TNF as marker of oral candidiasis, HSV infection, and mucositis onset during chemotherapy in leukemia patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in the salivary expression of IL-1α, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and TNF in acute leukemia (AL) patients before and during chemotherapy, and its association with HSV infection, oral candidiasis (OC), and oral mucositis (OM) onset. METHODS: Cohort study in AL patients >15 years starting induction chemotherapy at a Mexican oncological center (2013-2014). Onset of oral lesions (OLs) was assessed during follow-up, and saliva was obtained at baseline, at visit 2 (days 4-12), and at visit 3 (days 13-21) after chemotherapy, treated with a protease inhibitor and stored at -70°C. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed. Cox proportional hazards regression models were constructed to estimate hazard ratios and its 95% CI (HR, 95% CI) for OL development. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were followed up, and 17 (41.5%) developed OLs. OL patients had higher baseline salivary IL-1α than those without lesions (p = 0.040). During visit 2, OL patients had higher levels of IL-1α (p = 0.033), IL-1ß (p = 0.016), IL-6 (p = 0.035), and TNF (p = 0.019) than those who did not develop OLs. Patients with HSV infection, OC, and OM showed higher salivary TNF levels during follow-up (HR: 3.52, 95% CI: 1.35-9.14, p = 0.010). CONCLUSION: AL patients undergoing chemotherapy with high salivary TNF levels were more likely to develop HSV infection, OC, and OM.

Patrón de caries dental en indígenas residentes en corozal, maniapure, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela / Dental caries pattern in indigenous residing in corozal, maniapure, Bolívar State, Venezuela

Evaluar el patrón de caries dental en indígenas residentes en la comunidad de Corozal, Maniapure, Estado Bolívar, Este es un estudio descriptivo y transversal del status de caries dental en indígenas Panares que residen en Corozal, comunidad ubicada en la región de Maniapure, Municipio Cedeño del Estado Bolívar, Venezuela, realizado durante el año 2011. La edad de los sujetos evaluados oscilo entre 2 y 60 años de edad (n= 31), el examen clínico fue realizado por dos estudiantes de odontología previamente calibrados usando los criterios reportados por Radike (1972), modificado por Acevedo et al., (2005). El examen clínico se llevó a cabo con el explorador N°23, espejo bucal N°5 y luz natural. Los resultados se analizaron mediante el test no paramétrico de la U de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis. El 100% de los sujetos evaluados estaban afectados por la caries dental. No obstante, de las 3.682 superficies dentarias evaluadas 3.016 se encontraban libres de la enfermedad (81,9%) y 306 estaban afectados por la caries dental (8,3%). Con respecto a la severidad de las lesiones, las no cavitadas fueron las menos frecuentes (3,8%), mientras que el 96,1% tenían al menos un signo de cavitación. De las lesiones cavitadas en la dentición permanente el 62,2% correspondían a lesiones con micro-cavitación en el esmalte, 7,3% fueron lesiones que abarcaban el 50% de la estructura dentaria sin compromiso pulpar y solo 0,5% presentaron compromiso pulpar. Por el contrario, en la dentición primaria el 69.2% de las lesiones presentó compromiso del órgano dentino-pulpar, de las cuales el 6.5% correspondían a cavidades que abarcaban el 50% de la estructura dentaria con compromiso pulpar, 36,8% con destrucción total de la estructura coronaria y 25,9% de restos radiculares.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological status of dental caries in Indigenous residing in Corazal, Maniapure, Bolivar State, Venezuela. A cross-sectional study of dental caries condition in indigenous Panare residing in Corozal, community located in Maniapure, Cedeño Municipality, Bolivar State, Venezuela was undertaken in 2011. Subjects from 2 to 60 years of age (N=31) allow to be examined by two dental students previously calibrate using the criteria reported by Radike (1972) as modified by Acevedo et al., (2005). The clinical examination was conducted with explorer N° 23 and dental mirror N°5 using natural light. The results were analyzed using the non-parametric test of U- Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis. One hundred percent of the evaluated subjects were affected by caries (100%). However, from the total of 3.682 surfaces evaluated, 3.016 were sound (81.9%) and 306 were affected by caries (8.3%). From the total of caries lesion detected the non-cavitate lesion were the least frequent (3.8%) and 96.1% have at least one sign of cavitations. From the cavitated lesion in the permanent dentition 62.2% of lesions showed early enamel breakdown, 17.3% were to lesion that cover 50% of the tooth surface without reaching the pulp and only 0,5 % of the lesion had reach the pulp. In contrast, in the primary dentition 69.2% of the cavities advanced into the pulp. From this group 6.5% were cavities that cover 50% of tooth surface and reach the pulp, 38.6% showed complete destruction of the crown and 25.9% corresponded to remaining root. The mean DMFS and defs were 17.08±26.18 and 5.70±12.61 respectively. The DMFS in the female group (29.07±32.06) was significantly higher as compared to the male (6.75±6.51) (p=0.001), in contrast the defs was higher in the males (12.40± 14.52) as compare to the female (5.63±6.63) (p=0.012).

El sowfare educativo como alternativa para la enseñanza de la histología en odontología: revisión bibliográfica / Educational software as an alternative for teaching histology in dentistry: a review

Las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TICs) conforman al conjunto de tecnologías que permiten la adquisición, producción, almacenamiento, tratamiento, comunicación, registro y presentación de información, en forma de voz, imágenes y datos, contenidos en señales de naturaleza acústica, óptica o electromagnética. El Software educativo está destinado a la enseñanza y al autoaprendizaje para el desarrollo de las habilidades cognitivas y es considerado como una solución dinámica y sistemática a los problemas instruccionales presentes en las aulas de clases de los distintos niveles educativos. Es dinámico porque da soporte a la simulación de ambientes y actividades, que permiten la construcción y apropiación del conocimiento. Es sistemático porque integra el contenido, el soporte pedagógico y las acciones, como un conjunto de componentes relacionados que trabajan juntos para alcanzar un fin común. En la enseñanza de la Histología, el software brinda la posibilidad de observar videos, imágenes ilustrativas y cortes histológicos en un ambiente que facilita el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, de acuerdo a las características particulares de cada alumno, a su tiempo, ritmo de estudio y potencialidades; estimulando el sentido de responsabilidad al cumplir con las actividades diseñadas; transforma al estudiante en un sujeto activo, al darle la oportunidad de resolver situaciones problemáticas relacionadas con su futura práctica clínica

Technologies of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) comprise the set of technologies that enable the acquisition, production, storage, processing, communication, recording and presenting information in the form of voice, images and data contained in natural acoustic signals, optically or electromagnetically. Education Software is intended for teaching and self-learning to develop cognitive skills and is considered as a dynamic and systematic solution to the problems present in instructional classrooms of different educational levels. It supports dynamic because the simulation environments and activities that allow the construction and appropriation of knowledge. It is systematic because it integrates content, pedagogical support and actions, as a set of related components that work together to achieve a common goal. In the teaching of histology, the software provides the ability to watch videos, illustrative images and histologic sections in an environment that facilitates the teaching-learning process, according to the particular characteristics of each student, in time, pace of study and potential, encouraging a sense of responsibility to meet the designed activities, the student becomes an active subject, to give the opportunity to resolve problematic situations related to their future clinical practice