Application of network pharmacology in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of digestive system diseases.

With the general improvement in living standards in recent years, people's living habits, including their dietary habits, have changed. More people around the world do not follow a healthy diet, leading to an increase in morbidity and even mortality due to digestive system diseases, which shows an increasing trend every year. The advantage of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in treating digestive system diseases is evident. Consequently, the mechanisms of action of single Chinese herbs and compound Chinese medicines have become the focus of research. The research method of the network pharmacology system was highly consistent with the holistic concept of TCM, and provided a new perspective and theoretical basis for basic research on digestive system diseases. This article summarizes the common databases currently used in research on TCM. It also briefly introduces the basic methods and technologies of network pharmacology studies. It also summarizes the advancements of network pharmacology technology through a comprehensive literature search on PubMed. Based on this analysis, we further explored the role of TCM in treating digestive system diseases, including chronic gastritis, gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, and liver cirrhosis. This study provides new ideas and references for treating digestive system diseases with TCM in the future and serves as a reference for relevant researchers.

Liver cirrhosis: current status and treatment options using western or traditional Chinese medicine.

Liver cirrhosis arises from liver fibrosis and necroinflammation caused by various mechanisms of hepatic injury. It is a prevalent condition in clinical practice characterized by hepatocellular dysfunction, portal hypertension, and associated complications. Despite its common occurrence, the etiology and pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis remain incompletely understood, posing a significant health threat. Effective prevention of its onset and progression is paramount in medical research. Symptoms often include discomfort in the liver area, while complications such as sarcopenia, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and infection can arise. While the efficacy of Western medicine in treating liver cirrhosis is uncertain, Chinese medicine offers distinct advantages. This review explores advancements in liver cirrhosis treatment encompassing non-pharmacological and pharmacological modalities. Chinese medicine interventions, including Chinese medicine decoctions, Chinese patent medicines, and acupuncture, exhibit notable efficacy in cirrhosis reversal and offer improved prognoses. Nowadays, the combination of Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of liver cirrhosis also has considerable advantages, which is worthy of further research and clinical promotion. Standardized treatment protocols based on these findings hold significant clinical implications.

Ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: Mechanisms and immunologic landscape (Review).

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer­related mortality worldwide, is challenging to identify in its early stages and prone to metastasis, and the prognosis of patients with this disease is poor. Treatment options for HCC are limited, with even radical treatments being associated with a risk of recurrence or transformation in the short term. Furthermore, the multi­tyrosine kinase inhibitors approved for first­line therapy have marked drawbacks, including drug resistance and side effects. The rise and breakthrough of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have provided a novel direction for HCC immunotherapy but these have the drawback of low response rates. Since avoiding apoptosis is a universal feature of cancer, the induction of non­apoptotic regulatory cell death (NARCD) is a novel strategy for HCC immunotherapy. At present, NARCD pathways, including ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis, are novel potential forms of immunogenic cell death, which have synergistic effects with antitumor immunity, transforming immune 'cold' tumors into immune 'hot' tumors and exerting antitumor effects. Therefore, these pathways may be targeted as a novel treatment strategy for HCC. In the present review, the roles of ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in antitumor immunity in HCC are discussed, and the relevant targets and signaling pathways, and the current status of combined therapy with ICIs are summarized. The prospects of targeting ferroptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis in HCC immunotherapy are also considered.

Chinese medicine in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on network pharmacology: a review.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological syndrome characterized by abnormalities in hepatic fat deposition, the incidence of which has been increasing year by year in recent years. It has become the largest chronic liver disease globally and one of the important causes of cirrhosis and even primary liver cancer formation. The pathogenesis of NAFLD has not yet been fully clarified. Modern medicine lacks targeted clinical treatment protocols for NAFLD, and most drugs lack efficacy and have high side effects. In contrast, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has significant advantages in the treatment and prevention of NAFLD, which have been widely recognized by scholars around the world. In recent years, through the establishment of a "medicine-disease-target-pathway" network relationship, network pharmacology can explore the molecular basis of the role of medicines in disease prevention and treatment from various perspectives, predicting the pharmacological mechanism of the corresponding medicines. This approach is compatible with the holistic view and treatment based on pattern differentiation of TCM and has been widely used in TCM research. In this paper, by searching relevant databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, we reviewed and analyzed the relevant signaling pathways and specific mechanisms of action of single Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine combinations, and Chinese patent medicine for the treatment of NAFLD in recent years. These related studies fully demonstrated the therapeutic characteristics of TCM with multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways, which provided strong support for the exact efficacy of TCM exerted in the clinic. In conclusion, we believe that network pharmacology is more in line with the TCM mindset of treating diseases, but with some limitations. In the future, we should eliminate the potential risks of false positives and false negatives, clarify the interconnectivity between components, targets, and diseases, and conduct deeper clinical or experimental studies.

Downregulation of ST6GAL2 Correlates to Liver Inflammation and Predicts Adverse Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Purpose: ST6 Beta-Galactoside Alpha-2,6-Sialyltransferase 2 (ST6GAL2), a member of the sialic acid transferase family, is differentially expressed in diverse cancers. However, it remains poorly understood in tumorigenesis and impacts on immune cell infiltration (ICI) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients and Methods: Herein, the expression, diagnosis, prognosis, functional enrichment, genetic alterations, immune characteristics, and targeted drugs of ST6GAL2 in HCC were researched by conducting bioinformatics analysis, in vivo, and in vitro experiments. Results: ST6GAL2 was remarkably decreased in HCC compared to non-tumor tissues, portending a poor prognosis associated with high DNA methylation levels. Functional enrichment and GSVA analyses revealed that ST6GAL2 might function through the extracellular matrix, PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, and tumor inflammation signature. We found that ST6GAL2 expression was proportional to ICI, immunostimulator, and immune subtypes. ST6GAL2 expression first increased and then decreased during the progression of liver inflammation to HCC. The dysfunctional experiment indicated that ST6GAL2 might exert immunosuppressive effects during HCC progression through regulating ICI. Several broad-spectrum anticancer drugs were obtained by drug sensitivity prediction analysis of ST6GAL2. Conclusion: In conclusion, ST6GAL2 was a reliable prognostic biomarker strongly associated with ICI, and could be a potential immunotherapeutic target for HCC.

Exploring the Molecular Mechanism of Niuxi-Mugua Formula in Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 via Network Pharmacology, Computational Biology, and Surface Plasmon Resonance Verification.

BACKGROUND: In China, Niuxi-Mugua formula (NMF) has been widely used to prevent and treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the mechanism of NMF for treating COVID-19 is not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of NMF for treating COVID-19 by network pharmacology, computational biology, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) verification. METHODS: The NMF-compound-target network was constructed to screen the key compounds, and the Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) tool was used to screen the preliminary key genes. The overlapped genes (OGEs) and the preliminary key genes were further analyzed by enrichment analysis. Then, the correlation analysis of immune signatures and the preliminary key genes was performed. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation assays were applied to clarify the interactions between key compounds and key genes. Moreover, the SPR interaction experiment was used for further affinity kinetic verification. RESULTS: Lipid and atherosclerosis, TNF, IL-17, and NF-kappa B signaling pathways were the main pathways of NMF in the treatment of COVID-19. There was a positive correlation between almost the majority of immune signatures and all preliminary key genes. The key compounds and the key genes were screened out, and they were involved in the main pathways of NMF for treating COVID-19. Moreover, the binding affinities of most key compounds binding to key genes were good, and IL1B-Quercetin had the best binding stability. SPR analysis further demonstrated that IL1B-Quercetin showed good binding affinity. CONCLUSION: Our findings provided theoretical grounds for NMF in the treatment of COVID19.

Integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing reveals tumor heterogeneity and a signature based on NK cell marker genes for predicting prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of innate immune cell that recognize and eliminate tumor cells and infected cells, without prior sensitization or activation. Herein, we aimed to construct a predictive model based on NK cell-related genes for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and assess the feasibility of utilizing this model for prognosis prediction. Methods: Single-cell RNA-seq data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify marker genes of NK cells. Univariate Cox and lasso regression were performed to further establish a signature in the TCGA dataset. Subsequently, qPCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining were employed to validate the expression levels of prognosis signature genes in HCC. The effectiveness of the model was further validated using two external cohorts from the GEO and ICGC datasets. Clinical characteristics, prognosis, tumor mutation burden, immune microenvironments, and biological function were compared for different genetic subtypes and risk groups. Finally, molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding affinity between the hub gene and chemotherapeutic drugs. Results: A total of 161 HCC-related NK cell marker genes (NKMGs) were identified, 28 of which were significantly associated with overall survival in HCC patients. Based on differences in gene expression characteristics, HCC patients were classified into three subtypes. Ten prognosis genes (KLRB1, CD7, LDB2, FCER1G, PFN1, FYN, ACTG1, PABPC1, CALM1, and RPS8) were screened to develop a prognosis model. The model not only demonstrated excellent predictive performance on the training dataset, but also were successfully validated on two independent external datasets. The risk scores derived from the model were shown to be an independent prognosis factor for HCC and were correlated with pathological severity. Moreover, qPCR and IHC staining confirmed that the expression of the prognosis genes was generally consistent with the results of the bioinformatic analysis. Finally, molecular docking revealed favorable binding energies between the hub gene ACTG1 and chemotherapeutic drugs. Conclusion: In this study, we developed a model for predicting the prognosis of HCC based on NK cells. The utilization of NKMGs as innovative biomarkers showed promise in the prognosis assessment of HCC.

Exploring the mechanism of JiGuCao capsule formula on treating hepatitis B virus infection via network pharmacology analysis and in vivo/vitro experiment verification.

The JiGuCao capsule formula (JCF) has demonstrated promising curative effects in treating chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in clinical trials. Here, we aimed to investigate JCF's function and mechanism in diseases related to the hepatitis B virus (HBV). We used mass spectrometry (MS) to identify the active metabolites of JCF and established the HBV replication mouse model by hydrodynamically injecting HBV replication plasmids into the mice's tail vein. Liposomes were used to transfect the plasmids into the cells. The CCK-8 kit identified cell viability. We detected the levels of HBV s antigen (HBsAg) and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) by the quantitative determination kits. qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the genes' expression. The key pathways and key genes related to JCF on CHB treatment were obtained by network pharmacological analysis. Our results showed that JCF accelerated the elimination of HBsAg in mice. JCF and its medicated serum inhibited HBV replication and proliferation of HBV-replicating hepatoma cells in vitro. And the key targets of JCF in treating CHB were CASP3, CXCL8, EGFR, HSPA8, IL6, MDM2, MMP9, NR3C1, PTGS2, and VEGFA. Furthermore, these key targets were related to pathways in cancer, hepatitis B, microRNAs in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling, and proteoglycans in cancer pathways. Finally, Cholic Acid, Deoxycholic Acid, and 3', 4', 7-Trihydroxyflavone were the main active metabolites of JCF that we obtained. JCF employed its active metabolites to perform an anti-HBV effect and prevent the development of HBV-related diseases.

Identification of pseudo-immune tolerance for chronic hepatitis B patients: Development and validation of a non-invasive prediction model.

Background and aims: Patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in the immune tolerant (IT) phase were previously thought to have no or slight inflammation or fibrosis in the liver. In fact, some CHB patients with normal ALT levels still experience liver fibrosis. This study aimed to develop and validate a non-invasive model for identifying pseudo-immune tolerance (pseudo-IT) of CHB by predicting significant liver fibrosis. Methods: This multi-center study enrolled a total of 445 IT-phase patients who had undergone liver biopsy for the training cohort (n = 289) and validation cohort (n = 156) during different time periods. A risk model (IT-3) for predicting significant liver fibrosis (Ishak score ≥ 3) was developed using high-risk factors which were identified using multivariate stepwise logistic regression. Next, an online dynamic nomogram was created for the clinical usage. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement were used to assess the discrimination of the IT-3 model. Calibration curves were used to evaluate the models' calibration. The clinical practicability of the model was evaluated using decision curve analysis and clinical impact curves. Results: 8.8% (39 of 445) patients presented with significant liver fibrosis in this study. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg), and platelet (PLT) were included in the prediction model (IT-3). The IT-3 model showed good calibration and discrimination both in the training and validation cohorts (AUC = 0.888 and 0.833, respectively). The continuous NRI and IDI showed that the IT-3 model had better predictive accuracy than GPR, APRI, and FIB-4 (p < 0.001). Decision curve analysis and clinical impact curves were used to demonstrate the clinical usefulness. At a cut-off value of 106 points, the sensitivity and specificity were 91.7 and 70.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The IT-3 model proved an accurate non-invasive method in identifying pseudo-IT of CHB, which can help to formulate more appropriate treatment strategies.

Is it possible to intervene early cirrhosis by targeting toll-like receptors to rebalance the intestinal microbiome?

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver disease caused by one or more causes and characterized by diffuse fibrosis, pseudolobules, and regenerated nodules. Once progression to hepatic decompensation, the function of the liver and other organs is impaired and almost impossible to reverse and recover, which often results in hospitalization, impaired quality of life, and high mortality. However, in the early stage of cirrhosis, there seems to be a possibility of cirrhosis reversal. The development of cirrhosis is related to the intestinal microbiota and activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) pathways, which could regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis, expression of the hepatomitogen epiregulin, and liver inflammation. Targeting regulation of intestinal microbiota and TLRs pathways could affect the occurrence and development of cirrhosis and its complications. In this paper, we first reviewed the dynamic change of intestinal microbiota and TLRs during cirrhosis progression. And further discussed the interaction between them and potential therapeutic targets to reverse early staged cirrhosis.

Network pharmacology and in vivo experiment-based strategy to investigate mechanisms of JingFangFuZiLiZhong formula for ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis (UC), a chronic inflammatory disease, often cause carcinogenesis, disability, and intestinal perforation. The JingFangFuZiLiZhong formula (JFFZLZ) shows a good effect against UC in the clinic. Hence, we aim to investigate the mechanisms between JFFZLZ and UC via network pharmacology data mining and in vivo experiments. METHODS: We obtained active constituents and related targets from public databases. The overlapped genes between JFFZLZ and UC targets were further analysed by enrichment analysis. The active constituents and hub targets were used to construct molecule docking analysis. We finally screened out nine hub targets and their expressions were verified in the Gene Expression Omnibus database and UC rats' colon tissues after JFFZLZ treatment. RESULTS: The results implied that JFFZLZ mainly regulated signal transduction, metabolites production, and inflammation pathways. The expression of STAT3, CXCL8, IL6, CXCL12, TNF, TP53, and PTPN11 were both upregulated in colon tissues of UC patients and UC rats. While RELA, EGFR, and TP53 were downregulated in UC patients, but upregulated in UC rats. Furthermore, JFFZLZ could repair UC rats' colon mucosal damage and promote the healing of ulcers via regulating the hub targets. CONCLUSION: These results elucidated that the anti-UC effect of JFFZLZ was closely related to the inhibition of inflammatory response, inhibition of oxidative stress, and repairing colon mucosal damage through different signal pathways. The findings could contribute to a better understanding of the regulation mechanisms in JFFZLZ against UC.Key messagesJFFZLZ could reduce the inflammatory infiltration and repair UC rats' colon mucosal damage.Through the network pharmacology-based strategy and public database mining, we obtained the hub targets and key pathways between JFFZLF and UC.The mechanism of JFFZLZ against UC was inhibition of inflammatory response and oxidative stress by regulating the expression of the hub targets.

Systematic review: Clinical outcomes of discontinuation of oral antivirals in hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis.

Background: Discontinuation of Nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) remains one of the most controversial topics in the management of hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis. However, clinical outcomes after NAs discontinuation have not been studied. Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate existing data on clinical outcomes of NAs withdrawal in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with cirrhosis. Methods: A literature search (until May 2022) was performed in order to identify all published studies including hepatitis B-related cirrhotic patients who discontinued NAs in virological remission with off-therapy follow-up >12 months. Results: Nineteen studies with 1,287 hepatitis B-related cirrhotic patients were included. Most cirrhotic patients were compensated and achieved complete virological suppression when they stopped the antiviral therapy. The pooled proportions of virological relapse and clinical relapse after NAs discontinuation in cirrhotic patients were 55.23 (95% CI: 40.33-69.67) and 43.56% (95% CI: 26.13-61.85), respectively. HBsAg loss was observed in 56 of 500 (pooled proportion = 13.68%, 95% CI: 5.82-24.18) cirrhotic patients. And the pooled proportions of HCC development, hepatic decompensation and overall mortality were 8.76 (95% CI: 2.25-18.95), 3.63 (95% CI: 1.31-7.03), and 0.85% (95% CI: 0.35-1.57), respectively, after NAs discontinuation in cirrhotic patients. Conclusion: In hepatitis B-related compensated cirrhosis, who have achieved complete virological suppression, discontinuation of oral antivirals still carries a high relapse rate, but the incidence of adverse events is generally low and controlled during follow-up of at least 12 months. Of attention is that discontinuation of NAs can achieve a high rate of HBsAg seroclearance. This study may be helpful in the management of NAs in cirrhotic patients. Systematic review registration: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42020170103.

Downregulation of ST6GAL1 Promotes Liver Inflammation and Predicts Adverse Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most malignant tumors worldwide. The ST6 ß-galactoside α-2, 6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) has been found aberrantly expressed in a variety of cancers including HCC, but its function and mechanism in regulating liver inflammation remain to be investigated. This study aimed to explore the role of ST6GAL1 in HCC. The data of ST6GAL1 expression, prognosis, and clinical parameters were collected and further analyzed from the public databases including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Human Protein Atlas (HPA), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The HCC rat model was constructed by intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine. The mRNA and protein expression levels of ST6GAL1 in rat liver tissues were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, capillary electrophoresis, and Western blot. Results: The ST6GAL1 mRNA and protein expression levels were both lower in HCC tissues compared with normal liver tissues in the public databases and HCC rat model. The survival analysis showed that upregulation of ST6GAL1 was an independent prognostic factor for good prognosis in HCC patients. The ST6GAL1 mRNA expression showed a negative correlation with ST6GAL1 methylation levels. Enrichment analysis showed that ST6GAL1 expression was most associated with metabolic, cancer, estrogen, axon guidance, cAMP, and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. The ST6GAL1 mRNA expression negatively correlated with liver inflammation status and proportion of NK CD56bright, NK CD56dim, pDC, and CD8+ T cells in liver. Conclusion: Compared with normal tissues, ST6GAL1 was lower expressed in HCC tumor tissues, and the downregulation of ST6GAL1 was associated with a poor prognosis in HCC patients. ST6GAL1 could further affect the infiltration of immune cells to exert anti-inflammation function in liver. Our study indicated that ST6GAL1 could be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target to assess the prognosis and regulate the immune cells infiltration level of HCC.

Network pharmacology and in vitro experiments-based strategy to investigate the mechanisms of KangXianYiAi formula for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.

The Chinese traditional medicine KangXianYiAi formula (KXYA) is used to treat hepatic disease in the clinic. Here we aim to confirm the therapeutic effects and explore the pharmacological mechanisms of KXYA on hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We first collected and analyzed clinical data of 40 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with precancerous liver lesions under KXYA treatment. Then, the cell viability, migration, cell cycle, and apoptosis of HepAD38 cells with KXYA treatment were examined. Next, we performed network pharmacological analysis based on database mining to obtain the key target pathways and genes of KXYA treatment on HBV-related HCC. We finally analyzed the expression of the key genes between normal and HBV-related HCC tissues in databases and measured the mRNA expression of the key genes in HepAD38 cells after KXYA treatment. The KXYA treatment could reduce the liver nodule size of CHB patients, suppress the proliferation and migration capabilities, and promote apoptosis of HepAD38 cells. The key pathways of KXYA on HBV-related HCC were Cancer, Hepatitis B, Viral carcinogenesis, Focal adhesion, and PI3K-Akt signaling, and KXYA treatment could regulate the expression of the key genes including HNF4A, MAPK8, NR3C1, PTEN, EGFR, and HDAC1. The KXYA exhibited a curative effect via inhibiting proliferation, migration, and promoting apoptosis of HBV-related HCC and the pharmacological mechanism was related to the regulation of the expression of HNF4A, MAPK8, NR3C1, PTEN, EGFR, and HDAC1.

Uncovering the Pharmacological Mechanisms of Gexia-Zhuyu Formula (GXZY) in Treating Liver Cirrhosis by an Integrative Pharmacology Strategy.

Liver cirrhosis (LC) is a fibrotic lesion of liver tissue caused by the repeated progression of chronic hepatitis. The traditional Chinese medicine Gexia-Zhuyu formula (GXZY) has a therapeutic effect on LC. However, its pharmacological mechanisms on LC remain elucidated. Here, we used the network pharmacology approach to explore the action mechanisms of GXZY on LC. The compounds of GXZY were from the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology (TCMSP) database, and their potential targets were from SwissTargetPrediction and STITCH databases. The disease targets of LC came from GeneCards, DisGeNET, NCBI gene, and OMIM databases. Then we constructed the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network to obtain the key target genes. And the gene ontology (GO), pathway enrichment, and expression analysis of the key genes were also performed. Subsequently, the potential action mechanisms of GXZY on LC predicted by the network pharmacology analyses were experimentally validated in LC rats and LX2 cells. A total of 150 components in GXZY were obtained, among which 111 were chosen as key compounds. The PPI network included 525 targets, and the key targets were obtained by network topological parameters analysis, whereas the predicted key genes of GXZY on LC were AR, JUN, MYC, CASP3, MMP9, GAPDH, and RELA. Furthermore, these key genes were related to pathways in cancer, hepatitis B, TNF signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. The in vitro and in vivo experiments validated that GXZY inhibited the process of LC mainly via the regulation of cells proliferation and migration through reducing the expression of MMP9. In conclusion, through the combination of network pharmacology and experimental verification, this study offered more insight molecular mechanisms of GXZY on LC.

Effect of liver cirrhosis on erectile function in rats: A study combining bioinformatics analysis and experimental research.

To explore the mechanism through which liver cirrhosis (LC) causes erectile dysfunction (ED). Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict the potential signalling pathways in LC-induced ED, and N-nitrosodiethylamine was used to establish a rat model of LC. H&E staining, Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to detect pathological tissue damage and changes in mRNA and protein expression levels. In addition, the expression levels of sex hormones such as estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T) were measured. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway was an important pathway in our bioinformatics prediction. Pathological damages were detected in the liver and penile tissues of the model rats. Compared with the normal group's serum hormone levels, E2 and PRL were increased in LC rats, while T was decreased (p < 0.01). The mRNA and protein expression results from penis tissues showed that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were both downregulated, and HIF-1α was upregulated in the model group compared to the normal group (p < 0.01). These data suggest that LC hinders erectile function and causes histopathological changes in the penis by affecting the expression of HIF-1α, eNOS, iNOS, E2, PRL and T.

The host immune response of a discharged COVID-19 patient with twice reemergence of SARS-CoV-2: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global pandemic. There have been reports that long-term SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding and re-infection of COVID-19 patients existed. However, the specific mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 are still unclarified. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case, we reported a 64-year-old patient who had a long-term course of COVID-19 for 174 days with two retests of SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive after discharging from the hospital. The patient's serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) of SARS-CoV-2 tested positive after the initial infection. And during treatment, the CD4 + T cell count and ratio to peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) were in dynamic change. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that the host immune system responded with IgG production after SARS-CoV-2 infection, but was not protective enough for the patient. The reemergence of SARS-CoV-2 could be related to the cell count and proportion of CD4 + T cells in PBMC. And the increase of CD4 + T cells after treatment may help to clear the virus.

A Non-invasive Model for Predicting Liver Inflammation in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients With Normal Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Levels.

Background and Aims: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels are at risk of disease progression. Currently, liver biopsy is suggested to identify this population. We aimed to establish a non-invasive diagnostic model to identify patients with significant liver inflammation. Method: A total of 504 CHB patients who had undergone liver biopsy with normal ALT levels were randomized into a training set (n = 310) and a validation set (n = 194). Independent variables were analyzed by stepwise logistic regression analysis. After the predictive model for diagnosing significant inflammation (Scheuer's system, G ≥ 2) was established, a nomogram was generated. Discrimination and calibration aspects of the model were measured using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and assessment of a calibration curve. Clinical significance was evaluated by decision curve analysis (DCA). Result: The model was composed of 4 variables: aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels, and platelet (PLT) counts. Good discrimination and calibration of the model were observed in the training and validation sets (AUC = 0.87 and 0.86, respectively). The best cutoff point for the model was 0.12, where the specificity was 83.43%, the sensitivity was 77.42%, and the positive likelihood and negative likelihood ratios were 4.67 and 0.27, respectively. The model's predictive capability was superior to that of each single indicator. Conclusion: This study provides a non-invasive approach for predicting significant liver inflammation in CHB patients with normal ALT. Nomograms may help to identify target patients to allow timely initiation of antiviral treatment.

The mechanism of TiaoGanYiPi formula for treating chronic hepatitis B by network pharmacology and molecular docking verification.

The Chinese herbal formula TiaoGanYiPi (TGYP) showed effective against chronic hepatitis B (CHB) caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Hence, we aimed to clarify the mechanisms and potential targets between TGYP and CHB. The active compounds and related putative targets of TGYP, and disease targets of CHB were obtained from the public databases. The key targets between TGYP and CHB were identified through the network construction and module analysis. The expression of the key targets was detected in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset and normal hepatocyte cell line LO2. We first obtained 11 key targets which were predominantly enriched in the Cancer, Cell cycle and HBV-related pathways. And the expression of the key targets was related to HBV infection and liver inflammation verified in GSE83148 database. Furthermore, the results of real-time quantitative PCR and CCK-8 assay indicated that TGYP could regulate the expression of key targets including CCNA2, ABL1, CDK4, CDKN1A, IGFR and MAP2K1, and promote proliferation of LO2 cells. In coclusion, we identified the active compounds and key targets btween TGYP and CHB, and found that the TGYP might exhibite curative effect on CHB via promoting hepatocyte proliferation and inhibiting the liver inflammatory processes.

NFATc3 inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis and HBV replication via positively regulating RIG-I-mediated interferon transcription.

Nuclear factor of activated T cells 3 (NFATc3) has been reported to upregulate type I interferons (IFNs) expression, and the abnormal expression and activation of NFATc3 were closely related to tumorigenesis. However, the potential function of NFATc3 in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that NFATc3 gene was frequently deleted and downregulated in HCC tumor tissues, and that the downregulation of NFATc3 was associated with poor prognosis of HCC patients. The gain- and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that NFATc3 inhibited HCC cell proliferation and invasion, as well as HBV replication. Mechanistically, NFATc3 could bind to the promoters of IFNL1 and IFNB1 genes and prompt the production of IFNs and interferon-stimulated genes. Furthermore, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) pathway activation increased NFATc3 expression and nuclear localization, and activated NFATc3 further enhanced RIG-I-mediated IFN responses. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel regulatory signaling cascade, the RIG-I/NFATc3/IFNs axis, which inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis and HBV replication by enhancing the immune response in hepatocytes, and this functional axis might potentially be exploited for therapeutic benefits in the clinical treatment of HBV-related HCC.