Urban capuchin monkeys Sapajus nigritus (Goldfuss, 1809) (Primates, Cebidae) as environmental bioindicators of leishmaniasis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Leishmania sp. DNA and anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in free-ranging Sapajus nigritus from an urban forest located in a city in the North Central region of the state of Paraná. For the indirect diagnosis, the direct agglutination test was used with promastigote forms of Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, where it was possible to detect the agglutination reaction in 53.33% of the S. nigritus blood samples. For direct diagnosis, the samples were submitted to real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, which confirmed the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA in 26.66% of the tested samples. It reinforces the importance of considering the concept of One Health in the face of diseases with high prevalence, such as leishmaniasis and the need for health education measures. This result shows that the animals in the present study have a role as environmental bioindicators for leishmaniasis.

Pet dogs as reservoir of oxacillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus spp.

The aim of this study was to verify the bacterial resistance profile and detect the presence of mecA gene in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the nasal microbiota of domiciled dogs. For this purpose 100 nasal swabs from 100 domiciled dogs were collected from the central area of the city of Umuarama (PR), along with a questionnaire answered by their owners. After the isolation all Staphylococcus spp. isolates were submitted to the diffusion disc test by the Kirby-Bauer method, and only oxacillin-resistant samples were submitted to the PCR technique to search for the mecA gene and the results were then submitted to statistical analysis to verify possible risk variables. The 100 Staphylococcus spp. and coagulase negative, among which 41 isolates were resistant to oxacillin, no samples were positive for the mecA gene presence, however, 12 resistant to vancomycin were found. It can be concluded that the domiciled dogs are carriers of Staphylococcus spp. multiresistant, being these a possible source of human contamination.

Bacteria with a Potential for Multidrug Resistance in Hospital Material.

The objective of this research was to determine the antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from items related to hygiene and antisepsis, equipment, and instruments used in different hospital wards. Bacterial isolation and identification, phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility assays, mecA gene detection, and multiple antimicrobial resistance index analysis were performed. In total, 105 bacteria were isolated from 138 items. Of these, 49.52% bacteria were collected from instruments, 43.80% from equipment, and 6.66% from items related to hygiene and antisepsis. All gram-positive bacteria (88 isolates) were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Five species of gram-negative bacilli (17 isolates) were isolated, and the prevalence of Enterobacter agglomerans (29.41%), Escherichia coli (11.76%), and Serratia liquefaciens (11.76%) was high. Antimicrobial resistance was reported for 93.33% of the isolates. Gram-positive bacteria were resistant to sulfazotrim (88.64%) and penicillin (82.95%), while gram-negative bacteria showed resistance to sulfazotrim (70.59%) and ampicillin (64.71%). Analysis of multiple antibiotic resistance index showed that 73.33% of the isolates were a high risk to public health. The mecA gene was detected in 23 (71.88%) isolates. The evaluation of microorganisms isolated in the hospital environment revealed their high multidrug resistance index. Thus our study presses the need to pay more attention to the cleanliness of frequently used instruments, which may be potential sources of infections.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Production in Enterobacteria Isolated from Free-Living Primates.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of antimicrobial resistance in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and to detect strains of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) in free-living Sapajus nigritus. Oral and rectal swabs were collected from 15 primates to isolate and identify bacteria, conduct phenotypic tests to detect antimicrobial sensitivity and ESBL-producing strains, and calculate the multiple antimicrobial resistance index. The least effective antimicrobial was amoxicillin (72.72%) and ampicillin (57.57%), and the samples were considered as high risk for public health. No sample was positive for ESBL production. The results show that this study is relevant to One Health initiatives, considering the possibility of transmission of bacterial resistance and resistant genes originating from direct or indirect interaction of S. nigritus with parkgoers. However, these animals cannot be considered as the only reservoirs and transmitters of resistant bacteria as they can be contaminated by human-origin bacteria that can be extremely harmful and often prove lethal to them that play an important role in relationship to the ecology, spreading seeds and controlling insects.

Leptospirose e seu aspecto ocupacional - Revisão de literatura / Leptospirosis and its occupational aspect - Literature review / Leptospirosis y su aspecto laboral - Revisión de literatura

A leptospirose é uma das zoonoses mais difundidas do mundo, no Brasil a doença é endêmica em todas as unidades da federação e epidêmica, principalmente, em períodos chuvosos. Sua ocorrência está relacionada às precárias condições de infraestrutura sanitária e alta infestação de roedores infectados. As inundações propiciam a disseminação do agente causal no ambiente, facilitando a eclosão de surtos. Nesta revisão de literatura objetivou-se mostrar o âmbito profissional/ocupacional que é de grande relevância para a saúde pública, atingindo diferentes categorias profissionais como agricultores, pecuaristas, biólogos, trabalhadores de arrozais, trabalhadores de saneamento ambiental, médicos veterinários, técnicos de laboratório, manipuladores de produtos de origem animal entre outras. Neste contexto, a leptospirose firma-se como uma doença de grande importância social e econômica, por apresentar elevada ocorrência, em determinadas áreas, alto custo hospitalar para o tratamento e ausência ao trabalho, como também por sua mortalidade Desta forma, faz necessária a intervenção dos gestores de saúde para redução dos índices desta enfermidade.

Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world. In Brazil, the disease is endemic in all Brazilian states and epidemic especially in the rainy periods, whose proliferation becomes favorable as a consequence of some environmental factors. Its occurrence is related to the poor sanitary infrastructure conditions and high infestation of infected rodents. Floods favor the spread of the causal agent in the environment, facilitating the emergence of outbreaks. This literature review aimed at showing the professional/occupational area that is of greatest importance to public health, affecting different professional categories such as farmers, ranchers, biologists, rice picking workers, environmental sanitation workers, veterinarians, laboratory technicians, handlers of animal products, among others. In this context, leptospirosis is considered a disease of great social and economic importance, due to its high incidence in certain areas, high hospital costs and loss of working days, as well as its lethality. Thus, the intervention of health managers is necessary to reduce the rates of this disease.

La leptospirosis es una de las zoonosis más extendidas en el mundo, en Brasil la enfermedad es endémica en todos los estados brasileños y epidémica, especialmente en períodos de lluvia. Su aparición está relacionada a las precarias condiciones de infraestructura de salud y de alta infestación de roedores infectados. Las inundaciones favorecen la propagación del agente causal en el entorno, facilitando la aparición de brotes. En esta revisión de literatura destinada a mostrar el área profesional / ocupacional que es de gran importancia para la salud pública, alcanzando diversas categorías profesionales como agricultores, ganaderos, biólogos, trabajadores de arrozales, trabajadores de saneamiento ambiental, veterinarios, técnicos de laboratorio, manipuladores de productos de origen animal, entre otros. En este contexto, la leptospirosis se hace una enfermedad de gran importancia social y económica, debido a su alta incidencia en determinadas zonas, los altos costos hospitalarios y pérdida de días de trabajo, así como por su mortalidad. Por lo tanto, se hace necesario la intervención de los administradores de salud para reducción de las tasas de esta enfermedad.