Isolation, structure elucidation, and high-performance liquid chromatography quantification of photolytic degradation impurities in acrivastine.

Acrivastine is a second-generation H1-receptor antagonist, and its structure is sensitive to ultraviolet. Four unknown and one reported degradation products can be detected in the ultraviolet radiation solutions of acrivastine. To improve the quality control of acrivastine, the photodegradation impurities were isolated and structurally elucidated. There are four new impurities (1-3 and 5), and one reported compound (4). The isolation strategy was designed as preparative high-performance liquid chromatography using a reversed phase column with volatile acid addition in the mobile phase, combined with preparative thin-layer chromatography using silica gel with alkaline addition in the mobile phase. Using the developed methods, five impurities (1-5) were efficiently purified after two or three chromatography runs with purities > 95%. The structures of compounds 1-5 are elucidated based on spectroscopy analysis of MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Using the impurity standard, the high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated. The method was proved to be sensitive, accurate (Recovery% 96.1-107.7%), linear (0.15-0.75 µg/mL, R2 > 0.996), robust, and specific, and it was successfully used to determine the degradation impurities of acrivastine and its formulation.

Red Nucleus Interleukin-6 Evokes Tactile Allodynia in Male Rats Through Modulating Spinal Pro-inflammatory and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines.

Our previous studies have clarified that red nucleus (RN) interleukin (IL)-6 is involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain and produces a facilitatory effect by activating JAK2/STAT3 and ERK pathways. In this study, we further explored the immune molecular mechanisms of rubral IL-6-mediated descending facilitation at the spinal cord level. IL-6-evoked tactile allodynia was established by injecting recombinant IL-6 into the unilateral RN of naive male rats. Following intrarubral administration of IL-6, obvious tactile allodynia was evoked in the contralateral hindpaw of rats. Meanwhile, the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1ß, and IL-6 were elevated in the contralateral spinal dorsal horn (L4-L6), blocking spinal TNF-α, IL-1ß, or IL-6 with neutralizing antibodies relieved IL-6-evoked tactile allodynia. Conversely, the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and IL-10 were reduced in the contralateral spinal dorsal horn (L4-L6), an intrathecal supplement of exogenous TGF-ß, or IL-10 attenuated IL-6-evoked tactile allodynia. Further studies demonstrated that intrarubral pretreatment with JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor AG490 suppressed the elevations of spinal TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 and promoted the expressions of TGF-ß and IL-10 in IL-6-evoked tactile allodynia rats. However, intrarubral pretreatment with ERK inhibitor PD98059 only restrained the increase in spinal TNF-α and enhanced the expression of spinal IL-10. These findings imply that rubral IL-6 plays descending facilitation and produces algesic effect through upregulating the expressions of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 and downregulating the expressions of spinal anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-ß and IL-10 by activating JAK2/STAT3 and/or ERK pathways, which provides potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of pathological pain.

Anti-Fatigue Peptides from the Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Cervus elaphus Blood.

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) blood is widely used as a health product. Mixed culture fermentation improves the flavor and bioavailability of deer blood (DB), and both DB and its enzymatic hydrolysates exhibit anti-fatigue activities in vivo. To elucidate the bioactive ingredients, enzymatic hydrolysates were fractioned into different peptide groups using reversed phase resin chromatography, and then evaluated using an exhaustive swimming mice model to assess swimming time and biochemical parameters. The structures of the bioactive peptides were elucidated by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass detection. Thirty-one compounds were identified as glutamine or branched-chain amino acids containing short peptides, of which Val-Ala-Asn, Val-Val-Ser-Ala, Leu(Ile)-Leu(Ile)-Val-Thr, Pro-His-Pro-Thr-Thr, Glu-Val-Ala-Phe and Val-Leu(Ile)-Asp-Ala-Phe are new peptides. The fractions containing glutamine or valine short peptides, Ala-Gln, Val-Gln, Val-Val-Ser-Ala, Val-Leu(Ile)-Ser improved exercise endurance by increasing hepatic glycogen (HG) storage. The peptides group containing Leu(Ile)-Leu(Ile), Asp-Gln, Phe- Leu(Ile), Val-Val-Tyr-Pro contributed to decreased muscle lactic acid (MLA)accumulation and to an increase in HG. The anti-fatigue activities of DB hydrolysates were attributed to the synergistic effects of different types of peptides.

AUF1 Promotes Proliferation and Invasion of Thyroid Cancer via Downregulation of ZBTB2 and Subsequent TRIM58.

The pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common type of thyroid cancer, is not yet fully understood. This limits the therapeutic options for approximately 7% of invasive PTC patients. The critical role of AUF1 in the progression of thyroid cancer was first reported in 2009, however, its molecular mechanism remained unclear. Our study used CRISPR/Cas 9 system to knockdown AUF1 in IHH4 and TPC1 cells. We noticed that the expression of TRIM58 and ZBTB2 were increased in the AUF1 knockdown IHH4 and TPC1 cells. When TRIM58 and ZBTB2 were inhibited by small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against TRIM58 (shTRIM58) and ZBTB2 (shZBTB2), respectively, the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of the AUF1-knockdown IHH4 and TPC1 cells were increased. In addition, two ZBTB2 binding sites (-719~-709 and -677~-668) on TRIM58 promoter and two AUF1 binding sites (1250-1256 and 1258-1265) on ZBTB2 3'-UTR were identified. These results suggested that AUF1 affecting thyroid cancer cells via regulating the expression of ZBTB2 and TRIM58.

Red nucleus IL-33 facilitates the early development of mononeuropathic pain in male rats by inducing TNF-α through activating ERK, p38 MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3.

BACKGROUND: Our recent studies have identified that the red nucleus (RN) dual-directionally modulates the development and maintenance of mononeuropathic pain through secreting proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we further explored the action of red nucleus IL-33 in the early development of mononeuropathic pain. METHODS: In this study, male rats with spared nerve injury (SNI) were used as mononeuropathic pain model. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and behavioral testing were used to assess the expressions, cellular distributions, and actions of red nucleus IL-33 and its related downstream signaling molecules. RESULTS: IL-33 and its receptor ST2 were constitutively expressed in the RN in naive rats. After SNI, both IL-33 and ST2 were upregulated significantly at 3 days and peaked at 1 week post-injury, especially in RN neurons, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. Blockade of red nucleus IL-33 with anti-IL-33 neutralizing antibody attenuated SNI-induced mononeuropathic pain, while intrarubral administration of exogenous IL-33 evoked mechanical hypersensitivity in naive rats. Red nucleus IL-33 generated an algesic effect in the early development of SNI-induced mononeuropathic pain through activating NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3, suppression of NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3 with corresponding inhibitors markedly attenuated SNI-induced mononeuropathic pain or IL-33-evoked mechanical hypersensitivity in naive rats. Red nucleus IL-33 contributed to SNI-induced mononeuropathic pain by stimulating TNF-α expression, which could be abolished by administration of inhibitors against ERK, p38 MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3, but not NF-κB. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that red nucleus IL-33 facilitates the early development of mononeuropathic pain through activating NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK, and JAK2/STAT3. IL-33 mediates algesic effect partly by inducing TNF-α through activating ERK, p38 MAPK and JAK2/STAT3.

TRIM29 inhibits miR-873-5P biogenesis via CYTOR to upregulate fibronectin 1 and promotes invasion of papillary thyroid cancer cells.

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common endocrine tumor with an increasing incidence, has a strong propensity for neck lymph node metastasis. Limited treatment options are available for patients with advanced or recurrent metastatic disease, resulting in a poor prognosis. Tripartite motif protein 29 (TRIM29) is dysregulated in various cancer and functions as oncogene or tumor suppressor in discrete cancers. In this study, we found that both TRIM29 and fibronectin 1 (FN1) were upregulated with positive correlation in PTC tissues. Neither overexpression nor downregulation of TRIM29 altered the proliferation of PTC cells significantly. Overexpression of TRIM29 significantly promotes, while knockdown of TRIM29 significantly decreases migration and invasion by regulating FN1 expression in PTC cells. In terms of mechanism, we found that TRIM29 altered the stability of FN1 mRNA via regulation of miR-873-5p expression. The current study also demonstrated that long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) CYTOR suppressed maturation of miR-873-5p via interaction with premiR-873, and TRIM29 decreased miR-873-5p via upregulation of CYTOR. This study suggests that involvement of TRIM29 in migration and invasion in PTC cells may reveal potential metastatic mechanism of PTC and represent a novel therapeutic target and strategy.

Development of a lateral flow immunoassay strip for rapid detection of IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2 virus.

The ongoing worldwide SARS-CoV-2 epidemic clearly has a tremendous influence on public health. Molecular detection based on oral swabs was used for confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, high false negative rates were reported. We describe here the development of a point-of-care (POC) serological assay for the detection of IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2. The principle of a lateral flow immunoassay strip (LFIAs) consists of fixing SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein to the surface of the strip and coupling anti-human IgG with colloidal gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). A series of parameters of this method were optimized, including the concentration of coating antigen, BSA blocking concentration and pH value for conjugation. The entire detection process took 15-20 min with a volume of 80 µL of the analyte solution containing 10 µL of serum and 70 µL sample diluent. The performance of the established assay was evaluated using serum samples of the clinically diagnosed cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our results indicated that the LFIAs for SARS-CoV-2 had satisfactory stability and reproducibility. As a result, our fast and easy LFIAs could provide a preliminary test result for physicians to make the correct diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections along with alternative testing methods and clinical findings, as well as seroprevalence determination, especially in low-resource countries.

Rapid Detection of IgM Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Virus via Colloidal Gold Nanoparticle-Based Lateral-Flow Assay.

Last year, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, and it has rapidly spread to many other countries and regions. COVID-19 exhibits a strong human-to-human transmission infectivity and could cause acute respiratory diseases. Asymptomatic carriers are able to infect other healthy persons, and this poses a challenge for public health; the World Health Organization (WHO) has already announced COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Nucleic acid testing, considered as the current primary method for diagnosing COVID-19, might lead to false negatives and is difficult to be applied for every suspected patient because of the existence of asymptomatic carriers. Meanwhile, detecting specific antibodies in blood, such as the IgM antibody, against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is another choice for COVID-19 diagnosis, as it is widely accepted that IgM is an important indicator in the acute infection period. In this study, a colloidal gold nanoparticle-based lateral-flow (AuNP-LF) assay was developed to achieve rapid diagnosis and on-site detection of the IgM antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 virus through the indirect immunochromatography method. For preparing AuNP-LF strips, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (SARS-CoV-2 NP) was coated on an analytical membrane for sample capture, and antihuman IgM was conjugated with AuNPs to form the detecting reporter. Optimization of AuNP-LF assay was carried out by altering the pH value and the amount of antihuman IgM. The performance of AuNP-LF assay was evaluated by testing serum samples of COVID-19 patients and normal humans. The results were compared with the real-time polymerase chain reaction. The sensitivity and specificity of AuNP-LF assay were determined to be 100 and 93.3%, respectively, and an almost perfect agreement was exhibited by Kappa statistics (κ coefficient = 0.872). AuNP-LF assay showed outstanding selectivity in the detection of IgM against the SARS-CoV-2 virus with no interference from other viruses such as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and dengue virus (DFV). AuNP-LF assay was able to achieve results within 15 min and needed only 10-20 µL serum for each test. As a whole, in the light of its advantages such as excellent specificity and stability, easy operation, low cost, and being less time-consuming, AuNP-LF assay is a feasible method for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in primary hospitals and laboratories, especially in emergency situations in which numerous samples need to be tested on time.

Red nucleus IL-6 mediates the maintenance of neuropathic pain by inducing the productions of TNF-α and IL-1ß through the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways.

We previously reported that interleukin (IL)-6 in the red nucleus (RN) is involved in the maintenance of neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI), and exerts a facilitatory effect via Janus-activated kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signal transduction pathways. The present study aimed at investigating the roles of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1ß in RN IL-6-mediated maintenance of neuropathic pain and related signal transduction pathways. Being similar to the elevation of RN IL-6 three weeks after SNI, increased protein levels of both TNF-α and IL-1ß were also observed in the contralateral RN three weeks after the nerve injury. The upregulations of TNF-α and IL-1ß were closely correlative with IL-6 and suppressed by intrarubral injection of a neutralizing antibody against IL-6. Administration of either the JAK2 antagonist AG490 or the ERK antagonist PD98059 to the RN of rats with SNI remarkably increased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and inhibited the up-regulations of local TNF-α and IL-1ß. Further experiments indicated that intrarubral injection of exogenous IL-6 in naive rats apparently lowered the PWT of the contralateral hindpaw and boosted the local expressions of TNF-α and IL-1ß. Pretreatment with AG490 could block IL-6-induced tactile hypersensitivity and suppress the up-regulations of both TNF-α and IL-1ß. However, injection of PD98059 in advance only inhibited the upregulation of IL-1ß, but not TNF-α. These findings indicate that RN IL-6 mediates the maintenance of neuropathic pain by inducing the productions of TNF-α and IL-1ß. IL-6 induces the expression of TNF-α through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and the production of IL-1ß through the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK pathways.

Self-absorption reduction in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using laser-stimulated absorption: publisher's note.

This publisher's note contains corrections to Opt. Lett.40, 5224 (2015).OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.40.005224.

Transcriptomic profiling of cotton Gossypium hirsutum challenged with low-temperature gradients stress.

Gossypium hirsutum, a cotton species widely cultivated around the world, is a typical cold-sensitive crop. Low-temperature (LT) stress is one of the main environmental stressors that can affect growth and the quality of cotton fibers. LT is also a major challenge for cotton survival, growth maturity and geographical distribution. However, few genome-wide transcriptional response and profiling datasets are available to explore the LT-tolerant mechanism of cotton. This study treated G. hirsutum with four LT gradients (control at 25 °C and cold temperatures at 4 °C, 10 °C and 15 °C) for 24 hour to generate 12 RNA-Seq datasets (three biological replicates per treatment) with approximately 280 million clean reads per dataset. The quality of the datasets obtained in the current study was validated through a series of quality checks including verification of RNA sample quality and RNA-Seq read quality. Data analyses included novel gene discovery, global gene expression profiling and quantitative real-time PCR. This is the first study to report genome-wide transcriptomic datasets for cotton in response to LT exposure.

Diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma from serum samples using hyperspectral imaging combined with a chemometric method.

Diagnosing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a significant challenge because of the highly complex process. We proposed an approach to diagnose NPC serum using a combination of hyperspectral imaging and weight-based principal component analysis. Samples were prepared by pressing boric acid into pellets for use as the sera substrate. The sera, collected from 100 healthy volunteers and 60 NPC patients, was dripped onto the surface of the substrate for hyperspectral imaging. The characteristic spectral bands were selected based on the variable weight obtained from a support vector machine (SVM) model, using principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimension in the extracted bands. Obtained results show that the accuracy rate, sensitivity, and specificity between the NPC sera and the sera of the healthy controls reached extremely high levels of 99.15%, 98.79%, and 99.36%, respectively. For the model's consistency evaluation, we found that the Kappa and area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. These results suggest that the developed approach could serve as a noninvasive diagnostic and screening tool for highly accurate and consistent detection of NPC. Hence, a combination of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and a weighted principal component analysis (WPCA)-SVM model represents a powerful and promising tool for NPC diagnosis.

Accuracy and stability improvement for meat species identification using multiplicative scatter correction and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

An efficient method has been developed to identify meat species by using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). To improve the accuracy and stability of meat species identification, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) was adopted to first pretreat the spectrum for correction of spectrum scatter. Then the corrected spectra were identified by using the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) model. The results showed that the identification rate improved from 94.17% to 100% and the prediction coefficient of variance (CV) decreased from 5.16% to 0.56%. This means that the accuracy and stability of meat species identification using MSC and LIBS simultaneously improved. In light of the findings, the proposed method can be a valuable tool for meat species identification using LIBS.

Red nucleus interleukin-6 participates in the maintenance of neuropathic pain through JAK/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways.

We previously reported that interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the red nucleus (RN) is up-regulated at 3weeks after spared nerve injury (SNI), and plays facilitated role in the later maintenance of neuropathic pain. The current study aimed to reveal the roles of different signaling pathways, including Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), in RN IL-6-mediated pain modulation. In accord with the increase of IL-6 in the RN following SNI, the protein levels of phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3), p-ERK and p-JNK were also up-regulated in the RN contralateral to the nerve injury side at 3weeks after SNI. The increases of p-STAT3 and p-ERK (but not p-JNK) were associated with IL-6 and could be blocked by anti-IL-6 antibody. Microinjection of JAK2 inhibitor AG490, ERK inhibitor PD98059 and also JNK inhibitor SP600125 into the RN significantly increased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and alleviated SNI-induced mechanical allodynia. Further studies showed that microinjection of recombinant rat IL-6 (rrIL-6, 20ng) into the RN of normal rats significantly decreased the PWT of rats and increased the local protein levels of p-STAT3 and p-ERK, but not p-JNK. Pre-treatment with AG490 and PD98059 could prevent IL-6-induced mechanical allodynia. Whereas, p-p38 MAPK and p-AKT did not show any expression changes in the RN of rats with SNI or rats treated with rrIL-6. These results suggest that RN IL-6 participates in the later maintenance of SNI-induced neuropathic pain and plays facilitated role through activating JAK/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways.

Effect of CYP2C19 Gene Polymorphisms on Proton Pump Inhibitor, Amoxicillin, and Levofloxacin Triple Therapy for Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori.

BACKGROUND The effects of PPI are variable owing to the CYP2C19 polymorphisms. However, whether the polymorphisms could affect the Hp eradication efficacy of triple therapy is still not clear. The present study aimed to assess the effects of CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms on proton pump inhibitor (PPI), amoxicillin, and levofloxacin triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication. MATERIAL AND METHODS We randomly assigned 160 Hp-positive patients with chronic gastritis to 2 groups to receive either 20 mg bid omeprazole (OAL group, n=80) or 10 mg bid rabeprazole (RAL group, n=80), combined with 1000 mg bid amoxicillin and 500 mg qd levofloxacin. The 2 groups were treated for 10 days. The CYP2C19 genotypes included wild-type, M1 mutant gene (*2, the mutation of exon 5), and M2 mutant gene (*3, the mutation of exon 4) identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFIP). According to CYP2C19 genotype combinations, the patients were divided into extensive metabolizer (EM), intermediate metabolizer (IM), and poor metabolizer (PM) subgroups. The eradication efficacy of Hp was evaluated by 14C-UBT at 28 days after treatment. RESULTS The trial was completed by 155 patients. Hp eradication rates in OAL and RAL groups were 78.2% and 88.3%, respectively, on per-protocol (PP) analysis, indicating no significant difference (P>0.05). Regarding CYP2C19 genotypes, eradication rates of 60.7%, 84.2%, and 100% were obtained for EM, IM, and PM subgroups, respectively, of the OAL group. EM group eradication rates were significantly lower than IM and PM group values (P<0.05). In the RAL group, no such difference was observed (P>0.05). Hp eradication rates were significantly lower in the EM subgroup of the OAL group compared with that of the RAL group. CONCLUSIONS Hp eradication rates were higher in the RAL group than in OAL-treated patients. Interestingly, omeprazole-based therapy was significantly affected by the CYP2C19 genotype, unlike the rabeprazole-based therapy.

Forsythoside A exerts an anti-endotoxin effect by blocking the LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway and inhibiting Tregs in vitro.

Endotoxins, also referred to as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), are powerful immunostimulators involved in a number of severe diseases. Forsythoside A (FTA), a monomer of phenethyl alcohol glycosides extracted from Forsythia suspensa, has been shown to possess anti-bacterial and immunomodulatory properties. However, it is currently not known whether FTA can counter the adverse effects of endotoxins. We investigated the effect of FTA on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and primary lymphocytes to determine its molecular mechanism of action. RAW264.7 cells and primary lymphocytes were incubated with or without LPS (100 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of FTA or polymyxin B. We found that FTA increased the viability of LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells and primary lymphocytes suggesting that FTA effectively counters the adverse effects of endotoxins. FTA decreased the percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibited the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway, downregulating Foxp3, IL-10 and TGF-ß1, molecules involved in the immunosuppressive function of Tregs. These findings elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-endotoxin effects of FTA and suggest its use as a new treatment for LPS-induced diseases.

The Red Nucleus Interleukin-6 Participates in the Maintenance of Neuropathic Pain Induced by Spared Nerve Injury.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the red nucleus (RN) is involved in the regulation of neuropathic pain and plays both facilitated and inhibitory roles through different cytokines. Here, we aim to investigate the expression changes and roles of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pleiotropic cytokine, as well as its receptor (IL-6R) in the RN of rats with neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). Immunohistochemistry indicated that IL-6 and IL-6R were weakly expressed in the RN of normal rats, and were mainly co-localized with neurons and oligodendrocytes. Following SNI, the expression levels of IL-6 and IL-6R in the RN did not show obvious changes at 1 week and 2 weeks postinjury. However, both of them were significantly increased in the RN contralateral (but not ipsilateral) to the nerve ligation side at 3 weeks postinjury, and co-localized not only with neurons and oligodendrocytes, but also with numerous astrocytes. Injection of different doses of anti-IL-6 antibody (100, 250, 500 ng) into the RN contralateral to the nerve ligation side at 3 weeks postinjury dose-dependently increased the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) of rats and alleviated SNI-induced mechanical allodynia. Conversely, injection of different doses of recombinant rat IL-6 (5.0, 10, 20 ng) into the unilateral RN of normal rats dose-dependently decreased the PWT of contralateral (but not ipsilateral) hind paw and evoked significant mechanical allodynia, which was similar to SNI-induced neuropathic allodynia. These results further support the conclusion that the RN is involved in the modulation of neuropathic pain, and suggest that IL-6 and IL-6R in the RN play a facilitated role in the later maintenance of SNI-induced neuropathic pain.

A survey of the enteral nutrition practices in patients with neurological disorders in the tertiary hospitals of China.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: With the development of enteral nutrition in patients with neurological disorders in China, related guidelines were published in 2011. The Chinese Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition conducted a survey to evaluate the status quo of enteral nutrition practices in these patients. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This multicenter prospective investigation was conducted from April 2012 to April 2013 and involved 18 tertiary hospitals in China. The survey using standardized questionnaires sought information about the basic protocols for enteral nutrition (devices and staffing) and specific information about patients with neurological conditions who received nutrition by way of enteral feeding. RESULTS: In the 18 hospitals from 13 provinces, 83.3% patients were configured with an enteral nutrition infusion pump, 77.8% had a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) device, and 88.9% had a clinical nutrition support group. Four hundred four patients participated in this survey (259 men, 145 women; mean age 61.3±14.7 years), 85.7% had suffered a stroke, 83.9% had impaired consciousness, and 98.0% had dysphagia. Of the 10 guidelines for enteral nutrition practices, setting the energy target, choosing the enteral nutrition tube, and monitoring the patient received unsatisfactory ratings were in poor compliance (56.2%, 30.0% and 38.9%, respectively); the remaining seven guidelines were in good compliance (each >75%). CONCLUSION: The survey suggested that configuration of the enteral nutritional devices and staffing was adequate in China's tertiary hospitals. However, some associated practices had not yet reached the desired levels of competency, indicating a need for this to be understood and for improved training.

Dynamic distributions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors in the red nucleus of rats with spared nerve injury.

Previous studies have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the red nucleus (RN) plays a facilitated role in the development of neuropathic pain, and its effect is transmitted through TNF-α receptor (TNFR) subtypes 1 and 2. Here, the dynamic distributions of TNF-α and TNFRs in the RN of rats with spared nerve injury (SNI) were investigated. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining indicated that TNF-α was hardly expressed in the RN of normal rats but significantly increased at 1 week and peaked at 2 weeks after SNI. Neurons and oligodendrocytes showed TNF-α expression at both 1 week and 2 weeks after SNI, while astrocytes and microglia produced TNF-α later than neurons and oligodendrocytes starting at 2 weeks after SNI. TNFR1 was constitutively expressed in the RN of normal rats and significantly enhanced at 2 weeks but not 1 week after SNI; it was mainly localized in neurons, oligodendrocytes and microglia. Astrocytes were not immunopositive for TNFR1 under normal conditions and at 1 week after injury, but small amounts of astrocytes showed TNFR1 expression at 2 weeks after SNI. A low level of TNFR2 was expressed in the RN of normal rats, but it was significantly increased at 1 week and 2 weeks after SNI and localized in neurons and all three types of glia. These findings suggest that neurons and three types of glia in the RN all contribute to TNF-α production and participate in the initiation and/or maintenance of neuropathic pain induced by SNI. TNF-α exerts its effects in different types of cells maybe through different receptors, TNFR1 and/or TNFR2, in the different stages of neuropathic pain.

[Mapping Applications in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy].

LIBS mapping was used to analyze and detect the elemental distribution of iron ore surface with self-developed software and 532 nm Nd∶YAG laser. Firstly, in order to illustrate the relationship between element content and spectral intensity, the calibration curve was established by scanning the surface of standard sample. Then, a self-made sample was homogeneously divided into three parts that was pressed by three different standard iron ore powders. For the purpose of validating the mapping technology, a two-dimensional concentration distribution profile was generated after scanning the sample surface which was compared with surface morphology phase of the sample. Finally, with the resolution of 100 microns, the surface scanning analysis of the natural iron ore within the scope of 14 mm×11 mm was implemented. With this basis, the distribution profile of the elements Ca, Al, Ti and Mn were obtained, and the analysis results were compared with the surface morphology phase of the natural iron ore. The results showed that LIBS mapping technology could be used to achieve the qualitative analysis of component gradient distribution of the heterogeneous sample surface.