TBAB-Catalyzed 1,6-Conjugate Sulfonylation of para-Quinone Methides: A Highly Efficient Approach to Unsymmetrical gem-Diarylmethyl Sulfones in Water.

A highly efficient sulfonylation of para-quinone methides with sulfonyl hydrazines in water has been developed on the basis of the mode involving a tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBAB)-promoted sulfa-1,6-conjugated addition pathway. This reaction provides a green and sustainable method to synthesize various unsymmetrical diarylmethyl sulfones, showing good functional group tolerance, scalability, and regioselectivity. Further transformation of the resulting diarylmethyl sulfones provides an efficient route to some functionalized molecules.

Epithelial C5aR1 Signaling Enhances Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Adhesion to Human Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells.

Recent work in a murine model of ascending urinary tract infection has suggested that C5a/C5aR1 interactions play a pathogenic role in the development of renal infection through enhancement of bacterial adhesion/colonization to renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). In the present study, we extended these observations to human. We show that renal tubular epithelial C5aR1 signaling is involved in promoting uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) adhesion/invasion of host cells. Stimulation of primary cultures of RTEC with C5a resulted in significant increases in UPEC adhesion/invasion of the RTEC. This was associated with enhanced expression of terminal α-mannosyl residues (Man) (a ligand for type 1 fimbriae of E. coli) in the RTEC following C5a stimulation. Mechanism studies revealed that C5aR1-mediated activation of ERK1/2/NF-κB and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine production (i.e., TNF-α) is at least partly responsible for the upregulation of Man expression and bacterial adhesion. Clinical sample studies showed that C5aR1 and Man were clearly detected in the renal tubular epithelium of normal human kidney biopsies, and UPEC bound to the epithelium in a d-mannose-dependent manner. Additionally, C5a levels were significantly increased in urine of urinary tract infection patients compared with healthy controls. Our data therefore demonstrate that, in agreement with observations in mice, human renal tubular epithelial C5aR1 signaling can upregulate Man expression in RTEC, which enhances UPEC adhesion to and invasion of RTEC. It also suggests the in vivo relevance of upregulation of Man expression in renal tubular epithelium by C5a/C5aR1 interactions and its potential impact on renal infection.

Schizophrenic Hallucinations in Shanghai and Seoul:A Transcultural Study / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: The types, contents and major themes of schizophrenic hallucinations in Shanghai and Seoul were compared for evaluating cultural differences and connotation. METHODS: Among the schizophrenic inpatients of Shanghai Mental Health Center in Shanghai and National Seoul Mental Hospital and Hanyang University Hospital in Seoul, 396 cases(182 cases in Shanghai, 214 cases in Seoul) were selected by two ways:a) five staged stratified random sampling of sex, age, education, clinical subtype and onset year, b) cases who have admitted for one to six months in their last admission. Among them, 231 cases(55.39% in Shanghai, 60.83% in Seoul) confirmed to have hallucinations were the final subjects of study. RESULTS: Frequencies in types of hallucination were not different between the two groups. However, contents and major themes were different:Political themes and related contents were dominant in Shanghai cases, and supernatural and religious themes and related contents were dominant in Seoul cases. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that contents and themes of hallucinations were closely related to the delusional contents and themes, and such patterns were considerably influenced by sociocultural characteristics.