Carbon reduction attention and financial market stress: A network spillover analysis based on quantile VAR modeling.

As climate change intensifies, attention to the issue of carbon emission reduction has gradually increased. This research constructs a complete set of indicators of carbon reduction attention and financial market stress and applies the quantile VAR method to calculate the volatility spillover between carbon reduction attention and financial market stress. We conclude with the following. Firstly, a relatively close volatility spillover association exists between carbon reduction attention and financial market stress. In the research system, carbon reduction attention mainly assumes the role of information receiver. Additionally, when examining the spillover status in different quantiles, the total spillover level shows an irregular "bowl" structure, while the net spillover level of each variable has different shapes. Secondly, the dynamic spillover level in the extreme quantile condition maintains a connectivity range of 60-80%, significantly higher than that of the median condition. Finally, this study finds two sets of significant complementary spillovers within the system, namely, "carbon reduction attention - crude oil market stress" and "stock market stress - real estate market stress", which provide investors with an opportunity to explore the potential of the carbon reduction attention and real estate market stress in the future.

Does the short-selling mechanism improve energy security? Evidence from China.

Reducing carbon emissions and improving energy efficiency are essential to respond to global climate change actively. However, improving energy security under resource and environmental constraints is the key for China to achieve high-quality and sustainable development. Thus, using the panel data at the enterprises and regional levels in China from 2013 to 2020, this research develops an energy security index to study the impact of the short-selling mechanism on energy security. The results show that China's energy security is generally on the rise under the short-selling mechanism. However, it has different degrees of impact on energy security in different energy structures, supply chains, and environments. In addition, China's energy security has a regional spillover effect under the short-selling mechanism's capital pressure and supervision governance. This paper also finds that short-selling can alleviate the supply chain's bullwhip effect and risk effect. Finally, the short-selling mechanism complements the micro-influence mechanism of energy security, and short-selling positively impacts China's energy security.

Does energy-consuming right trading have double dividend effect on firm's economic performance and carbon emission?

Whether the market-based environmental regulation policy can achieve a win-win situation of economic growth and carbon emission reduction has always been an academic controversial topic. Taking the pilot policy of energy-consuming right trading (ECRT) of China in 2016 as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper uses the difference-in-differences (DID) method to investigate the policy impact of ECRT on the economic performance and carbon emissions of firms. An economy-environment composite index has been conducted for testing double dividend effect of ECRT. The empirical results show that ECRT can improve the economic performance and reduce carbon emissions of firms significantly. The double dividend effect is more significant in high-carbon emission firms, non-state-owned firms and prior to COVID-19 pandemic. ECRT policy has Porter innovation mechanism, in which innovation input is the main contribution of economic dividend effect and green technology innovation is the main contribution of environmental dividend effect. The conclusions of this paper provide empirical evidence and policy implications for realizing the common development of economy and environment, accelerating the process of emission reduction and building a national energy trading market.

Two-Compartmental Toxicokinetic Model Predicts Interspecies Sensitivity Variation of Imidacloprid to Aquatic Invertebrates.

Interspecies sensitivity to the same chemical can be several orders of magnitude different. Quantifying toxicologically internal levels and toxicokinetic (TK) parameters is critical in elucidating the interspecies sensitivity. Herein, a two-compartmental TK model was constructed to characterize the uptake, distribution, and elimination kinetics toward interspecies sensitivity to an insecticide, imidacloprid. Imidacloprid exhibited the highest lethality to the insect Chironomus dilutus, followed by Lumbriculus variegatus, Hyalella azteca, and Daphnia magna. Interspecies sensitivity of imidacloprid to these invertebrates varied by ∼1000 folds based on water concentrations (LC50). Remarkably, the sensitivity variation decreased to ∼50 folds based on the internal residues (LR50), highlighting the critical role of TK in interspecies sensitivity. A one-compartmental TK model failed to simulate the bioaccumulation of imidacloprid in these invertebrates except for D. magna. Instead, a two-compartmental model successfully simulated the slow elimination of imidacloprid in the remaining three species by internally distinguishing the highly dynamic (C1) and toxicologically available (C2) fractions. We further showed that the species sensitivity of the invertebrates to imidacloprid was significantly related to C2, demonstrating that C2 was toxicologically available and responsible for the toxicity of imidacloprid. This mechanistic-based model bridged the internal distribution of organic contaminants in small invertebrates and the associated toxic potency.

Migration Behavior of Inclusions at the Solidification Front in Oxide Metallurgy.

Distribution of inclusions plays an essential role in inducing intracrystalline ferrite, and the migration behavior of inclusions during solidification has a significant influence on their distribution. The solidification process of DH36 (ASTMA36) steel and the migration behavior of inclusions at the solidification front were observed in situ using high-temperature laser confocal microscopy. The annexation, rejection, and drift behavior of inclusions in the solid-liquid two-phase region were analyzed, providing a theoretical basis for regulating the distribution of inclusions. Analysis of inclusion trajectories showed that the velocity of inclusions decreases significantly as they near the solidification front. Further study of the force on inclusions at the solidification frontier shows three situations: attraction, repulsion, and no influence. Additionally, a pulsed magnetic field was applied during the solidification process. The original dendritic growth mode changed to that of equiaxed crystals. The compelling attraction distance for inclusion particles with a diameter of 6 µm at the solidification interface front increased from 46 µm to 89 µm, i.e., the effective length for the solidification front engulfing inclusions can be increased by controlling the flow of molten steel.

Effects of recycling hyper-thermal inoculum by repeated batch cultivation into co-composting of sludge and livestock-poultry manure.

The enrichment and adaptation of hyper-thermal compost-derived thermophilic inoculum by repeated batch cultivation (RBC) was conducted by investigating bacterial community. The effects of recycling hyper-thermal inoculum by RBC into co-composting were investigated through evaluating the influences of temperature, pH, moisture, C/N ratio, transformation of nitrogen, composting maturity, humification levels and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that RBC enriched the thermophilic bacterial community and nitrogen fixation bacteria of the compost-derived thermophilic inoculum. Simultaneously, recycling the inoculum into co-composting increased the temperature, nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and Germination index (GI), and improved the transformation of nitrogen and humification levels. Conclusively, recycling hyper-thermal inoculum by RBC into co-composting can improve the degradation process.

Predictive value of white blood cell to hemoglobin ratio for 30-day mortality in patients with severe intracerebral hemorrhage.

Aim: To explore the predictive value of white blood cell to hemoglobin ratio (WHR) for 30-day mortality in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods: In this cohort study, 2,848 patients with ICH were identified in the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-III and MIMIC-IV. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression screened covariates of 30-day mortality of ICH patients. COX regression analysis was used to study the association of different levels of WHR, white blood cell (WBC), and hemoglobin (Hb) with 30-day mortality. The median follow-up time was 30 (20.28, 30.00) days. Results: In total, 2,068 participants survived at the end of the follow-up. WHR was negatively correlated with the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) (spearman correlation coefficient = -0.143, p < 0.001), and positively associated with the Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (spearman correlation coefficient = 0.156, p < 0.001), quick SOFA (qSOFA) score (spearman correlation coefficient = 0.156, p < 0.001), and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS-II) (spearman correlation coefficient = 0.213, p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, WHR >0.833 (HR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.39-1.92) and WBC >10.9 K/uL (HR = 1.49, 95%CI: 1.28-1.73) were associated with increased risk of 30-day mortality of patients with ICH. The area under the curve (AUC) value of the prediction model based on WHR and other predictors was 0.78 (95%CI: 0.77-0.79), which was higher than SAPSII (AUC = 0.75, 95%CI: 0.74-0.76), SOFA score (AUC = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.68-0.70) and GCS (AUC = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.57-0.60). Conclusion: The level of WHR was associated with 30-day mortality in patients with severe ICH, and the WHR-based prediction model might provide a tool to quickly predict 30-day mortality in patients with ICH.

Identification of agricultural quarantine materials in passenger's luggage using ion mobility spectroscopy combined with a convolutional neural network.

As economic globalization intensifies, the recent increase in agricultural products and travelers from abroad has led to an increase in the probability of invasive alien species. A major pathway for invasive alien species is agricultural quarantine materials (AQMs) in travelers' baggage. Thus, it is meaningful to develop efficient methods for early detection and prompt action against AQMs. In this study, a method based on the combination of odor detection of AQMs using ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) and convolutional neural network (CNN) analysis for the identification of AQM species in luggage was developed. Two different ways were investigated to feed the IMS data of AQMs into the CNN, either as one-dimensional data (1D) (as a spectrum) or as two-dimensional data (2D) (as an IMS topographic map). The performances of CNN models were also compared to those of the commonly used classification algorithms: partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA). By doing gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), the essential IMS feature regions from the CNN models to predict different AQM species were also identified. The results of this research demonstrated that the application of the CNN to the IMS data of AQMs yielded superior classification performance compared to PLS-DA and SIMCA. Especially, the CNN-2D model which utilized the IMS topographic map as input achieved the best classification accuracy both on the calibration and validation sets. In addition, the Grad-CAM method had an ability to detect critical discriminating spectral regions for different types of AQM samples, and could provide explanation for the CNNs' decision-making. Despite the inherent limitations of the present analytical protocol, the results showed that the method of IMS in combination with a CNN has great potential to be a complement for sniffer dogs and X-ray imaging techniques to detect AQMs.

Trigone ventricular glioblastoma multiforme with trapped temporal horn: A case report.

Background: Intraventricular glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is extremely rare, especially in the trigone region. This report presents a case of trigone ventricular GBM with trapped temporal horn (TTH). Case presentation: A 59-year-old woman was admitted to our department with a 1-month history of rapidly progressive headache, nausea, and weakness in the right lower extremity. Head non-contrast computed tomography and enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a trigone ventricular mass lesion with TTH and heterogeneous enhancement. The lesion was found 18 months ago as a small asymptomatic tumor mimicking ependymoma. This neoplasm was removed subtotally through the right parieto-occipital approach guided by neuroendoscopy. A ventriculoperitoneal shunt was subsequently performed to relieve TTH. The final pathological diagnosis was GBM. Unfortunately, 36 days after the first surgery, the patient died due to her family's decision to refuse therapy. Conclusion: This rare case shows that GBM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of trigonal tumors. In this case, the tumor possibly originated from the neural stem cells in the subventricular zone. Patients with intraventricular GBM have a worse prognosis, and careful follow-up and early surgery for small intraventricular tumors are necessary, even for those with ependymoma-like radiological findings.

Age-Independent Cardiac Protection by Pharmacological Activation of Beclin-1 During Endotoxemia and Its Association With Energy Metabolic Reprograming in Myocardium-A Targeted Metabolomics Study.

Background We showed that Beclin-1-dependent autophagy protects the heart in young and adult mice that underwent endotoxemia. Herein, we compared the potential therapeutic effects of Beclin-1 activating peptide, TB-peptide, on endotoxemia-induced cardiac outcomes in young adult and aged mice. We further evaluated lipopolysaccharide (lipopolysaccharide)-induced and TB-peptide treatment-mediated alterations in myocardial metabolism. Methods and Results C57BL/6J mice that were 10 weeks and 24 months old were challenged by lipopolysaccharide using doses at which cardiac dysfunction occurred. Following the treatment of TB-peptide or control vehicle, heart contractility, circulating cytokines, and myocardial autophagy were evaluated. We detected that TB-peptide boosted autophagy, attenuated cytokines, and improved cardiac performance in both young and aged mice during endotoxemia. A targeted metabolomics assay was designed to detect a pool of 361 known metabolites, of which 156 were detected in at least 1 of the heart tissue samples. Lipopolysaccharide-induced impairments were found in glucose and amino acid metabolisms in mice of all ages, and TB-peptide ameliorated these alterations. However, lipid metabolites were upregulated in the young group but moderately downregulated in the aged by lipopolysaccharide, suggesting an age-dependent response. TB-peptide mitigated lipopolysaccharide-mediated trend of lipids in the young mice but had little effect on the aged. (Study registration: Project DOI: https://doi.org/10.21228/M8K11W). Conclusions Pharmacological activation of Beclin-1 by TB-peptide is cardiac protective in both young and aged population during endotoxemia, suggest a therapeutic potential for sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Metabolomics analysis suggests that an age-independent protection by TB-peptide is associated with reprograming of energy production via glucose and amino acid metabolisms.

Evaluation of Parkin in the Regulation of Myocardial Mitochondria-Associated Membranes and Cardiomyopathy During Endotoxemia.

Background: Mitochondrial deficiency is a known pathology in sepsis-induced organ failure. We previously found that mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), a subcellular domain supporting mitochondrial status, are impaired in the heart during endotoxemia, suggesting a mechanism of mitochondrial damage occurred in sepsis. Mitophagy pathway via E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) controls mitochondrial quality. Studies described here examined the impact of Parkin on cardiac MAMs and endotoxemia-induced cardiomyopathy. Additionally, point mutation W403A in Parkin was previously identified as a constitutively active mutation in vitro. In vivo effects of forced expression of this mutation were evaluated in the endotoxemia model. Methods: Mice of wild type (WT), Parkin-deficiency (Park2 -/- ), and knock-in expression of Parkin W402A (human Parkin W403A) were given lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. In the harvested heart tissue, MAM fractions were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and their amount and function were quantified. Ultrastructure of MAMs and mitochondria was examined by electron microscopy. Mitochondrial respiratory activities were measured by enzyme assays. Myocardial inflammation was estimated by levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Myocardial mitophagy was assessed by levels of mitophagy factors associated with mitochondria and degrees of mitochondria-lysosome co-localization. Parkin activation, signified by phosphorylation on serine 65 of Parkin, was also evaluated. Results: Compared with WT, Park2 -/- mice showed more severely impaired cardiac MAMs during endotoxemia, characterized by disrupted structure, reduced quantity, and weakened transporting function. Endotoxemia-induced cardiomyopathy was intensified in Park2 -/- mice, shown by worsened cardiac contractility and higher production of IL-6. Mitochondria from the Park2 -/- hearts were more deteriorated, indicated by losses in both structural integrity and respiration function. Unexpectedly, mice carrying Parkin W402A showed similar levels of cardiomyopathy and mitochondrial damage when compared with their WT counterparts. Further, Parkin W402A mutation neither enhanced mitophagy nor increased Parkin activation in myocardium under the challenge of endotoxemia. Conclusion: our results suggest that Parkin/PINK1 mitophagy participates in the regulation of cardiac MAMs during endotoxemia. Point mutation W402A (human W403A) in Parkin is not sufficient to alleviate cardiomyopathy induced by endotoxemia in vivo.

Functional connectivity between the parahippocampal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus moderates the relationship between problematic mobile phone use and depressive symptoms: Evidence from a longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) is prevalent and increases the risk for a variety of health problems. However, few studies have explored the neural mechanisms that might render adolescents more or less vulnerable. Here, we aimed to identify whether PMPU is associated with depressive symptoms and whether this relationship is moderated by intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) which is associated with PMPU. METHODS: In this longitudinal study, we included 238 students (mean age = 19.05, SD = 0.81) that came from a university in Hefei, China. They all finished MRI scans at baseline and completed questionnaires both at baseline and 1 year later. A self-rating questionnaire for adolescent problematic mobile phone use and depression anxiety stress scale-21 were used to assess PMPU and depressive symptoms. We first assessed the relationship between PMPU and depressive symptoms using an autoregressive cross-lagged model. Then, we detected the brain regions that were associated with PMPU. Moreover, the neuroimaging results were extracted to explore whether the iFC of these brain regions moderated the relationship between PMPU and depression. RESULTS: Consistent with our hypotheses, PMPU was positively associated with depressive symptoms, and the relationship between PMPU and depressive symptoms was moderated by iFC of the left parahippocampal gyrus-right middle temporal gyrus both at baseline and after 1 year (ß = 0.554, P = 0.003; ß = 0.463, P = 0.016, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These results advance the understanding of PMPU and suggest that iFC of the left parahippocampal gyrus-right middle temporal gyrus may be a neurobiological contributor to its relationship with depressive symptoms.

Simultaneous shortcut nitrification and denitrification in a hybrid membrane aerated biofilms reactor (H-MBfR) for nitrogen removal from low COD/N wastewater.

The residues of nitrogen contaminants due to insufficient organic carbon sources in sewage has always been the main problem faced by wastewater treatment plants in the process of nitrogen removal. In this study, simultaneous shortcut nitrification and denitrification (SND) was achieved in the hybrid membrane aerated biofilm reactor (H-MBfR) for treating low COD/N ratio (∼x223C 4: 1) wastewater. The effects of the aeration pressure and the influent COD/N ratio in H-MBfR were investigated and further optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM). By controlling the dissolved oxygen to achieve SND, the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N, COD and TN of low COD/N ratio wastewater reached maximum values of 95.52%, 96.61% and 72.23%, respectively. Microbial community analysis showed that the influent COD/N ratio had an obvious influence on the microbial community structure. In particular, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and denitrifying bacteria had a good commensalism when the COD/N ratio was 4.3. Compared to control reactor, the analysis of membrane bio-fouling showed that H-MBfR has a lower amount of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) on membrane and a low concentration of MLSS in bulk liquid, which is helpful for the longer-term operation of H-MBfR.

Inhibition of Jumonji demethylases reprograms severe dilated cardiomyopathy and prolongs survival.

Hypertrophic/dilated cardiomyopathy, often a prequel to heart failure, is accompanied by maladaptive transcriptional changes that contribute to arrythmias and contractile misfunction. Transgenic mice constitutively expressing high levels of calcineurin are known to develop extreme heart hypertrophy, which progresses to dilated cardiomyopathy, and to die several weeks after birth. Here, we characterized aberrant transcriptional and epigenetic pathways in this mouse model and established a pharmacological approach to treat established cardiomyopathy. We found that H3K4me3 (trimethyl histone 3 lysine 4) and H3K9me3 (trimethyl histone 3 lysine 9) Jumonji histone demethylases are markedly increased at the protein level and show enhanced enzymatic activity in diseased hearts. These epigenetic regulators continued to increase with time, further affecting cardiac gene expression. Our findings parallel the lower H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 levels seen in human patients. Inhibition of Jumonji demethylase activities in vivo results in lower histone demethylase enzymatic function in the heart and higher histone methylation levels and leads to partial reduction of heart size, reversal of maladaptive transcriptional programs, improved heart function, and prolonged survival. At the molecular level, target genes of transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 are specifically regulated in response to pharmacological or genetic inhibition of Jumonji demethylases. Similar transcriptional reversal of disease-associated genes is seen in a second disease model based on cardiac mechanical overload. Our findings validate pharmacological inhibitors of Jumonji demethylases as potential therapeutics for the treatment of cardiomyopathies across disease models and provide evidence of the reversal of maladaptive transcriptional reprogramming leading to partial restoration of cardiac function. In addition, this study defines pathways of therapeutic resistance upregulated with disease progression.

[Diagnostic value of multi-slice spiral CT in tympanic wall destruction of middle ear cholesteatoma].

Objective:To investigate the correlation between preoperative temporal bone Computed Tomography （CT） findings and intraoperative manifestations in patients with middle ear cholesteatoma. Methods:The patients with cholesteatoma undergoing surgery in our hospital from March 2017 to November 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.The temporal bone CT findings of tympanoid wall status before operation and the state of tympanic wall during operation were compared. Results: A total of 148 cases （148 ears） were included in the analysis. Compared with intraoperative observation, 142 cases showed the same findings of tympanoid lid by preoperative CT examination, and 144 cases showed the same findings of mastoid lid by preoperative CT examination.The CT manifestations of facial nerve canal state in 18 patients was different from intraoperativen findings. Among the 12 cases of lateral wall destruction of the tympanic chamber observed by CT, 10 cases were consistent with the intraoperative findings.CT showed sigmoid sinus destruction in 6 cases, of which 5 cases were consistent with intraoperative findings. In 142 cases no sigmoid sinus destruction was found by CT , but in one case the CT findingswas different from intraoperative findings.The diagnostic efficiency of the exposed opposite neural tube was poor in the tympanoid wall observed by CT（Se=78.6%，Sp=90.0%，PPV=64.7%，NPV=94.7%，AUC=0.84，Kappa=0.63，P<0.05）, but the diagnostic efficiency of lateral wall failure of the drum chamber was good （Se=83.5%，Sp=98.5%，PPV=83.3%，NPV=98.6%，AUC=0.91，Kappa=0.82，P<0.05）. Conclusion:CT is effective in preoperative diagnosing of tympanic wall destruction caused by cholesteatoma of the middle ear, especially in detecting the destruction of tympanic lid, mastoid lid, lateral wall of the tympanic chamber and sigmoid sinus.Preoperative temporal bone CT scan is beneficial to clincal preoperative decision-making and intraoperative guidance.

Prevalence of Dementia in China in 2015: A Nationwide Community-Based Study.

Objective: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and associated risk factors among the general Chinese population. Methods: We carried out a nationwide study including 24,117 participants aged 60 years and older in China using a multistage clustered sampling. Dementia and AD were diagnosed according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the criteria issued by the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association. Face-to-face interviews were administered by the trained interviewers to obtain information on demographics, lifestyle factors, and previous diseases. Results: The overall weighted prevalence of dementia was 4.22% (95%CI 2.27-6.17%) for people aged 60 years and older, was higher in women than in men and increased with age. Daily tea drinking and daily exercises were the protective factors for both dementia and AD. Engaging in social and intellectual activities was significantly associated with a lower risk of dementia and AD. Conclusions: A large number of population with dementia posed a significant challenge to China where the population is rapidly aging. The increase of public awareness, building more care facilities, and training dementia specialists and professional caregivers are all urgently needed and should be the future priorities of dementia care in China.

Matricellular Protein Cilp1 Promotes Myocardial Fibrosis in Response to Myocardial Infarction.

[Figure: see text].

Prevalence of Parkinson's Disease: A Community-Based Study in China.

BACKGROUND: China's socioeconomic and population structures have evolved markedly during the past few decades, and consequently, monitoring the prevalence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is crucial. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PD within Chinese communities, particularly in older people. METHODS: A nationwide study of 24,117 participants, aged 60 years or older, was carried out in 2015 using multistage clustered sampling. All participants were initially screened using a nine-item questionnaire, from which those suspected of having PD were examined by neurologists and a diagnosis was given, according to the 2015 Movement Disorder Society Clinical Diagnostic Criteria. RESULTS: The prevalence of PD was 1.37% (95% confidence interval 1.02%-1.73%) in people aged over 60 years. Thus, the estimated total number of people in China with PD could be as high as 3.62 million. CONCLUSIONS: Although the PD population prevalence percentage did not change significantly, the total number of PD sufferers has increased with the increased population, which poses a significant challenge in a rapidly aging population. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Hepatic FGF21 preserves thermoregulation and cardiovascular function during bacterial inflammation.

Sickness behaviors, including anorexia, are evolutionarily conserved responses to acute infections. Inflammation-induced anorexia causes dramatic metabolic changes, of which components critical to survival are unique depending on the type of inflammation. Glucose supplementation during the anorectic period induced by bacterial inflammation suppresses adaptive fasting metabolic pathways, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and decreases survival. Consistent with this observation, FGF21-deficient mice are more susceptible to mortality from endotoxemia and polybacterial peritonitis. Here, we report that increased circulating FGF21 during bacterial inflammation is hepatic derived and required for survival through the maintenance of thermogenesis, energy expenditure, and cardiac function. FGF21 signaling downstream of its obligate coreceptor, ß-Klotho (KLB), is required in bacterial sepsis. However, FGF21 modulates thermogenesis and chronotropy independent of the adipose, forebrain, and hypothalamus, which are operative in cold adaptation, suggesting that in bacterial inflammation, either FGF21 signals through a novel, undescribed target tissue or concurrent signaling of multiple KLB-expressing tissues is required.