Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies as a risk factor for the prevalence and severity of systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of numerous autoantibodies. The interaction of infectious agents (viruses, bacteria and parasites) and a genetically susceptible host may be a key mechanism for SLE. Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread intracellular parasite that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the relationship between T. gondii infection and the increased risk of SLE in Chinese populations remains unclear. METHODS: The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was assessed in 1771 serum samples collected from Chinese individuals (908 healthy controls and 863 SLE patients) from different regions of China using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum autoantibodies and clinical information were obtained and analysed. RESULTS: Our observations revealed a higher prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies (ATxA) immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum samples from SLE patients (144/863, 16.7%) than in those from the healthy controls (53/917, 5.8%; P < 0.0001), indicating a 2.48-fold increased risk of SLE in the ATxA-IgG+ population, after adjustment for age and sex (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.70-3.62, P < 0.0001). ATxA-IgG+ SLE patients also showed a 1.75-fold higher risk of developing moderate and severe lupus symptoms (95% CI 1.14-2.70, P = 0.011) compared to ATxA-IgG- patients. Relative to ATxA-IgG- patients, ATxA-IgG+ patients were more likely to develop specific clinical symptoms, including discoid rash, oral ulcer, myalgia and alopecia. Seven antibodies, namely anti-ribosomal RNA protein (rRNP), anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA), anti-cell membrane DNA (cmDNA), anti-scleroderma-70 (Scl-70), anti-cardiolipin (CL), anti-beta2-glycoprotein-I (B2GPI) and rheumatoid factor (RF), occurred more frequently in ATxA-IgG+ patients. When combined with anti-dsDNA and RF/anti-rRNP/anti-cmDNA/ESR, ATxA-IgG significantly increased the risk for severe lupus. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that ATxA-IgG may be a significant risk factor for SLE prevalence and severity in Chinese populations.

Minimized antibiotic-free plasmid vector for gene therapy utilizing a new toxin-antitoxin system.

Approaches to improve plasmid-mediated transgene expression are needed for gene therapy and genetic immunization applications. The backbone sequences needed for the production of plasmids in bacterial hosts and the use of antibiotic resistance genes as selection markers represent biological safety risks. Here, we report the development of an antibiotic-free expression plasmid vector with a minimized backbone utilizing a new toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. The Rs_0636/Rs_0637 TA pair was derived from the coral-associated bacterium Roseivirga sp. The toxin gene is integrated into the chromosome of Escherichia coli host cells, and a recombinant mammalian expression plasmid is constructed by replacing the antibiotic resistance gene with the antitoxin gene Rs_0637 (here named Tiniplasmid). The Tiniplasmid system affords high selection efficiency (∼80%) for target gene insertion into the plasmid and has high plasmid stability in E. coli (at least 9 days) in antibiotic-free conditions. Furthermore, with the aim of reducing the size of the backbone sequence, we found that the antitoxin gene can be reduced to 153 bp without a significant reduction in selection efficiency. To develop its applications in gene therapy and DNA vaccines, the biosafety and efficiency of the Tiniplasmid-based eukaryotic gene delivery and expression were further evaluated in CHO-K1 cells. The results showed that Rs_0636/Rs_0637 has no cell toxicity and that the Tiniplasmid vector has a higher gene expression efficiency than the commercial vectors pCpGfree and pSTD in the eukaryotic cells. Altogether, the results demonstrate the potential of the Rs_0636/Rs_0637-based antibiotic-free plasmid vector for the development and production of safe and efficacious DNA vaccines.

De Novo PACSIN1 Gene Variant Found in Childhood Lupus and a Role for PACSIN1/TRAF4 Complex in Toll-like Receptor 7 Activation.

OBJECTIVE: Increased Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) signaling leading to the production of type I interferon (IFN) is an important contributor to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons 1 (PACSIN1), a molecule that regulates synaptic vesicle recycling, has been linked to TLR-7/TLR-9-mediated type I IFN production in humans and mice, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. We undertook this study to explore the pathogenicity and underlying mechanism of a de novo PACSIN1 missense variant identified in a child with SLE. METHODS: PACSIN1 Q59K de novo and null variants were introduced into a human plasmacytoid dendritic cell line and into mice using CRISPR/Cas9 editing. The effects of the variants on TLR-7/TLR-9 signaling in human and mouse cells, as well as PACSIN1 messenger RNA and IFN signature in SLE patients, were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Mechanisms were investigated using luciferase reporter assays, RNA interference, coimmunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: We established that PACSIN1 forms a trimolecular complex with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) and TRAF6 that is important for the regulation of type I IFN. The Q59K mutation in PACSIN1 augments binding to neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein while it decreases binding to TRAF4, leading to unrestrained TRAF6-mediated activation of type I IFN. Intriguingly, PACSIN1 Q59K increased TLR-7 but not TLR-9 signaling in human cells, leading to elevated expression of IFNß and IFN-inducible genes. Untreated SLE patients had high PACSIN1 expression in peripheral blood cells that correlated positively with IFN-related genes. Introduction of the Pacsin1 Q59K mutation into mice caused increased surface TLR-7 and TRAIL expression in B cells. CONCLUSION: PACSIN1 Q59K increases IFNß activity through the impairment of TRAF4-mediated inhibition of TLR-7 signaling, possibly contributing to SLE risk.

Acidic natural deep eutectic solvents as dual solvents and catalysts for the solubilization and deglycosylation of soybean isoflavone extracts: Genistin as a model compound.

This study investigated the possibility of using green solvent natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) as dual solvent-catalysts for the solubilization and deglycosylation of soybean isoflavones. The deglycosylation behavior of genistin as a model compound in NADESs was compared. Acidic NADESs showed moderate solubility for genistin and could hydrolyze it to form genistein. The onset temperature of deglycosylation in the choline chloride/malic acid (Ch-Ma) was 60 °C. The solubilities of genistin in the Ch-Ma system were modeled. The dissolution process was endothermic and mainly enthalpy-driven. The deglycosylation followed first-order kinetics with a half-life (t1/2) of 40 min at 90 °C. The method was validated using soybean isoflavone extracts as a substrate and the ratio of glycoside to aglycone in the extracts could be adjusted by changing the conditions. The methods have great potential in the extraction and preparation of ready-to-use isoflavone extracts from soybean and other legumes.

Horizontal Transfer and Evolutionary Profiles of Two Tc1/DD34E Transposons (ZB and SB) in Vertebrates.

Both ZeBrafish (ZB), a recently identified DNA transposon in the zebrafish genome, and SB, a reconstructed transposon originally discovered in several fish species, are known to exhibit high transposition activity in vertebrate cells. Although a similar structural organization was observed for ZB and SB transposons, the evolutionary profiles of their homologs in various species remain unknown. In the present study, we compared their taxonomic ranges, structural arrangements, sequence identities, evolution dynamics, and horizontal transfer occurrences in vertebrates. In total, 629 ZB and 366 SB homologs were obtained and classified into four distinct clades, named ZB, ZB-like, SB, and SB-like. They displayed narrow taxonomic distributions in eukaryotes, and were mostly found in vertebrates, Actinopterygii in particular tended to be the major reservoir hosts of these transposons. Similar structural features and high sequence identities were observed for transposons and transposase, notably homologous to the SB and ZB elements. The genomic sequences that flank the ZB and SB transposons in the genomes revealed highly conserved integration profiles with strong preferential integration into AT repeats. Both SB and ZB transposons experienced horizontal transfer (HT) events, which were most common in Actinopterygii. Our current study helps to increase our understanding of the evolutionary properties and histories of SB and ZB transposon families in animals.

P2RY8 variants in lupus patients uncover a role for the receptor in immunological tolerance.

B cell self-tolerance is maintained through multiple checkpoints, including restraints on intracellular signaling and cell trafficking. P2RY8 is a receptor with established roles in germinal center (GC) B cell migration inhibition and growth regulation. Somatic P2RY8 variants are common in GC-derived B cell lymphomas. Here, we identify germline novel or rare P2RY8 missense variants in lupus kindreds or the related antiphospholipid syndrome, including a "de novo" variant in a child with severe nephritis. All variants decreased protein expression, F-actin abundance, and GPCR-RhoA signaling, and those with stronger effects increased AKT and ERK activity and cell migration. Remarkably, P2RY8 was reduced in B cell subsets from some SLE patients lacking P2RY8 gene variants. Low P2RY8 correlated with lupus nephritis and increased age-associated B cells and plasma cells. By contrast, P2RY8 overexpression in cells and mice restrained plasma cell development and reinforced negative selection of DNA-reactive developing B cells. These findings uncover a role of P2RY8 in immunological tolerance and lupus pathogenesis.

Specificity profiling of CRISPR system reveals greatly enhanced off-target gene editing.

To explore the editing specificity of CRISPR/Cpf1 system, effects of target mutation were systematically examined using a reporter activation assay, with a set of single-nucleotide mutated target site. Consistent with our previous study performed with CRISPR/Cas9, a "core" sequence region that is highly sensitive to target mutation was characterized. The region is of 4-nucleotide long, located from +4 to +7 position of the target site, and positioned within a positively charged central channel when assembled into Cpf1 endonuclease. Single-nucleotide mutation at the core sequence could abolish gene editing mediated by a however active sgRNA. With a great majority of the target sites, a kind of 'super' off-target gene editing was observed with both CRISPR/Cpf1 and CRISPR/Cas9. For a given target site, mutation at certain positions led to greatly enhanced off-target gene editing efficacy, even up to 10-fold of that of the fully-matched target. Study further found that these effects were determined by the identity of target nucleotide, rather than the nucleotide of crRNA. This likely suggests that the interactions between target nucleotide and the endonuclease are involved in this process.

Optical Control of a CRISPR/Cas9 System for Gene Editing by Using Photolabile crRNA.

Currently CRISPR/Cas9 is a widely used efficient tool for gene editing. Precise control over the CRISPR/Cas9 system with high temporal and spatial resolution is essential for studying gene regulation and editing. Here, we synthesized a novel light-controlled crRNA by coupling vitamin E and a photolabile linker at the 5' terminus to inactivate the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The vitamin E modification did not affect ribonucleoprotein (RNP) formation of Cas9/crRNA/tracrRNA complexes but did inhibit the association of RNP with the target DNA. Upon light irradiation, vitamin E-caged crRNA was successfully activated to achieve light-induced genome editing of vascular endothelial cell-growth factor A (VEGFA) in human cells through a T7E1 assay and Sanger sequencing as well as gene knockdown of EGFP expression in EGFP stably expressing cells. This new caging strategy for crRNA could provide new methods for spatiotemporal photoregulation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing.

Identification of LncRNA Linc00513 Containing Lupus-Associated Genetic Variants as a Novel Regulator of Interferon Signaling Pathway.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by augmented type I interferon signaling. High-throughput technologies have identified plenty of SLE susceptibility single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) yet the exact roles of most of them are still unknown. Functional studies are principally focused on SNPs in the coding regions, with limited attention paid to the SNPs in non-coding regions. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important players in shaping the immune response and show relationship to autoimmune diseases. In order to reveal the role of SNPs located near SLE related lncRNAs, we performed a transcriptome profiling of SLE patients and identified linc00513 as a significantly over expressed lncRNA containing functional SLE susceptibility loci in the promoter region. The risk-associated G allele of rs205764 and A allele of rs547311 enhanced linc00513 promoter activity and related to increased expression of linc00513 in SLE. We also identified linc00513 to be a novel positive regulator of type I interferon pathway by promoting the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2. Elevated linc00513 expression positively correlated with IFN score in SLE patients. Linc00513 expression was higher in active disease patients than those inactive ones. In conclusion, our data identify two functional promoter variants of linc00513 that contribute to increased level of linc00513 and confer susceptibility on SLE. The study provides new insights into the genetics of SLE and extends the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Profiling single-guide RNA specificity reveals a mismatch sensitive core sequence.

Targeting specificity is an essential issue in the development of CRISPR-Cas technology. Using a luciferase activation assay, off-target cleavage activity of sgRNA was systematically investigated on single nucleotide-mismatched targets. In addition to confirming that PAM-proximal mismatches are less tolerated than PAM-distal mismatches, our study further identified a "core" sequence that is highly sensitive to target-mismatch. This sequence is of 4-nucleotide long, located at +4 to +7 position upstream of PAM, and positioned in a steric restriction region when assembled into Cas9 endonuclease. Our study also found that, single or multiple target mismatches at this region abolished off-target cleavage mediated by active sgRNAs, thus proposing a principle for gene-specific sgRNA design. Characterization of a mismatch sensitive "core" sequence not only enhances our understanding of how this elegant system functions, but also facilitates our efforts to improve targeting specificity of a sgRNA.

Synthesis of haptens and development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate.

A competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) was developed for detection of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate (TBC). Polyclonal antibodies against TBC were raised from synthesized haptens and then screened against various coating antigens. After optimization of the immunoassay conditions, the linear range and IC50 value of the assay were 0.30-100 and 5.17 µg/L, respectively, with little cross-reactivity (≤2%). Recovery of various samples (water, serum, soil) was tested and the values ranged from 68% to 110%. This ciELISA was also applied to determine TBC in the riverside soil of the Liuyang River, and the results were compared with the data obtained by UHPLC-MS/MS. The experimental assay results confirmed that this proposed immunoassay is a specific, sensitive, and reliable method for determination and monitoring of TBC.

Use of small RNA as antiaging cosmeceuticals.

Over the past two decades, RNA interference (RNAi) has achieved great improvements in medicine, which has benefited the development of innovative cosmeceutical products, particular, to antiaging cosmeceuticals. A variety of ongoing research has tried to employ small RNAs-small interference RNA and microRNA as new cosmeceutical ingredients. Furthermore, several skin care companies have released new small RNA products in cosmetic market. In this review, we will describe the latest and most advanced approaches and strategies of using small RNA as antiaging cosmetics, including investigations on aging-related genes that small RNA target, method of delivering them, and challenges in the development of RNAi-based therapeutics for skin care cosmeceuticals. It is certain that advancement in this direction will evolve a new landscape for innovative antiaging cosmeceuticals.

Protective efficacy of H7 subtype avian influenza DNA vaccine.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have historically caused disastrous damage to the poultry industry, and recently they have shown their zoonotic potential by causing human infections and deaths. Control and prevention of HPAIV are therefore important issues for both veterinary and human public health. In this study, we constructed a plasmid, pCAGGoptiH7, encoding a codon-optimized HA gene of the H7N1 avian influenza virus A/FPV/Rostock/34 (RK/34). To evaluate the vaccine efficacy of pCAGGoptiH7, groups of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were intramuscularly inoculated with one or two doses of 100 microg, 50 microg, or 10 microg of the plasmid in 3-wk intervals. Four weeks after the single vaccination or 2 wk after the second dose, all chickens were challenged with 100CLD50 (chicken lethal dose) of highly pathogenic RK/34. After the single dose vaccination, only 90% of chickens were protected in all of the pCAGGoptiH7-immunized groups, although all of the chickens immunized generated detectable HI antibodies. After the second dose of vaccination, HI antibodies increased sharply, and chickens in the 100-microg and 50-microg pCAGGoptiH7-immunized groups were completely protected from virus challenge (no disease signs, no virus shedding, and no deaths). Low titers of virus shedding were detected in two out of ten chickens inoculated with two doses of 10-microg pCAGGoptiH7, although no disease or death was observed. These results provide a strong argument for the continued evaluation of this vaccine in field trials.

The treatment of mice infected with multi-drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis using DNA vaccines or in combination with rifampin.

The problems of tuberculosis (TB) and its drug resistance are very severe in China. New therapeutic agents or regimens to treat multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) are urgently needed. In this study, the effects of Ag85A DNA or ESAT6/Ag85A chimeric DNA vaccines alone or in combination with rifampin (RFP) were studied for the treatment of mice with MDR-TB. Eighty female BALB/c mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolate HB361, which was resistant to high level of RFP, and low level of isoniazid (INH), were treated with the saline, plasmid vector pVAX1, RFP, HSP65 DNA, Ag85A DNA, Ag85A DNA combined with RFP, chimeric ESAT6/Ag85A DNA, chimeric ESAT6/Ag85A DNA combined with RFP, respectively. Different effects of DNA vaccines for the treatment of MDR-TB were demonstrated in this study. Compared with saline group, Ag85A DNA vaccine alone or Ag85A DNA in combination with rifampin group reduced the pulmonary and splenic bacterial loads by 0.58, 0.82 and 0.51, 0.69 logs, respectively. The pathological changes of lungs were also slight and the lesions were limited in comparison with that of the control mice in which the lesions were extensive and more necrotic changes were observed. Interestingly, the chimeric Ag85A/ESAT6 DNA vaccine showed the lower effect for the treatment of MDR-TB. Ag85A DNA vaccine played a main role for the treatment of TB and MDR-TB. We believe that this is the first report of the use of DNA vaccine in the treatment of MDR-TB, and that these data suggest that DNA vaccine was effective for the treatment of MDR-TB which might have the potential contribution for resolving this problem in developing countries.

Enhanced protective efficacy of H5 subtype avian influenza DNA vaccine with codon optimized HA gene in a pCAGGS plasmid vector.

H5N1 influenza viruses have caused significant disease and deaths in various parts of the world in several species, including humans. Vaccination combined with culling can provide an attractive method for outbreak containment. Using synthesized oligos and overlapping extension PCR techniques, we constructed an H5 HA gene, optiHA, containing chicken biased codons based on the HA amino acid sequence of the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (GS/GD/96). The optiHA and wild-type HA genes were inserted into plasmids pCI or pCAGGS, and designated as pCIoptiHA, pCAGGoptiHA, pCIHA and pCAGGHA, respectively. To evaluate vaccine efficacy, groups of 3-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were intramuscularly injected with the four plasmids. Sera were collected on a weekly basis post-vaccination (p.v.) for hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays and neutralization (NT) antibody detection. All chickens receiving pCAGGoptiHA and pCAGGHA developed high levels of HI and NT antibodies at 3 weeks p.v., and were completely protected from lethal H5 virus challenge, while only partial protection was induced by inoculation with the other two plasmids. A second experiment was conducted to evaluate if a lower dose of the pCAGGoptiHA vaccine could be effective, results indicated that two doses of 10 microg of pCAGGoptiHA could induce complete protection in chickens against H5 lethal virus challenge. Based on our results, we conclude that construction optimization could dramatically increase the H5 HA gene DNA vaccine efficacy in chickens, and therefore, greatly decrease the dose necessary for inducing complete protection in chickens.