MATERNAL AND FETAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH LATE PRETERM INFANTS.

OBJECTIVE: To determine maternal and fetal risk factors associated with the birth of late preterm infants in comparison to those born at term. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out in a tertiary center for high-risk pregnancies. For the cases, the study enrolled post-partum mothers and their respective newborns with gestational ages equal or greater than 34 weeks and less than 37 weeks. As controls, the post-partum mothers and their newborns with gestational ages of 37 weeks or greater were selected. The sample was calculated with a ratio of two controls for each case, resulting in 423 patients. Association studies were performed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The variables associated with late prematurity were inadequate prenatal (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.23; confidence interval of 95% [95%CI] 1.12-1.34; p≤0.001), premature rupture of membranes (OR 4.98; 95%CI 2.66-9.31; p≤0.001), length of hospital stay ≥24 hours until birth (OR 0.18; 95%CI 0.06-0.52; p≤0.001), cesarean section (OR 2.74; 95%CI 1.69-4.44; p≤0.001) and small for gestational age newborn (OR 3.02; 95%CI 1.80-5.05; p≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate prenatal care and membranes' premature rupture were found as factors associated with the late preterm birth. It is important to identify the factors that allow intervention with adequate prenatal care in order to reduce poor outcomes due to late prematurity.

Maternal and fetal risk factors associated with late preterm infants / Fatores de risco materno-fetais associados à prematuridade tardia

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine maternal and fetal risk factors associated with the birth of late preterm infants in comparison to those born at term. Methods: A case-control study was carried out in a tertiary center for high-risk pregnancies. For the cases, the study enrolled post-partum mothers and their respective newborns with gestational ages equal or greater than 34 weeks and less than 37 weeks. As controls, the post-partum mothers and their newborns with gestational ages of 37 weeks or greater were selected. The sample was calculated with a ratio of two controls for each case, resulting in 423 patients. Association studies were performed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis. Results: The variables associated with late prematurity were inadequate prenatal (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.23; confidence interval of 95% [95%CI] 1.12-1.34; p≤0.001), premature rupture of membranes (OR 4.98; 95%CI 2.66-9.31; p≤0.001), length of hospital stay ≥24 hours until birth (OR 0.18; 95%CI 0.06-0.52; p≤0.001), cesarean section (OR 2.74; 95%CI 1.69-4.44; p≤0.001) and small for gestational age newborn (OR 3.02; 95%CI 1.80-5.05; p≤0.001). Conclusions: Inadequate prenatal care and membranes' premature rupture were found as factors associated with the late preterm birth. It is important to identify the factors that allow intervention with adequate prenatal care in order to reduce poor outcomes due to late prematurity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar fatores maternos e fetais associados ao nascimento de recém-nascidos prematuros tardios, quando comparados aos nascidos a termo. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle em um hospital terciário de referência para atendimento de gestações de alto risco. Foram considerados casos as puérperas e seus respectivos recém-nascidos com idade gestacional maior ou igual a 34 semanas e menor de 37 semanas. Para os controles foram selecionadas as puérperas e seus recém-nascidos com idade gestacional de 37 semanas completas ou mais. A amostra foi calculada com razão de dois controles para cada caso, resultando em um total de 423 pacientes. Estudos de associação foram efetuados utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher e posterior regressão logística. Resultados: As variáveis associadas à prematuridade tardia foram a realização de pré-natal inadequado (Odds Ratio - OR 1,23; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,12-1,34; p≤0,001), a rotura prematura de membranas amnióticas (OR 4,98; IC95% 2,66-9,31; p≤0,001), o tempo de internação ≥24 horas até o nascimento (OR 0,18; IC95% 0,06-0,52; p≤0,001), o parto operatório (OR 2,74; IC95% 1,69-4,44; p≤0,001) e o recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional (OR 3,02; IC95% 1,80-5,05; p≤0,001). Conclusões: Assistência pré-natal inadequada e rotura prematura de membranas destacaram-se como fatores associados ao nascimento de prematuros tardios. Ressalta-se a relevância da identificação de fatores passíveis de intervenção por meio de adequada assistência pré-natal, a fim de reduzir os desfechos desfavoráveis decorrentes da prematuridade tardia.

Growth, lung function, and physical activity in schoolchildren who were very-low-birth-weight preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE:: To compare somatic growth, lung function, and level of physical activity in schoolchildren who had been very-low-birth-weight preterm infants (VLBWPIs) or normal-birth-weight full-term infants. METHODS:: We recruited two groups of schoolchildren between 8 and 11 years of age residing in the study catchment area: those who had been VLBWPIs (birth weight < 1,500 g); and those who had been normal-birth-weight full-term infants (controls, birth weight ≥ 2,500 g). Anthropometric and spirometric data were collected from the schoolchildren, who also completed a questionnaire regarding their physical activity. In addition, data regarding the perinatal and neonatal period were collected from the medical records of the VLBWPIs. RESULTS:: Of the 93 schoolchildren screened, 48 and 45 were in the VLBWPI and control groups, respectively. No significant differences were found between the groups regarding anthropometric characteristics, nutritional status, or pulmonary function. No associations were found between perinatal/neonatal variables and lung function parameters in the VLBWPI group. Although the difference was not significant, the level of physical activity was slightly higher in the VLBWPI group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS:: Among the schoolchildren evaluated here, neither growth nor lung function appear to have been affected by prematurity birth weight, or level of physical activity. OBJETIVO:: Comparar o crescimento somático, a função pulmonar e o nível de atividade física entre escolares nascidos prematuros com muito baixo peso e escolares nascidos a termo e com peso adequado. MÉTODOS:: Foram recrutados escolares com idade de 8 a 11 anos residentes na mesma área de abrangência do estudo: prematuros e com peso < 1.500 g e controles (nascidos a termo e com peso ≥ 2.500 g). Foram obtidas medidas antropométricas e espirométricas e aplicado um questionário sobre a atividade física. Além disso, foram coletadas informações do período perinatal/neonatal dos recém-nascidos com muito baixo peso (RNMBP) de seus prontuários médicos. RESULTADOS:: Dos 93 escolares avaliados, 48 crianças no grupo RNMBP e 45 no grupo controle. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação às características antropométricas e nutricionais ou aos parâmetros de função pulmonar. Não foram encontradas associações entre as variáveis perinatais/neonatais e parâmetros da função pulmonar dos escolares no grupo RNMBP. Embora sem diferença significativa em relação aos níveis de atividade física, o grupo RNMBP apresentou uma tendência de ser mais ativo que o grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES:: Nos escolares aqui estudados o crescimento e a função pulmonar parecem não ser afetados por prematuridade, peso ao nascimento ou nível de atividade física.

Growth, lung function, and physical activity in schoolchildren who were very-low-birth-weight preterm infants / Crescimento, função pulmonar e atividade física em escolares nascidos prematuros e com muito baixo peso

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare somatic growth, lung function, and level of physical activity in schoolchildren who had been very-low-birth-weight preterm infants (VLBWPIs) or normal-birth-weight full-term infants. Methods: We recruited two groups of schoolchildren between 8 and 11 years of age residing in the study catchment area: those who had been VLBWPIs (birth weight < 1,500 g); and those who had been normal-birth-weight full-term infants (controls, birth weight ≥ 2,500 g). Anthropometric and spirometric data were collected from the schoolchildren, who also completed a questionnaire regarding their physical activity. In addition, data regarding the perinatal and neonatal period were collected from the medical records of the VLBWPIs. Results: Of the 93 schoolchildren screened, 48 and 45 were in the VLBWPI and control groups, respectively. No significant differences were found between the groups regarding anthropometric characteristics, nutritional status, or pulmonary function. No associations were found between perinatal/neonatal variables and lung function parameters in the VLBWPI group. Although the difference was not significant, the level of physical activity was slightly higher in the VLBWPI group than in the control group. Conclusions: Among the schoolchildren evaluated here, neither growth nor lung function appear to have been affected by prematurity birth weight, or level of physical activity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar o crescimento somático, a função pulmonar e o nível de atividade física entre escolares nascidos prematuros com muito baixo peso e escolares nascidos a termo e com peso adequado. Métodos: Foram recrutados escolares com idade de 8 a 11 anos residentes na mesma área de abrangência do estudo: prematuros e com peso < 1.500 g e controles (nascidos a termo e com peso ≥ 2.500 g). Foram obtidas medidas antropométricas e espirométricas e aplicado um questionário sobre a atividade física. Além disso, foram coletadas informações do período perinatal/neonatal dos recém-nascidos com muito baixo peso (RNMBP) de seus prontuários médicos. Resultados: Dos 93 escolares avaliados, 48 crianças no grupo RNMBP e 45 no grupo controle. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação às características antropométricas e nutricionais ou aos parâmetros de função pulmonar. Não foram encontradas associações entre as variáveis perinatais/neonatais e parâmetros da função pulmonar dos escolares no grupo RNMBP. Embora sem diferença significativa em relação aos níveis de atividade física, o grupo RNMBP apresentou uma tendência de ser mais ativo que o grupo controle. Conclusões: Nos escolares aqui estudados o crescimento e a função pulmonar parecem não ser afetados por prematuridade, peso ao nascimento ou nível de atividade física.

Effect of obesity on telomere length: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this systematic review is to assess the effects of obesity on telomere length. METHODS: The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), LILACS, SPORTdiscus, and Web of Science from inception to August 2014. The search was performed using the following combinations of terms: telomere AND "overweight" OR "obesity" OR "adiposity," without language restriction. RESULTS: Sixty-three original studies were included in this systematic review, comprising 119,439 subjects. Thirty-nine studies showed either weak or moderate correlation between obesity and telomere length; however, they showed an important heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: There is a tendency toward demonstrating negative correlation between obesity and telomere length. The selected studies showed weak to moderate correlation for the main search, and there was an important heterogeneity. For this reason, the causal relationship of obesity and telomere length remains open. Additional controlled longitudinal studies are needed to investigate this issue.

Effects of physical activity in telomere length: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

The aim of this systematic review is to assess the effects of exercise on telomeres length. We searched the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library), Scopus, LILACS, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science from inception to August 2014. All articles that assessed the effects of exercise in telomere length were included in this review. The search strategy used the following combinations of terms: telomere AND "motor activity" OR exercise OR "physical activity". Two reviewers, working independently, screened all titles and abstracts to identify studies that could meet inclusion criteria. Whenever possible, and if appropriate, we performed a random-effect meta-analysis of study outcomes. Thirty-seven original studies were included in this systematic review, including 41,230 participants. Twenty articles did not find statistically significant association, whereas 15 described a positive association. Two papers found an inverted "U" correlation. There is a tendency toward demonstrating an effect of exercise on telomere length. Few prospective studies were found, many studies did not reach statistical significance and there was an important methodological diversity. For this reason, a possible significant association between physical activity and telomere length remains an open question.

[Perinatal factors associated with pH<7.1 in umbilical artery and Apgar 5 min <7.0 in term newborn]. / Fatores perinatais associados a recém-nascidos de termo com pH<7.1 na artéria umbilical e índice de Apgar <7.0 no 5º minuto.

PURPOSE: To assess perinatal factors associated with term newborns with pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery and 5th min Apgar score<7.0. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study carried out after reviewing the medical records of all births from September/1998 to March/2008, that occurred at the General Hospital of Caxias do Sul. The inclusion criterion was term newborns who presented a 5th min Apgar score <7.0 and umbilical artery pH<7.10. In the univariate analysis, we used the Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables, the c² test for dichotomous variables and risk estimation by the odds ratio (OR). The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Of a total of 15,495 consecutive births, 25 term neonates (0.16%) had pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery and a 5th min Apgar score <7.0. Breech presentation (OR=12.9, p<0.005), cesarean section (OR=3.5, p<0.01) and modified intrapartum cardiotocography (OR=7.8, p<0.02) presented a significant association with the acidosis event. Among the fetal characteristics, need for hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (OR=79.7, p <0.0001), need for resuscitation (OR=12.2, p <0.0001) and base deficit were associated with the event (15.0 versus -4.5, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Low Apgar score at the 5th min of life associated with pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery can predict adverse neonatal outcomes.

Fatores perinatais associados a recém-nascidos de termo com pH<7,1 na artéria umbilical e índice de Apgar <7,0 no 5º minuto / Perinatal factors associated with pH<7.1 in umbilical artery and Apgar 5 min <7.0 in term newborn

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os fatores perinatais associados a recém-nascidos de termo com pH<7,1 na artéria umbilical e índice de Apgar no 5º min<7,0. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo com delineamento caso-controle, realizado após revisão dos prontuários de todos os nascimentos ocorridos entre setembro/1998 e março/2008, no Hospital Geral de Caxias do Sul. Foi considerado fator de inclusão os recém-nascidos de termo que apresentaram índice de Apgar no 5º min <7,0 e pH de artéria umbilical <7,1. Na análise univariada foi utilizado o teste t de Student e Mann-Whitney para as variáveis contínuas, o teste do c² para as variáveis dicotômicas e estimativa de risco pelo odds ratio (OR). Foi utilizado um valor de p<0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: De um total de 15.495 nascimentos consecutivos observaram-se 25 neonatos (0,16%) de termo com pH<7,1 na artéria umbilical e índice de Apgar no 5º min <7,0. Apresentaram associação significativa com o evento acidótico a apresentação pélvica (OR=12,9; p<0,005), parto cesáreo (OR=3,5; p<0,01) e cardiotocografia intraparto alterada (OR=7,8; p<0,02). Dentre as características fetais, associaram-se o déficit de base (-15,0 versus -4,5; p<0,0001), necessidade de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (OR=79,7; p<0,0001) e necessidade de reanimação (OR=12,2; p<0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Baixo índice de Apgar no 5º min de vida associado a pH<7,1 na artéria umbilical pode predizer desfechos neonatais desfavoráveis.

PURPOSE: To assess perinatal factors associated with term newborns with pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery and 5th min Apgar score<7,0. METHODS: Retrospective case-control study carried out after reviewing the medical records of all births from September/1998 to March/2008, that occurred at the General Hospital of Caxias do Sul. The inclusion criterion was term newborns who presented a 5th min Apgar score <7.0 and umbilical artery pH<7.10. In the univariate analysis, we used the Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables, the c² test for dichotomous variables and risk estimation by the odds ratio (OR). The level of significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Of a total of 15,495 consecutive births, 25 term neonates (0.16%) had pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery and a 5th min Apgar score <7.0. Breech presentation (OR=12.9, p<0.005), cesarean section (OR=3.5, p<0.01) and modified intrapartum cardiotocography (OR=7.8, p<0.02) presented a significant association with the acidosis event. Among the fetal characteristics, need for hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (OR=79.7, p <0.0001), need for resuscitation (OR=12.2, p <0.0001) and base deficit were associated with the event (15.0 versus -4.5, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Low Apgar score at the 5th min of life associated with pH<7.1 in the umbilical artery can predict adverse neonatal outcomes.

Analysis of neonatal morbidity and mortality in late-preterm newborn infants.

OBJECTIVE: To compare mortality and the principal intercurrent clinical conditions suffered by late-preterm newborn infants born with gestational ages of 34 full weeks to 36 weeks and 6 days, and full term newborns. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of all preterm newborn infants born at a public hospital from August 2010 to August 2011. The study sample comprised late-preterm infants (cases) and a group of full term newborns (controls). Three controls were enrolled for each case. Maternal, gestational and neonatal variables were analyzed. Means and standard deviations were used to compare numerical variables between case and control groups using Student's t test and the Mann-Whitney test; Pearson's chi-square was used for categorical variables. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to estimate risk. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 239 late-preterm infants and 698 full term newborns. Mothers aged over 35 years and/or with a history of previous premature deliveries had a higher proportion of late-preterm children. The following gestational variables were associated with late-preterm delivery: hypertension, infectious diseases, rupture of membranes more than 18 hours previously and multiple pregnancies. When compared with full term newborns, late-preterms were statistically more likely to be subject to hypothermia/hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, respiratory pathologies, resuscitation in the delivery room, phototherapy, supplementary feeding, mechanical ventilation, venous infusions, antibiotics and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, resulting in a nine times greater neonatal mortality rate. Intercurrent conditions were inversely related to gestational age. CONCLUSION: Late-preterm newborn infants had a mortality rate nine times that of full term infants and were exposed to a greater risk of intercurrent conditions during the neonatal period. These intercurrent conditions were inversely related to gestational age.

Análise da morbiletalidade neonatal em recém-nascidos pré-termo tardios / Analysis of neonatal morbidity and mortality in late-preterm newborn infants

OBJETIVO: Comparar as taxas de óbito e as principais intercorrências clínicas entre recém-nascidos pré-termo tardios nascidos com idade gestacional entre 34 semanas completas e 36 semanas e 6 dias e recém-nascidos a termo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal envolvendo todos os recém-nascidos pré-termo tardios nascidos entre agosto de 2010 e agosto de 2011. A população do estudo foi constituída pelos recém-nascidos pré-termo tardios (casos) e um grupo de recém-nascidos a termo (controles), sendo selecionados três controles para cada caso. Foram analisadas variáveis maternas, da gestação e neonatais. Na análise estatística, utilizaram-se médias, desvios padrão e testes t de Student e de Mann-Whitney para variáveis numéricas, o qui-quadrado de Pearson para variáveis categóricas e estimativa de risco pela odds ratio com intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: A população do estudo foi constituída por 239 recém-nascidos pré-termo tardios e 698 recém-nascidos a termo. As gestantes com mais de 35 anos e/ou história de prematuros prévios tiveram um número maior de pré-termo tardios. As variáveis da gestação relacionadas com o pré-termo tardio foram a hipertensão, doenças infecciosas, ruptura de membrana há mais de 18 horas e gravidez gemelar. Os recém-nascidos pré-termo, em comparação com os recém-nascidos a termo, apresentaram estatisticamente mais hipo/hipertermia, hipoglicemia, patologias respiratórias, necessidade de reanimação em sala de parto, necessidade de fototerapia, uso de complemento alimentar, necessidade de ventilação mecânica, infusão venosa, uso de antibiótico e internação em unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal, sendo a sua taxa de óbito neonatal nove vezes maior. As intercorrências se mostraram inversamente relacionadas à idade gestacional. CONCLUSÃO: Os recém-nascidos pré-termo tardios apresentaram uma taxa de óbito nove vezes maior do que os recém-nascidos a termo e maior risco de intercorrências no período neonatal, sendo estas inversamente relacionadas com a idade gestacional.

OBJECTIVE: To compare mortality and the principal intercurrent clinical conditions suffered by late-preterm newborn infants born with gestational ages of 34 full weeks to 36 weeks and 6 days, and full term newborns. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of all preterm newborn infants born at a public hospital from August 2010 to August 2011. The study sample comprised late-preterm infants (cases) and a group of full term newborns (controls). Three controls were enrolled for each case. Maternal, gestational and neonatal variables were analyzed. Means and standard deviations were used to compare numerical variables between case and control groups using Student's t test and the Mann-Whitney test; Pearson's chi-square was used for categorical variables. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to estimate risk. RESULTS: The study sample comprised 239 late-preterm infants and 698 full term newborns. Mothers aged over 35 years and/or with a history of previous premature deliveries had a higher proportion of late-preterm children. The following gestational variables were associated with late-preterm delivery: hypertension, infectious diseases, rupture of membranes more than 18 hours previously and multiple pregnancies. When compared with full term newborns, late-preterms were statistically more likely to be subject to hypothermia/hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, respiratory pathologies, resuscitation in the delivery room, phototherapy, supplementary feeding, mechanical ventilation, venous infusions, antibiotics and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit, resulting in a nine times greater neonatal mortality rate. Intercurrent conditions were inversely related to gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Late-preterm newborn infants had a mortality rate nine times that of full term infants and were exposed to a greater risk of intercurrent conditions during the neonatal period. These intercurrent conditions were inversely related to gestational age.

Avaliação dos fatores associados à ocorrência de prematuridade em um hospital terciário de ensino / Evaluation of the factors associated to prematurity in a tertiary hospital of education

INTRODUÇÃO: Na atualidade, o nascimento de recém-nascidos prematuros tem constituído um crescente problema obstétrico e de saúde pública, posto que taxas elevadas têm contribuído significativamente com a mortalidade perinatal e a morbidade infantil de longo prazo. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os fatores de exposição associados à prematuridade em um hospital terciário de ensino. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo caso-controle, com seleção de casos incidentes e controles consecutivos, em que foram analisadas variáveis maternas e perinatais. Para se verificar a presença ou não de associação entre as variáveis independentes e o nascimento pré-termo, estimou-se a Odds Ratio bruta para cada associação de interesse. Na análise univariada, foi aplicado o teste t de Student para as variáveis contínuas e o teste do qui-quadrado para as variáveis dicotômicas. Em todos os testes, se considerou significante um p<0,05. RESULTADOS: De um total de 1.093 nascimentos, foram identificados 117 recém-nascidos pré-termo (10,7%). Os fatores de exposição identificados foram a falta de pré-natal, malformações congênitas, ruptura da membrana amniótica por mais de 12h e episódios de sangramento vaginal de qualquer etiologia durante a gestação. Não se observou associação ao uso de fumo, síndromes hipertensiva e diabética e pH no sangue da artéria umbilical <7,1. CONCLUSÃO: O percentual de prematuridade no estudo foi de 10,7% e o de óbito perinatal, de 13,7%. Os fatores de exposição identificados foram: falta de pré-natal, malformações congênitas, ruptura da membrana amniótica por mais de 12h e episódios de sangramento vaginal de qualquer etiologia durante a gestação

INTRODUCTION: At present, the birth of premature infants has become a growing problem in obstetrics and public health, since high rates have contributed significantly to perinatal mortality and long term infant morbidity. Aims: To assess the exposure factors associated with prematurity in a tertiary care teaching hospital. METHODS: This is a case-control study, with selection of consecutive incident cases and controls, in which maternal and perinatal variables were analyzed. In order to determine the presence or absence of association between independent variables and pre-term birth, the crude odds ratio was estimated for each association of interest. In univariate analysis, the Student's t test for continuous variables and chi-square test for dichotomous variables were applied. In all tests, p<0.05 was considered as significant. RESULTS: Of a total of 1,093 births, 117 (10.7%) were identified as pre-term newborns. The exposure factors identified were lack of prenatal care, birth defects, amniotic membrane rupture for more than 12h, and episodes of vaginal bleeding of any cause during pregnancy. There was no association with smoking, hypertensive and diabetic syndromes, and pH in umbilical artery <7.1. CONCLUSION: The percentage of pre-term births in the study was 10.7%, and perinatal mortality was 13.7%. The exposure factors identified were: lack of prenatal care, birth defects, amniotic membrane rupture for more than 12h, and episodes of vaginal bleeding of any cause during pregnancy

Fatores de risco relacionados à mortalidade fetal / Risk factors related to fetal mortality

Introdução: Pouca atenção tem sido dada às mortes que ocorrem antes do nascimento, apesar da mortalidade fetal ser influenciada pelas mesmas circunstâncias e ter as mesmas etiologias que a mortalidade neonatal precoce. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade fetal. Métodos: Estudo do tipo caso-controle, incluindo os partos ocorridos entre Março/1998 e Maio/2004. Foram incluídos 183 casos (natimortos) e 342 controles (nativivos). Para testar a associação entre as variáveis independente (preditoras) e dependente (natimortos), foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher, quando indicado, considerando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Para determinação da força da associação foi utilizada a estimativa do risco relativo para os estudos de caso-controle, Odds Ratio (OR), calculando seu intervalo de confiança a 95%. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística seguindo o modelo hierarquizado para controle dos fatores de confusão. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade fetal correspondeu a 16,8/1.000 nascimentos vivos. Depois da análise multivariada, as variáveis que persistiram significativamente associadas ao óbito fetal foram: presença de malformações (OR= 9,7; IC95%=4,7-20,2), número de consultas durante o pré-natal inferior a seis (OR=5,1; IC95%=3,3-7,8), síndromes hipertensivas (OR=2.7; IC95%=1,5-4,7), menos do que oito anos de estudo (OR=1,6; IC95%=1,0-2,6) e natimortalidade prévia (OR=11,5; IC95%=3,2-41,7). Conclusão: Os fatores de risco identificados e que estiveram relacionados com a morte fetal foram a presença de malformações congênitas, números de consultas de pré-natal inferior a seis, síndromes hipertensivas, menos do que oito anos de estudo e natimortalidade prévia.

Introduction: Little attention has been given to deaths that occur before birth, although fetal mortality is influenced by the same circumstances and has the same causes as early neonatal mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors associated with fetal mortality. Methods: A case-control study including births between March 1998 and May 2004. The study included 183 cases (stillbirths) and 342 controls (live births). To test the association between independent (predictors) and dependent (stillborn) variables, we used the chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, when indicated, considering the significance level of 5%. To determine the strength of association we used an estimate of relative risk for case-control studies, odds ratio (OR), calculating the confidence interval at 95%. A logistic regression analysis was performed following the hierarchy model to control for confounding factors. Results: The fetal mortality rate amounted to 16.8/1,000 live births. After multivariate analysis, the variables that remained significantly associated with fetal death were malformation (OR = 9.7, 95% CI 4.7 to 20.2), fewer than six visits during the prenatal period (OR = 5.1, 95% CI 3.3 to 7.8), hypertensive disorders (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.7), fewer than eight years of schooling (OR = 1.6 , 95% CI 1.0 to 2.6) and prior stillbirth (OR = 11.5, 95% CI 3.2 to 41.7). Conclusion: The identified risk factors for fetal death were congenital malformations, fewer than six prenatal consultations, hypertensive disorders, fewer than eight years of schooling, and previous stillbirth.

Chronic hypertension and pregnancy at a tertiary-care and university hospital.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze maternal and perinatal aspects related to chronic hypertension (CH) in pregnancy. METHODS: Cross-section and retrospective study. Maternal, obstetric, and neonatal variables inserted in a database of the SPSS program, version 16.0, were analyzed. Student's t-test was applied to the continuous variables and the chi-square test to the dichotomous variables, considering as statistically significant a value of p < 0.05. RESULTS: From March 1998 to February 2009 about 15,945 births were observed, 888 (5.5%) being related to pregnant mothers with CH. In the hypertense group, there was a higher percentage of cesarean section, preterm labor during pregnancy, abruptio placentae, small-for-gestational age babies (<2500 g), and the need for treatment in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). CONCLUSION: CH in pregnancy was significantly associated with maternal age ≥30 years, nonwhite race, low level of schooling, parity ≥3 children, weight gain ≥16 kg, greater rates of cesarean section, Apgar score at the first and fifth minutes <7, umbilical artery pH ≤7.1, fetal weight ≤2500 g, need for neonatal intensive care, preterm labor during pregnancy, abruptio placentae, birth injury, small-for-gestational age babies and higher rates of preterm babies, fetal and neonatal mortality. It should be emphasized that the variables mentioned are representative or poor birth conditions in the group of chronic hypertense pregnant women.

Fatores de risco para tocotraumatismo materno / Risk factors to maternal birth injury

Os tocotraumatismos maternos acometem com mais frequência partes moles da genitália materna e, por isso, estão relacionados a substancial morbidade, como nos casos de rupturas perineais, vaginais e cervicais. A mortalidade é representada principalmente pela ruptura uterina. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os fatores de risco relacionados ao tocotraumatismo materno. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, realizado em uma enfermaria de puerpério, no período de julho/2004 a dezembro/2005. Foram avaliadas variáveis maternas e fetais. As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas como proporções, as com distribuição normal como média e desvio padrão, e as sem distribuição normal como mediana e intervalo interquartil. Para verificação das variáveis associadas ao tocotraumatismo materno, foram conduzidas análises bivariadas, com o teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: Dentre 2.137 puérperas, foram identificados 37 casos (1,7%) de tocotraumatismo. As lesões de primeiro e segundo graus foram as mais prevalentes (n=29; 78,4%). Foi observado um caso de ruptura uterina. As variáveis: a) segundo período de trabalho de parto inferior a 30 minutos, b) peso fetal entre 3.000g e 3.499 g, c) comprimento fetal entre 46 cm e 50 cm e d) perímetro torácico ≥33 cm estiveram associadas ao tocotraumatismo materno na análise bivariada, mas não tiveram significância quando da regressão logística. Conclusão: As lesões de primeiro e segundo graus foram as mais prevalentes (n=29). Parto vaginal, multiparidade e perímetro cefálico ≥33 cm foram identificados como fatores de risco independentes para lesão materna.

Maternal birth injuries affect most often the soft parts of the maternal genitalia and therefore are related to substantial morbidity, such as in cases of perineal, vaginal and cervical ruptures. Mortality is mainly represented by uterine rupture. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors related to maternal birth trauma. Methods: A case-control study conducted in a postpartum ward from Jul 2004 to Dec 2005. Maternal and fetal variables were evaluated. Categorical variables were shown as proportions, those with normal distribution as mean and standard deviation, and those without normal distribution as median and interquartile range. In order to check the variables associated with maternal birth trauma, bivariate analysis was conducted with the chi-square test. Results: Of 2,137 women, 37 cases (1.7%) of maternal birth trauma were identified. Lesions of first and second degrees were the most prevalent (n = 29, 78.4%). One case of uterine rupture was found. Variables (a) second period of labor less than 30 minutes, (b) fetal weight between 3,000 g and 3,499 g, (c) fetal length between 50 cm and 46 cm) and (d) chest girth ≥ 33 cm were associated with maternal birth trauma in the bivariate analysis, but had no significance in the logistic regression. Conclusion: First and second degrees lesions were the most prevalent (n = 29). Vaginal delivery, multiparity and head circumference ≥ 33 cm were identified as independent risk factors for maternal injury.

Malformações congênitas do sistema nervoso central: prevalência e impacto perinatal / Congenital malformations of central nervous system: prevalence and perinatal impact

No Brasil e no Rio Grande do Sul, as malformações congênitas constituem a segunda causa de mortalidade infantil, sendo responsáveis por 17,2% e 22,4%, respectivamente, do total de mortes, indicando a necessidade de estratégias específicas nas políticas de saúde. Assim, decidiu-se pela análise da prevalência e dos aspectos perinatais relacionados às malformações congênitas do sistema nervoso central. Métodos: Estudo com delineamento caso-controle. A amostra de contingência estudada foi constituída de recém-nascidos que tenham apresentado malformação do sistema nervoso central, no período de março/1998 a junho/2008. Foram avaliadas variáveis maternas e neonatais. Para a análise estatística utilizaram-se médias, desvios padrões e teste T de Student e Mann-Whitney para variáveis numéricas, qui-quadrado para variáveis categóricas e estimativa de risco pela Odds Ratio (OR) com IC 95%. Foi adotado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Dentre os 15.495 nascimentos ocorridos no período citado, foram observados 32 neonatos (0,21%) portadores de malformação do sistema nervoso central, que foram comparados a 149 neonatos normais. O defeito congênito associou-se a taxa aumentada de partos cesáreos [21(65%) vs. 46(30%); p<0,0002; OR 4,3(1,8-10,4)], peso neonatal médio mais baixo (p<0,005), admissão em unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal [23(71,8%) vs.18(12%); p<0,0001; OR 18,6(6,9-51,9)] e neomortalidade precoce [5(15,6%) vs. 1(0,7%); p<0,0001; OR 27,4(2,9-64,5)]. Conclusão: O defeito congênito associou-se à taxa aumentada de partos cesáreos, peso neonatal médio inferior, necessidade de admissão em unidade de tratamento intensivo neonatal, neomortalidade precoce, mas não à idade materna, paridade, intervalo interpartal, raça e síndrome diabética.

Congenital malformation is the second cause of infantile mortality in Brazil and in Rio Grande do Sul. The rates of the total of deaths are 17,2% and 22,4%, respectively, indicating the necessity of specific strategies in the health politics. The aim of this work was to analyze the prevalence and associated conditions related to congenital malformations of the central nervous system. Methods: In this case-control study, we studied newborns with malformation of central nervous system between March 1998 and July 2008. They were matched with normal newborns in the same period. Maternal and newborn variables were evaluated. Statistic approach was carried through Student t-test and Mann-Whitney for numerical variables. Qui-square test was used for categorical variables. To access the risk estimation, we used odd’s rate (OR) with 95% CI. The significance level for all statistical tests was 5%. Results: Among 15,495 births, there were 32 newborns (0,21%) with malformation of the central system. They were matched with 149 normal newborns. Congenital defects were associated with high rates of Caesarean childbirths [21 (65%) versus. 46 (30%) ; p< 0.002; OR 4.3 (1.8 – 10.4)], lower newborn weight (p< 0.005), admission in intensive care unit [23 (71.8%) versus. 18(12%); p< 0.0001; OR 18.6 (6.9 – 51.9)] and early mortality [5 (15.6%) versus. 1(0.7%); p< 0.0001; OR 27.4 (2.9 – 64.5)]. Conclusion: Congenital defect was associated with increased rates of Caesarean childbirths, lower newborn weight, necessity of admission in intensive care unit, early mortality. There was no association with the mother’s age, number of deliveries, interval between the delivery, race and diabetes.

Influência do local de nascimento e do transporte sobre a morbimortalidade de recém-nascidos prematuros / Effect of place of birth and transport on morbidity and mortality of preterm newborns

OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência do local de nascimento e do transporte sobre a morbimortalidade de recém-nascidos prematuros na Região Sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte com recém-nascidos prematuros transferidos para a unidade de tratamento intensivo de referência (grupo transporte = 61), tendo sido acompanhados até a alta. Os dados sobre o atendimento no hospital de origem e transporte foram obtidos no momento da internação. Esse grupo foi comparado com neonatos da maternidade de referência, pareados por idade gestacional (grupo controle = 123), tendo como desfecho primário o óbito e desfechos secundários as alterações da glicemia, temperatura e saturação de oxigênio no momento da internação e a incidência de enterocolite necrosante, displasia broncopulmonar e sepses. Na associação entre as variáveis e o desfecho, foi utilizado o risco relativo. Foi adotado um nível de significância de α = 5 por cento e β = 90 por cento. RESULTADOS: A distância média percorrida foi de 91 km. A idade gestacional média foi de 34 semanas. Entre os recém-nascidos transferidos, 23 por cento (n = 14) não tiveram atendimento pediátrico na sala de parto. No transporte, 33 por cento dos recém-nascidos foram acompanhados por pediatra, e os equipamentos utilizados foram: incubadora (57 por cento), bomba de infusão (13 por cento), oxímetro (49 por cento) e aparelho para aferição da glicemia (21 por cento). O grupo transporte apresentou maior incidência de hiperglicemia, risco relativo (RR) = 3,2 (2,3-4,4), hipoglicemia, RR = 2,4 (1,4-4,0), hipertermia, RR = 2,5 (1,6-3,9), e hipoxemia, RR = 2,2 (1,6-3,0). Foram observados 18 por cento de óbitos no grupo dos transferidos e 8,9 por cento no grupo controle, RR = 2,0 (1,0-2,6). CONCLUSÕES: A pesquisa expõe deficiências no atendimento e transporte dos recém-nascidos, sendo necessária uma melhor organização do atendimento perinatal e do transporte na região nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of place of birth and transport on morbidity and mortality of preterm newborns in the southern region of Brazil. METHODS: This cohort study included preterm newborns transported to a reference intensive care unit (transport group = 61) and followed up until discharge. Data about care in hospital of origin and transport were obtained at admission. This group was compared with infants born in the maternity ward of the reference hospital paired according to gestational age (control group = 123). Primary outcome was death, and secondary outcomes were changes in blood glucose, temperature and oxygen saturation at admission and the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and sepsis. Relative risk (RR) was used to evaluate the association between variables and outcome. The level of significance was set at α = 5 percent and β = 90 percent. RESULTS: Mean travel distance was 91 km. Mean gestational age was 34 weeks. Of the neonates in the transport group, 23 percent (n = 14) did not receive pediatric care in the delivery room. During transportation, 33 percent of newborns were accompanied by a pediatrician, and the equipment available was: incubator (57 percent), infusion pump (13 percent), oximeter (49 percent) and device for blood glucose test (21 percent). The transport group had a greater incidence of hyperglycemia (RR = 3.2; 2.3-4.4), hypoglycemia (RR = 2.4; 1.4-4.0), hyperthermia (RR = 2.5; 1.6-3.9), and hypoxemia (RR = 2.2; 1.6-3.0). The percentage of deaths was 18 percent in the transport group and 8.9 percent in the control group (RR = 2.0; 1.0-2.6). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed deficiencies in neonatal care and transport. Perinatal care and transport should be better organized in the northeastern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Effect of place of birth and transport on morbidity and mortality of preterm newborns.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of place of birth and transport on morbidity and mortality of preterm newborns in the southern region of Brazil. METHODS: This cohort study included preterm newborns transported to a reference intensive care unit (transport group = 61) and followed up until discharge. Data about care in hospital of origin and transport were obtained at admission. This group was compared with infants born in the maternity ward of the reference hospital paired according to gestational age (control group = 123). Primary outcome was death, and secondary outcomes were changes in blood glucose, temperature and oxygen saturation at admission and the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and sepsis. Relative risk (RR) was used to evaluate the association between variables and outcome. The level of significance was set at α = 5% and ß = 90%. RESULTS: Mean travel distance was 91 km. Mean gestational age was 34 weeks. Of the neonates in the transport group, 23% (n = 14) did not receive pediatric care in the delivery room. During transportation, 33% of newborns were accompanied by a pediatrician, and the equipment available was: incubator (57%), infusion pump (13%), oximeter (49%) and device for blood glucose test (21%). The transport group had a greater incidence of hyperglycemia (RR = 3.2; 2.3-4.4), hypoglycemia (RR = 2.4; 1.4-4.0), hyperthermia (RR = 2.5; 1.6-3.9), and hypoxemia (RR = 2.2; 1.6-3.0). The percentage of deaths was 18% in the transport group and 8.9% in the control group (RR = 2.0; 1.0-2.6). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed deficiencies in neonatal care and transport. Perinatal care and transport should be better organized in the northeastern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Fatores de risco maternos associados à acidose fetal / Maternal risk factors associated with fetal acidosis

OBJETIVOS: avaliar os fatores de risco maternos associados à acidose fetal. MÉTODOS: estudo tipo caso-controle composto por 188 recém-nascidos, sendo que 47 compuseram o grupo casos (pH de artéria umbilical <7,0) e 141 os de controles (pH de artéria umbilical <7,1 <7,3) nascidos imediatamente após cada caso. Consideraram-se fatores de inclusão: recém-nascidos de gestações únicas e sem malformação congênita. Analisaram-se variáveis maternas e fetais. Foram realizadas a Odds Ratio bruta e ajustada, teste t de Student, teste do qui-quadrado e análise multivariada através da regressão logística nãocondicional pelo método Enter. Assumiu-se como nível de significância estatística um p<0,05. RESULTADOS: no grupo de casos foi observado maior percentual de cesarianas, de recém-nascidos pré-termo, que apresentaram quase cinco vezes mais necessidade de cuidados intensivos e vinte cinco vezes mais chance de Apgar no 5º minuto <7. Não foram observadas associação entre os grupos e a apresentação fetal, idade materna, história de abortos anteriores, escolaridade materna e frequência ao pré-natal. Após a análise multivariada persistiram como fator de risco complicações relacionadas com a placenta e cordão. Os recémnascidos cujos partos associaram-se a complicações da placenta ou do cordão umbilical apresentaram três vezes mais chance de acidemia fetal. CONCLUSÕES: os recém-nascidos acidóticos estiveram relacionados à maior percentual de cesarianas, de prematuridade, necessidade de cuidados de tratamento intensivo e índice de Apgar <7 no 5º minuto. Após a análise multivariada, persistiram como fator de risco para acidemia fetal as complicações relacionadas ao descolamento prematuro de placenta e cordão umbilical.

OBJECTIVES: to assess maternal risk factors associated with fetal acidosis. METHODS: a case-control type study was conducted of 188 neonates, of whom 47 comprised the case group (umbilical arterial pH <7.0) and 141 the control (umbilical arterial pH E7.1 <7.3). The study included only single-gestation neonates without congenital malformations. Both maternal and fetal variables were taken into consideration. Statistical analysis involved the calculation of the raw and adjusted Odds Ratio, Student's t-test, the chi-squared test and multivariate analysis using Enter-method non-conditional logistic regression. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: in the case group higher percentages of caesarian sections and pre-term births were observed, involving almost five times as much intensive care and twenty-five times more likelihood of Apgar in the 5th minute <7. No association was observed between the groups and fetal presentation, mother's age, history of miscarriage, years of schooling of mother or attendance at prenatal sessions. After multivariate analysis, the only risk factors that remained significant were complications relating to the placenta or the umbilical cord. Deliveries involving complications relating to the placenta or the umbilical cord were three times more likely to involve fetal acidemia. CONCLUSIONS: acidemia among neonates was associated with a higher percentage of caesarians, premature births, a need for intensive care and treatment and an Apgar index of <7 in the 5th minute. After multivariate analysis, complications relating to premature displacement of the placenta and the umbilical cord were the only remaining risk factors associated with fetal acidemia.

Tocotraumatismo materno e fetal. Experiência de um hospital universitário nível III / Maternal and fetal birth injury: Experience in a tertiary referral university hospital

Introdução: Os tocotraumatismos maternos e fetais, por estarem diretamente vinculados à morbiletalidade, constituem tema importante na área perinatológica. Conhecer a real incidência desse evento torna-se importante para eventuais correções de condutas. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência e os tipos de tocotraumatismos materno e fetal na população usuária de um hospital universitário nível III. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal, que envolveu gestantes no período de julho/2004 a dezembro/2005. Foram avaliadas variáveis maternas e neonatais. Utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSS 16.0 para analisar as médias, desvios padrões e percentuais. Resultados: Em 2.137 nascimentos foram identificados 25 casos (1,2%) de tocotraumatismo fetal e 34 (1,6%) de tocotraumatismo materno. Dentre os tocotraumatismos fetais, a via de parto predominante foi a vaginal (88%) e a média da idade materna foi de 25,1±5,8 anos. O peso fetal médio foi de 3.366,4g±696,3g. As lesões leves foram as mais observadas (n=16; 64%). A fratura de clavícula foi o tocotraumatismo mais prevalente, seguido do céfalo-hematoma. Dentre os tocotraumatismos maternos, 33 nascimentos ocorreram via vaginal (97,1%) e a média da idade materna foi de 26,6±7,1 anos. O peso fetal médio foi de 3.152,9g ± 507,8g. As lesões mais observadas foram as de fúrcula vaginal (n=19; 55,9%). Conclusão: Dentre os casos de tocotraumatismo fetal (1,2%), as lesões do tipo leve e superficial foram as mais observadas, prevalecendo a fratura de clavícula. Dentre os casos de tocotraumatismos maternos (1,6%), as lacerações do 1.o e 2.o graus foram as mais prevalentes

Introduction: Because the maternal and fetal birth injuries are directly linked to morbidity/mortality, they are a major theme in the perinatal field. To get to know the real incidence of such events becomes important in order to correct any misconducts. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the types of maternal and fetal birth injuries in the population cared for at a tertiary referral university hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving pregnant women in the Jul/2004-Dec/2005 period. Maternal and neonatal variables were evaluated. Statistical software SPSS 16.0 was used in the analysis of means, standard deviations, and percentages. Results: Of 2.137 births, 25 cases (1.2%) of fetal and 34 (1.6%) cases of maternal birth injuries were reported. Among the fetal birth injuries, vaginal childbirth was the prevailing route of delivery (88%) and the mean maternal age was 25.1±5.8 years. The mean birth weight was 3.366.4g±696.3g. Minor lesions were the most prevalent ones (n=16; 64%). Fracture of the clavicle was the commonest injury, followed by cephalhematoma. Among the maternal birth injuries, 33 were through vaginal childbirth (97.1%) and the mean maternal age was 26.6±7.1 years. The mean birth weight was 3.152.9g±507.8g. The commonest injuries were those to the vaginal furcula (n=19; 55.9%). Conclusion: Among the cases of fetal birth injury (1.2%), minor, superficial lesions were the most frequent ones, with fracture of the clavicle prevailing. Among the maternal birth injuries (1.6%), 1st and 2nd degree lacerations were the most prevalent

Malformações congênitas: aspectos maternos e perinatais / Congenital defects: maternal and perinatal features

Introdução: As malformações congênitas são todas as anomalias funcionais ou estruturais do desenvolvimento fetal decorrentes de fatores originados anteriormente ao nascimento, de causas genética, ambiental ou desconhecida e estão relacionadas com elevada morbi-mortalidade perinatal. Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência das malformações congênitas e de aspectos maternos e perinatais relacionados às deformidades. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, do tipo caso-controle, dos nascimentos ocorridos no Hospital Geral da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, no período de 1998 a 2007. Os dados foram armazenados no SPSS, versão 16.0. Foram utilizados teste T de Student e o teste de Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância estatística p<0,05. Resultados: Dentre os 14.351 nascimentos foram identificados 247 casos (1,7%) de recém-nascidos portadores de algum tipo de malformação congênita: geniturinárias (n=55), associação de malformações (n=53), sistema músculo-esquelético (n=45), sistema nervoso central (n=43), gastrintestinais (n=29) e cardiovasculares (n=22). Idade materna, diabete melito, cor da pele, intervalo interpartal, paridade e ocorrência de ameaça de interrupção precoce da gestação não apresentaram associação significativa com as MCs citadas. Via de parto, peso do concepto no nascimento, ocorrência de PIG, necessidade de tratamento em ambiente de intensivismo neonatal, apresentação pélvica, idade gestacional média, natimortalidade, oligodrâmnio e polidrâmnio associaram-se significativamente à presença do defeito congênito (p<0,001). Conclusão: As malformações congênitas de maior prevalência foram geniturinária e associação de malformações. Esta última condição e as malformações do sistema nervoso central estiveram mais associadas ao óbito perinatal.

Introduction: Congenital malformations (CMs) are all the functional or structural abnormalities of the fetal growth, resulting from prenatal factors of genetic, environmental or idiopathic etiology, and they are associated with high perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. Aim: To identify the prevalence of congenital malformations and maternal and perinatal features related to deformities. Methods: This is a transversal, case-control study of the births occurring in the General Hospital of the University of Caxias do Sul from 1998 to 2007. The data were analyzed using software SPSS, 16.0. A statistical analysis was carried out using Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney’s test with significance at p<0.05. Results: Among 14.351 births, 247 cases (1.7%) of newborns with some type of congenital malformation were identified as follows: genitourinary (n=55), combined malformations (n=53), musculoskeletal system (n=45), central nervous system (n=43), gastrointestinal (n=29), and cardiovascular (n=22) malformations. Maternal age, diabetes mellitus, skin color, interparturition interval, parity, and occurrence of threat of early interruption of gestation, were not significantly associated with the mentioned CMs. Delivery route, birth weight, occurrence of SGA, need for neonatal intensive care, breech presentation, mean gestational age, stillbirth rate,oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios were significantly associated with the presence of congenital defects (p<0.001). Conclusion: The congenital alformations of higher prevalence were the genitourinary and the combined malformations. The latter and the central nervous system malformations were more associated with perinatal death.