged cycloferon treatment schedule, which led to more pronounced relief of residual phenomena, decreased recurrence frequency, and number of acute respiratory complications as comparted to a short-term treatment and control groups.

[Molecular genetic characteristics of the newcastle disease virus velogenic strains isolated in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Kirghizia].

The F gene fragment of 79 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains isolated from domestic and synanthropic birds in Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Ukraine, and Russia in 1993 to 2007 was comparatively analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis of test isolates and reference NDV strains obtained from the GenBank was carried out by polymerase chain reaction with subsequent sequencing and comparative analysis of 154-bp nucleotide sequences in the main functional region of the F gene. All newly characterized isolates belong to three NDV genotype VII subgroups: VIIa, VIIb, VIId. The results show it necessary to monitor of NDV strains isolated in the CIS countries since the spread of NDV among migratory and synanthropic birds (pigeons, crows, and jackdaws) poses a serious threat to commercial poultry industry.

[Erythrocytic membrane permeability in tonsillar pathology].

The spectrum method is applied to the study of erythrocytic membrane permeability of water muddiness. A hundred forty patients aged 9-16 and 17-31 years who had quinsy were examined. Before treatment, the changes in the physical and chemical parameters of erythrocytes were identical in the patients with quinsy in both age groups and accompanied by the increased water contents in erythrocytes and their decreased concentration of dry matter. During and after treatment, all parameters of the physical and chemical properties of red blood cells were higher in 17-31-year-old patients than those in 9-16-year olds. The technique for estimating cell dispersion suspensions, which is based on the modern colloidal optics theory, is a reliable one for studying the permeability of cells in the body.

[Effects of single and chronic low-intensity irradiation in small doses on K+ transport in brain slices]. / Deistvie odnokratnogo i khronicheskogo oblucheniia v malykh dozakh na transport K+ v srezakh mozga.

Single and/or chronic X-ray low-intensity irradiation in doses from 0.01 up to 0.5 Gy invokes non-linear, oscillatory changes of K+ content in a native tissue of rat brain, and also of Na,K-pump activity in slices of rat brain cortex, incubated in vitro. It is found out that effects of separately taken equal doses of single and chronic exposure are of unequal means or of diverse directions. Thus the single irradiation is characterized by the lower degree of postradiation recovery processes.

[The hemostatic system function of patients with severe forms of diphtheria]. / Sostoianie sistemy gemostaza u bol'nykh s tiazhelymi formami difterii.

Hemostasis of 100 patients with severe diphtheria infection was studied throughout the disease. The patients were found to have marked procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic disorders. Antithrombogenic activity of the vascular wall was also abnormal. The above impairments correlated with the symptoms severity and are interpreted as DIC syndrome which ran subclinically or as hemorrhagic syndrome. The majority of the patients underwent a hyperhypocoagulant phase of DIC syndrome.