Qualitative behavioral assessment of dogs with acute pain.

Free Choice Profiling (FCP) methodology allows observers to qualitatively assess animal behavior using their own vocabulary. This study aims to investigate the ability of 3 different observer groups to recognize pain-related emotions in 20 dogs using FCP methodology, and to compare FCP data with the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale-Short Form (GCPS- SF) scores. The observer groups consisted of 10 dog owners, 10 veterinary students and 10 veterinarians. Ten healthy ("healthy") dogs and 10 dogs showing clinical signs of pain ("pain") were filmed, and the resulting 20 footages were shown to observers who were blind to the pain-related nature of the study. All observers described and scored animals' emotional expression using FCP; then, students and veterinarians scored all dogs using GCPS- SF. FCP data were analyzed using Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA). Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) was used to determine the correlation among observer groups' FCP scores of the first two FCP dimensions (DIM1 and DIM2), and to compare GCPS-SF scores with FCP scores for the students and veterinarian observer groups. Each observer group reached a significant (p < 0.001) good consensus profile. "Healthy" dogs were mainly described as "quiet" and "lively", while the majority of "pain" dogs were considered "in pain" and "suffering". The correlation among FCP scores was high between owners' DIM1 and students' DIM1 (ρ = -0.86), owners' DIM2 and students' DIM2 (ρ = 0.72) and students' DIM2 and vets' DIM1 (ρ = 0.70). The correlation between GCPS-SF scores and FCP scores was high for students' DIM2 (ρ = 0.77) and for veterinarians' DIM1 (ρ = 0.92). Qualitative methods such as FCP could be used in association with semi-quantitative methods to evaluate the effect of pain on animal emotional expression. Observers' cultural background and personal experience did not substantially affect qualitative behavioral assessment in dogs with acute somatic pain.

Exploring oxygen reserve index for timely detection of deoxygenation in canine patients recovering from anesthesia.

Pulse oximetry (SpO2) identifies a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) when it falls below 80 mmHg, while oxygen reserve index (ORi), a dimensionless index ranging from 0 to 1, detects PaO2 changes between 100 and 200 mmHg. This study investigates the usefulness of ORi in detecting impending deoxygenation before traditional SpO2. Fifty-one dogs undergoing anesthesia were mechanically ventilated maintaining a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.50 and an ORi of 1. Animals were classified according to their body condition score (BCS) as normal-fit (BCS 4-5/9), overweight (BCS 6-7/9), or obese (BCS 8-9/9). At the end of the procedure, dogs were placed in sternal recumbency, and after 10 min disconnected from the ventilator and maintained in apnea. ORi added warning time was determined at various ORi values as the time difference in reaching SpO2 of 95% from ORi of 0.9 and 0.5, compared to the SpO2 warning time from SpO2 of 98%. During apnea, ORi decreased before noticeable SpO2 changes. An ORi of 0.9 anticipated an SpO2 of 95% in normal-fit dogs by 87 (33-212) [median (range)] seconds or in those with a BCS ≥ 6/9 by 49 (7-161) seconds. Regardless of the BCS class, the median time from ORi of 0.5 to SpO2 of 95% was 30-35 s. ORi declined from 0.9 to 0.0 in 68 compared to 33 s between normal-fit and obese dogs (p < 0.05). In dogs, ORi added warning time could facilitate timely intervention, particularly in obese patients.

Non-invasive assessment of oxygenation status using the oxygen reserve index in dogs.

BACKGROUND: The oxygen reserve index (ORi) is a real-time, continuous index measured with multi-wavelength pulse CO-oximetry technology. It estimates mild hyperoxemia in humans, which is defined as a partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) level between 100 and 200 mmHg. The objectives of this study were to assess the correlation between ORi and PaO2, as well as to determine its ability in detecting mild hyperoxemia in dogs. METHODS: This prospective observational study enrolled 37 anaesthetised and mechanically ventilated dogs undergoing elective procedures. Simultaneous measurements of ORi and PaO2 were collected, using a multi-wavelength pulse CO-oximeter with a probe placed on the dog's tongue, and a blood gas analyser, respectively. A mixed-effects model was used to calculate the correlation (r2) between simultaneous measurements of ORi and PaO2. The trending ability of ORi to identify dependable and proportional changes of PaO2 was determined. The diagnostic performances of ORi to detect PaO2 ≥ 150 mmHg and ≥ 190 mmHg were estimated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The effects of perfusion index (PI), haemoglobin (Hb), arterial blood pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) on AUROC for PaO2 ≥ 150 mmHg were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 101 paired measurements of ORi and PaO2 were collected. PaO2 values ranged from 74 to 258 mmHg. A strong positive correlation (r2 = 0.52, p < 0.001) was found between ORi and PaO2. The trending ability ORi was 90.7%, with 92% sensitivity and 89% specificity in detecting decreasing PaO2. An ORi value ≥ 0.53 and ≥ 0.76 indicated a PaO2 ≥ 150 and ≥ 190 mmHg, respectively, with ≥ 82% sensitivity, ≥ 77% specificity and AUROC ≥ 0.75. The AUROC of ORi was not affected by PI, Hb, pH and PaCO2. CONCLUSIONS: In anaesthetised dogs, ORi may detect mild hyperoxaemia, although it does not replace blood gas analysis for measuring the arterial partial pressure of oxygen. ORi monitoring could be used to non-invasively assess oxygenation in dogs receiving supplemental oxygen, limiting excessive hyperoxia.