Prevalence of Dental Caries in Schoolchildren from the Galapagos Islands: ESSO-Gal Cohort Report.

Objective: Dental caries remains a prevalent disease worldwide. Several epidemiological studies have shown that it affects the oral health of the pediatric population, and the Galapagos population in Ecuador is no exception. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental caries and its association, based on baseline information from the Galapagos Oral Health Study (ESSO-Gal), in children of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 804 children aged 2-11 years. The prevalence of dental caries was assessed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) criteria, while the presence of dental biofilm was assessed using the Silness-Löe index. Descriptive statistics, including frequency analysis and measures of central tendency and dispersion, were performed. Inferential statistical analyses were conducted to identify associations between variables. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS version 25.0 statistical program. Results: The caries prevalence rates based on ICDAS II codes 1-6, 1-2, and 3-6 were 98.01%, 96.9%, and 85%, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed among the different islands regarding the cutoff point for ICDAS II codes 3-6 (p ≤ 0.001). Participants aged 6-11 years had the highest caries prevalence. Conclusions: The results show a high prevalence of dental caries among children in the Galapagos Islands, which increases with age. Contrary to expectations, the study did not find a significant correlation between the severity of dental caries and the presence of dental biofilm.

Prevalence and incidence of dental caries associated with the effect of tooth brushing and fluoride varnishing in schoolchildren at Galapagos Islands, Ecuador: Protocol of the EESO-Gal study / Prevalencia e incidencia de caries dental y efecto del cepillado dental acompañado de barniz de flúor en escolares de Islas Galápagos, Ecuador: protocolo del estudio EESO-Gal.

Introduction: Dental caries is the most prevalent oral disease in Ecuador. In our country, there are no studies that have included the population of the Galapagos Islands. Fluoride application to incipient lesions of dental caries has shown to be effective in avoiding the use of invasive restorative procedures. Objectives: The objective of the EESO-Gal study is to determine the prevalence and incidence of dental caries and to evaluate the effect of supervised dental brushing, accompanied by periodic applications of fluoride varnish on incipient precarious lesions of schoolchildren in the Galapagos Islands. This article presents the protocol of the EESO-Gal study. Methods: A cohort is planned with Galapagos Islands schoolchildren to determine the prevalence and incidence of dental caries, with assessments every six months, during twenty-four months. Results: We expect to determine the prevalence and incidence of caries every six months, for twenty-four months, in schoolchildren between three and ten years of age, and obtain data to show the state of the caries conditions in Galapagos schoolchildren, with the inclusion of daily brushing at school, supervised by the teacher, and with the application of fluoride varnish every six months. Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries and incidence after the program will demonstrate the importance of implementing oral health prevention and promotion actions to create hygiene and health habits from an early age.

Introducción: La caries dental es la enfermedad bucal más prevalente en Ecuador. En nuestro país no existen estudios que hayan considerado a la población de las Islas Galápagos. La aplicación de flúor sobre lesiones incipientes de caries dental ha demostrado efectividad para evitar ejecutar procedimientos invasivos restauradores. Objetivos: El objetivo del Estudio de Salud Oral Galápagos, EESO-Gal, es determinar la prevalencia e incidencia de caries dental y evaluar el efecto de la acción del cepillado dental supervisado, acompañado de aplicaciones periódicas de flúor en barniz sobre lesiones cariosas incipientes en escolares de las Islas Galápagos. Con este informe se busca reportar el protocolo del Estudio de Salud Oral Galápagos. Métodos: Se plantea realizar una cohorte con los escolares de las Islas Galápagos para determinar la prevalencia e incidencia de caries con evaluaciones cada seis meses durante veinticuatro meses. Resultados: Se espera determinar la prevalencia e incidencia de caries cada seis meses durante veinticuatro meses en escolares de tres a diez años y obtener datos que permitan evidenciar el estado de las condiciones de caries en los escolares de Galápagos con la inclusión del cepillado diario en la escuela, supervisado por el docente, y con la aplicación semestral del barniz de flúor. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de caries dental e incidencia después de las acciones tomadas demostrará la importancia de aplicar acciones de prevención y promoción de la salud oral, para crear hábitos de higiene y salud desde edades tempranas.

Prevalencia e incidencia de caries dental y efecto del cepillado dental acompañado de barniz de flúor en escolares de Islas Galápagos, Ecuador: protocolo del estudio EESO-Gal / Prevalence and incidence of dental caries associated with the effect of tooth brushing and fluoride varnishing in schoolchildren at Galapagos Islands, Ecuador: Protocol of the EESO-Gal study

INTRODUCCIÓN: La caries dental es la enfermedad bucal más prevalente en Ecuador. En nuestro país no existen estudios que hayan considerado a la población de las Islas Galápagos. La aplicación de flúor sobre lesiones incipientes de caries dental ha demostrado efectividad para evitar ejecutar procedimientos invasivos restauradores. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo del Estudio de Salud Oral Galápagos, EESO-Gal, es determinar la prevalencia e incidencia de caries dental y evaluar el efecto de la acción del cepillado dental supervisado, acompañado de aplicaciones periódicas de flúor en barniz sobre lesiones cariosas incipientes en escolares de las Islas Galápagos. Con este informe se busca reportar el protocolo del Estudio de Salud Oral Galápagos. MÉTODOS: Se plantea realizar una cohorte con los escolares de las Islas Galápagos para determinar la prevalencia e incidencia de caries con evaluaciones cada seis meses durante veinticuatro meses. RESULTADOS: Se espera determinar la prevalencia e incidencia de caries cada seis meses durante veinticuatro meses en escolares de tres a diez años y obtener datos que permitan evidenciar el estado de las condiciones de caries en los escolares de Galápagos con la inclusión del cepillado diario en la escuela, supervisado por el docente, y con la aplicación semestral del barniz de flúor. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de caries dental e incidencia después de las acciones tomadas demostrará la importancia de aplicar acciones de prevención y promoción de la salud oral, para crear hábitos de higiene y salud desde edades tempranas.

INTRODUCTION: Dental caries is the most prevalent oral disease in Ecuador. In our country, there are no studies that have included the population of the Galapagos Islands. Fluoride application to incipient lesions of dental caries has shown to be effective in avoiding the use of invasive restorative procedures. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the EESO-Gal study is to determine the prevalence and incidence of dental caries and to evaluate the effect of supervised dental brushing, accompanied by periodic applications of fluoride varnish on incipient precarious lesions of schoolchildren in the Galapagos Islands. This article presents the protocol of the EESO-Gal study. METHODS: A cohort is planned with Galapagos Islands schoolchildren to determine the prevalence and incidence of dental caries, with assessments every six months, during twenty-four months. RESULTS: We expect to determine the prevalence and incidence of caries every six months, for twenty-four months, in schoolchildren between three and ten years of age, and obtain data to show the state of the caries conditions in Galapagos schoolchildren, with the inclusion of daily brushing at school, supervised by the teacher, and with the application of fluoride varnish every six months. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental caries and incidence after the program will demonstrate the importance of implementing oral health prevention and promotion actions to create hygiene and health habits from an early age.

Hábitos Deformantes Orales en Preescolares y Escolares: Revisión Sistemática / Mouth Deforming Habits Present in Preschoolers and School Children: Systematic Review

RESUMEN: Los hábitos deformantes orales son una de las principales causas de las maloclusiones, entre los más frecuentes tenemos: la succión digital, el empuje lingual, la onicofagia, la queilofagia, la respiración oral y la masticación de objetos. El objetivo de este estudio fué efectuar una evaluación y análisis de la evidencia científica disponible actualizada en los últimos 7 años sobre los hábitos deformantes orales en preescolares y escolares de 3 a 12 años de edad. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en bases de datos referativos como: Scielo, LILACS, GOOGLE ACADÉMICO, en artículos publicados sobre hábitos orales deformantes presentes en niños preescolares y escolares de 3 a 12 años de edad, con fechas de publicación que datan del 2010 al 2017, no hubo restricción en cuanto a sexo o zona geográfica. Se encontró una alta incidencia de hábitos deformantes orales en países de América latina, Centro américa y el Caribe; en países como Cuba la incidencia fue muy alta, el hábito que tuvo mayor prevalencia en la muestra fue la Onicofagia seguido de la disfunción lingual, resultados similares se reflejaron en países como Venezuela, México y Colombia. Los resultados de esta revisión evidencian la importancia del estudio de los hábitos deformantes orales, los cuales constituyen una de las principales causas de las maloclusiones, que a su vez son el tercer problema de salud bucodental. En su gran mayoría, de los artículos tomados como referencia demostraron que no existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa respecto al sexo y la prevalencia de hábitos parafuncionales. Se destaca la importancia de implementar nuevos proyectos de investigación respecto a los hábitos parafuncionales en la población preescolar y escolar, acompañado de programas educativo en nuestro país Ecuador, ya que en la actualidad fueron pocas las publicaciones que pudimos tomar de referencia.

ABSTRACT: Mouth deforming habits are one of the principal causes for malocclusions, among the most frequent are: Digital suction, lingual push, Onychophagia, Cheilophagia, mouth breathing, and chewing objects. The objective of the study was to execute a valuation and analysis of the available scientific evidence updated during the last seven years, regarding mouth deforming habits present in preschoolers and school children between the ages of 3 to 12 years old. A systematic review of the literature found in data basis such as: SCIELO, LILACS, ACADEMIC GOOGLE, published articles from the years 2010 and 2017 regarding mouth deforming habits present in preschoolers and school children between the ages of 3 to 12 years old. There was no restriction regarding sex or the geographical zones. A very high incidence of mouth deforming habits was found in regions such as Latin America, Central America, and the Caribbean. In countries such as Cuba the incidence was alarming. The deforming habit with mayor presence in the sample under review was Onychophagia, followed by lingual dysfunction. Results like these were also found in Venezuela, Mexico and Colombia. The results from this review showed the importance to study the mouth deforming habits, which are the main cause of malocclusion. At the same time, these habits are the third cause of many oral health problems. For the most part, the articles taken as reference for the review showed that a there was no significant statistical difference between sex and the prevalence of parafunctional habit. The importance of the implementation of new investigation projects focusing on parafunctional habits in the preschoolers and school children is highlighted. This must be accompanied by educational programs in our country Ecuador, since there were very few published articles available for this study.