[Vestibular rehabilitation for peripheral vestibular hypofunction: an interdisciplinary consensus]. / Vestibulyarnaya reabilitatsiya pri perifericheskoi vestibulyarnoi gipofunktsii: mezhdistsiplinarnyi konsensus.

The literature review presents approaches to the management of patients with vestibular disorders. The principles of organization of vestibular rehabilitation in peripheral vestibular hypofunction, indications for appointment, factors influencing its implementation, technique, methods of evaluating effectiveness are considered in detail. Attention is drawn to the fact that the selection of exercises and the duration of vestibular rehabilitation is carried out individually and depends on many factors, including the nature of vestibular deficiency and the specific characteristics of the patient. The possibilities of using additional pharmacological therapy with histamine preparations, which can accelerate the onset of vestibular compensation, are shown. It is noted that vestibular rehabilitation is a safe and effective method of treating peripheral vestibular hypofunction and should be recommended to patients of all ages with vestibular disorders leading to limited social and physical activity.

Comparative Study of Pygidial Organization in Polychaetes of the Families Nephtyidae and Syllidae.

The first comparative study of the polychaete pygidial region has been performed using confocal scanning microscopy and immunohistochemical methods. Fundamentally new data has been obtained on the pygidial organization in representatives the Nephtyidae and Syllidae families. Despite differences in the overall morphology of pygidium, it is characterized by a certain structural plan as a whole that can be the basis for that of all polychaetes. Some insignificant differences in the pygidial structure can be either species-specific or consequences of mutations and seem to have no fundamental importance for the general organization.

Comparative analysis of the nervous system structure of polymorphic zooids in marine bryozoans.

The nervous system structure was compared for the first time in avicularia and vibracula in seven species of the cheilostome bryozoans from six families by immunohistochemical methods and confocal scanning microscopy. Regardless of significant differences in heterozooid shape, size, and position in a colony, their muscular and nervous systems have a common structure, which suggests their parallel evolution.

Distribution of serotonin and FMRF-amide in the nervous system of different zooidal types of cheilostome bryozoa: A case study of Arctonula arctica.

In the White Sea bryozoans Arctonula arctica, the structure of the nervous system and distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and FMRF-amide were studied for the first time using immunohistochemical methods and confocal scanning microscopy. The neurotransmitters studied have been actively involved into the integrative processes, gut functioning, and regulation of motion activity. In avicularia, 5-HT and FMRF-amide receptors are capable of performing the same functions, except for participation in the gut functioning, because they have no digestive system.

VITAMIN D3 CONTRIBUTION TO THE REGULATION OF OXIDATIVE METABOLISM IN THE LIVER OF DIABETIC MICE.

This work is devoted to the study of the features of oxidative metabolism of hepatocytes in diabetic mice and those under the vitamin D3 action. We found out that a 2.5-fold decrease of 25OHD3 content in the serum was caused by chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes. Intensification of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen monoxide (NO) production, protein oxidative modifications (detected by the contents of carbonyl groups and 3-nitrotyrosine), accumulation of diene conjugates and TBA-reactive products of lipid peroxidation, and the decreased level of free SH-groups of low molecular weight compounds in the liver were accompanied by development of vitamin D3 deficient state. It was shown that there was a decrease in the key antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, SOD), while the activity of prooxidant enzymes NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase, xanthine oxidase and NAD(P)H oxidase was increased. The identified oxidative metabolism lesions caused the elevation of the hepatocytes necrotic death that was tested for the ability of their nuclei to accumulate propidium iodide. Prolonged vitamin D3 administration (during 2 months) at a dose of 20 IU to diabetic mice helps to reduce the ROS formation and biomacromolecules oxidative damage, normalizes the antioxidant system state in the liver and increases survival of hepatocytes. The results suggest that vitamin D3 is a key player in the regulation of the oxidative metabolism in diabetes.

Biochemical markers of bone collagen type I metabolism.

This review focuses on the analysis of diagnostic value of the major bone remodeling markers, in particular synthesis and degradation markers of collagen type I. These include carboxy- and aminoterminal telopeptide, carboxy- and aminoterminal propeptide of procollagen type I, hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline. Their measurement allows evaluating the structural and functional conditions and also the rate of metabolic processes in the bone tissue. The advantages and disadvantages of determination of these markers in the condition of different bone diseases were examined. It is shown that determination of bone collagen type I metabolism markers is the most informative for assessment of bone resorption, formation and turnover.

Aldehydes participation in oxidative stress in rat thymocytes in vitro.

A variety of lipid radicals are formed under oxidative stress development. The further oxidation of these radicals leads to formation of numerous aldehydes. They can form postsynthetic modifications in proteins and nucleic acids that disrupt their functions. In the present study aldehydes role in the formation of oxidative stress parameters in rat thymocytes was investigated. Two models were used: iron-stimulated oxidative stress and exogenous aldehydes exposure to thymocytes. For oxidative stress induction, thymocytes (2 x 10(6) cells/ml HBSS, pH 7.2) were exposed to different concentrations of FeSO4 (20, 30, 40 microM) and ascorbic acid (100 microM) for 6 h. It resulted in increase of levels of aldehydes 29 times (90 +/- 6 nmol/10(7) cells), these changes led to increase of TBARS levels 4.4 times; the levels of protein CO groups 10 times, cell mitochondrial activity and low-molecular weight SH groups were decreased 1.5 and 2.3 times, respectively. Treatment with aldehydes acceptor dimedone (200 microM) significantly decreased the levels of aldehydes 3.7 times, TBARS 1.6 times and protein CO groups 5 times. It was shown that the levels of cell mitochondrial activity increase 1.4 times and the levels of SH groups 1.8 times. To compare the effects of aldehydes in induction of oxidative stress, thymocytes (2 x 10(6) cells/ml HBSS, pH 7.2) were exposed to 50-600 microM formaldehyde (FA), 50-600 microM glyoxal (GL), 50-600 microM methylglyoxal (MGL), 1-15 microM acrolein (ACR) for 6 h. TBARS levels were increased for FA 1.3 times and for other aldehydes about 5-7 times. The levels of protein CO groups were increase for FA 3.7 times, for MGL 7 times, for GL 13 times, for ACR 22 times. Levels of SH groups were decreased for FA 1.5 times, for MGL 2.6 times, for GL 3 times, for ACR 9 times. A decrease of cell mitochondrial activity 1.5 times observe for all aldehydes. Obtained results prove the aldehydes participation in the formation of oxidative stress parameters and their capability to oxidative stress induction in the rat thymocytes.

[The role of tanakan in the improvement of the effectiveness of vestibular rehabilitation].

The objective of the present study was to estimate the influence of tanakan on the duration of the period needed to achieve vestibular compensation in the patients presenting with peripheral vestibular dizziness in the course of vestibular rehabilitation with the use of the post-urographic system. 72 patients at the age varying from 18 to 42 years (46 women and 26 men) suffering from peripheral vestibular dizziness were treated on an individual basis for the purpose of vestibular rehabilitation 3-5 times per week for a total period of 3-6 weeks. 42 of the 72 patients comprising group 1 were given Tanakan for 3 months at a dose of 40 mg thrice daily, the remaining 30 patients (group 2) continued to receive the vasoactive treatment as prescribed by attending physicians of other medical and diagnostic centres (protocols of their treatment recommended at local medical facilities did not include tanakan therapy). It is concluded that the use of tanakan for the treatment of the patients presenting with peripheral vestibular dizziness accelerates vestibular compensation and reduces the time necessary to achieve vestibular rehabilitation. Moreover, the combined treatment with the application of tanakan makes it possible to decrease the medicamental loading.

[Differential diagnosis of early central choroidal melanoma and late stage age-related macula degeneration].

Clinical signs characteristic for early central choroidal melanoma (42 patients) and late stage age-related macula degeneration according to AREDS (47 patients) were determined in 89 patients. These signs allow to differentiate between tumor and degenerative process thus providing appropriate treatment.

[Approaches to the treatment of tympanophonia taking into consideration specific psychological features of the patient].

The objective of the present retrospective study was to estimate the effectiveness of the treatment of the patients presenting with tympanophonia taking into consideration their specific psychoemotional status. The study included a total of 56 patients (25 women and 31 men) at the age from 18 to 42 years. They were allocated to 4 groups based on the results of relevant testing procedures. The patients exhibiting moderate emotional lability were treated with choline alfoscerate and vitamins of group B supplemented by tanakan. Those characterized by enhanced emotional lability and sleep disorders were given psychotherapy. Hirudotherapy was prescribed to 10 patients to improve venous outflow. The follow-up testing has demonstrated that the best results were achieved in the patients receiving psychotherapy despite minimal changes of the results of acoustimetry. The patients with the duration of the disease described themselves as perfectly healthy after the course of therapy with the use of tanakan. The severity of tympanophonia was reduced more than by half in 73% of the patients and totally disappeared in 27% of those suffering chronic tympanophonia of moderate intensity. In nine of the 10 patients given hirudotherapy, tympanophonia was reduced by one third on the average. It is concluded that correction of the psychoemotional status significantly improves the quality of life in the patients with tympanophonia. The introduction of tanakan into combined treatment of this condition makes it possible to reduce the intensity of tympanophonia and improve its psychoemotional background as was described in an earlier work of N.N. Yakhno and co-workers.

[Ocular and orbital blood flow in patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment].

Features of blood flow in ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery, posterior short ciliary arteries were studied using color Doppler mapping (CDM) in 40 patients (40 eyes) with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) before and after surgery depending on postoperative course. The features of hemodynamic changes were revealed in patients with favorable postoperative course, progression of local and diffuse proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). The risk factors of PVR after surgery were identified. CDM is valuable for predicting of postoperative course after RRD surgery.

[Epidemiological aspects of congenital stridor].

The objective of the present work was to study epidemiology of congenital stridor as a leading symptom of laryngeal malformation. The continuous sampling method was employed to perform the retrospective analysis of the growth charts of the patients attending three children's polyclinics in Moscow (9.625 patients born between 2005 and 2009). In addition, the medical histories of 4.623 newborn and breast-fed babies under the age of 1 year admitted to the Department of Newborn and Neonatal Pathology, Saint Vladimir City Children's Clinical Hospital, and 347 patients of the Department of Reconstructive Laryngeal Surgery were analysed. The children with the history of tracheal intubation in the preceding period were excluded from the study. The frequency of congenital stridor annually diagnosed in the aforementioned polyclinics varied from 0.17 to 5.8% compared with 1.5% in the general population. It was 2.21 to 3.14% (mean 2.47%) among the children treated at the Clinical Hospital. In the children under the age of 1 year, congenital malformations accounted for 90.8% of all laryngeal diseases. The principal cause of stridor was shown to be laryngomalacia. This pathology was diagnosed in 91.9% of the cases included in this study. In 11.2% of the patients, this condition occurred in combination with other congenital pathologies. It is concluded that the diagnosis of congenital stridor is an indication for laryngeal endoscopy regardless of the children's age starting from the first day of life. Meeting this recommendation allows the cause of stridor to be established and the treatment strategy to be developed on an individual basis.

[The first experience of using OCT in diagnosis of primary and residual retinoblastoma].

21 children with retinoblastoma (32 eyes, 36 lesions) were examined using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Pathognomonic features of initial primary exophytic, endophytic and mixed retinoblastoma were revealed OCT-control allowed to estimate combined treatment efficacy (chemotherapy, brachytherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy) and to reveal signs of latent growth. Thus revealed OCT signs of primary, residual retinoblastoma, retinal scar, zones of latent growth allow early estimation of appropriateness of combined eye-preserving treatment.

[The role of mucolytic therapy in the treatment of sinobronchial syndrome].

The objective of the present study was to estimate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of myrtol standardized (gelomyrtol forte) and acetylcysteine given to 11 and 13 patients respectively presenting with sinobronchial syndrome. Dynamics of clinical and roentgenological signs and symptoms in these patients was investigated throughout the period of therapy. The best clinical results were obtained using myrtol standardized. Specifically, the summary score characterizing the change of clinical symptoms decreased from the initial value of 32 to 0.73 on the 7th day after the initiation of therapy and to 0.18 after its termination. The decrease of the same parameter in the group of the patients treated with acetylcysteine to 1.3 and 0.38 (mean score for the group) was documented on days 7 and 10 after the beginning of therapy respectively.

Muscle fibers in the central nervous system of nemerteans: spatial organization and functional role.

The system of muscle fibers associated with the brain and lateral nerve cords is present in all major groups of enoplan nemerteans. Unfortunately, very little is known about the functional role and spatial arrangement of these muscles of the central nervous system. This article examines the architecture of the musculature of the central nervous system in two species of monostiliferous nemerteans (Emplectonema gracile and Tetrastemma cf. candidum) using phalloidin staining and confocal microscopy. The article also briefly discusses the body-wall musculature and the muscles of the cephalic region. In both species, the lateral nerve cords possess two pairs of cardinal muscles that run the length of the nerve cords and pass through the ventral cerebral ganglia. A system of peripheral muscles forms a meshwork around the lateral nerve cords in E. gracile. The actin-rich processes that ramify within the nerve cords in E. gracile (transverse fibers) might represent a separate population of glia-like cells or sarcoplasmic projections of the peripheral muscles of the central nervous system. The lateral nerve cords in T. cf. candidum lack peripheral muscles but have muscles similar in their position and orientation to the transverse fibers. The musculature of the central nervous system is hypothesized to function as a support system for the lateral nerve cords and brain, preventing rupturing and herniation of the nervous tissue during locomotion. The occurrence of muscles of the central nervous system in nemerteans and other groups and their possible relevance in taxonomy are discussed.

[Modification of spectrophotometric method for determination of protein carbonyl groups].

Based on detailed study of optical absorption spectra of protein-hydrazones a modification of the spectrophotometric method determination of the protein carbonyl groups has been proposed. For the hydrazone adduct determination we proposed to measure the optical absorption at three wavelengths (320, 370 and 420 nm) instead of only one (at 370 nm). Two additional wavelengths are used for the linear approximation of the background optical spectrum. This modification improves the specificity and reduces the error when determining the content of CO groups in proteins.

[Cochleovestibular disorders: approaches to diagnostics and treatment].

The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of introduction of milgamma and milgamma compositum in the treatment of 52 patients with cochleovestibular disorders of different etiology. Thirteen patients enrolled in the study received standard therapy and 39 others were given its combination with milgamma preparations. Combined therapy with milgamma and milgamma compositum ensured faster vestibular compensation including posturographic characteristics than the standard treatment (within 3-4 weeks compared with 5 weeks in controls). The results of the study give reason to recommend milgamma and milgamma compositum as neurotropic medicines in addition to standard therapy for the management of the patients presenting with cochleovestibular disorders for the acceleration of the vestibular compensation.