Fetal weight estimation in gestational diabetic pregnancies: comparison between conventional and three-dimensional fractional thigh volume methods using gestation-adjusted projection.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of gestation-adjusted birth-weight estimation using a three-dimensional (3D) fractional thigh volume (TVol) method in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to compare it with the conventional two-dimensional method of Hadlock et al. METHODS: Pregnant women with GDM were referred at 34 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation for ultrasound examination. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) was obtained using both the Hadlock and the TVol methods. Using a gestation-adjusted projection method, predicted birth weight was compared to actual birth weight at delivery. RESULTS: Based on 125 pregnancies, the TVol method with gestation-adjusted projection had a mean (± SD) percentage error in estimating birth weight of -0.01 ± 5.0 (95% CI, -0.96 to 0.98)% while the method of Hadlock with gestation-adjusted projection had an error of 1.28 ± 9.1 (95% CI, -0.33 to 2.87)%. The mean percentage error of the two methods was significantly different (P = 0.039), while the random error was not (P = 1.0). For the prediction of macrosomia (birth weight ≥ 4000 g, n = 19), sensitivity was 84 and 63% for the TVol and Hadlock methods, respectively (95% CI for difference -2 to 44%, P = 0.22) and specificity was 96 and 89% for the TVol and Hadlock methods, respectively (95% CI for difference 5-9%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In women with GDM, a new method of estimating birth weight based on 3D-TVol measurements performed at 34 + 0 to 36 + 6 weeks' gestation and gestation-adjusted projection of estimated fetal weight, is more accurate than the standard method based on Hadlock's formula in predicting birth weight. The TVol method has comparable sensitivity but higher specificity than the Hadlock method in predicting neonatal macrosomia.

Double-wavelength superheterodyne interferometer for absolute ranging with submillimeter resolution: results obtained with a demonstration model by use of rough and reflective targets.

The potential of double-wavelength interferometry is well known, especially regarding the capability of performing absolute distance measurements of rough targets with high resolutions. We describe the experimental results obtained with a demonstration model of a double-wavelength interferometer with superheterodyne detection. Our system, implemented with two four-quadrant detectors to improve the detection probability, has demonstrated the ability to reach resolutions of 0.2 mm at 5-m distances on rough targets in 50-ms integration time.

Improvement of speckle statistics in double-wavelength superheterodyne interferometry.

In this paper we analyze the probability density function of the superheterodyne signal obtained in a two-wavelength interferometer from the beat of a local oscillator laser beam with a speckled return beam from a rough target. Theoretical investigation shows that, by using an increased number of spatially separated detectors, one can improve noticeably the detection probability of the superheterodyne signal. Experimental results obtained with a four-quadrant detector are in good agreement with theory.