Converting fruit peels into biodegradable, recyclable and antimicrobial eco-friendly bioplastics for perishable fruit preservation.

The development of biodegradable antimicrobial bioplastics for food packaging holds great promise for solving the pollution and safety problems caused by petrochemical plastics and spoiled food. Herein, a natural active-bioplastic synthesized from citrus peel biomass is presented for perishable fruit preservation. These plastics are characterized by the nanoscale entanglement and recombinant hydrogen bonding between the endogenous pectin, polyphenols and cellulose micro/nanofibrils. They have attractive flexibility, tensile strength, gas barrier properties and antimicrobial activities, and can effectively extend the shelf life of perishable fruits such as banana and mango when used as food packaging. Cytotoxicity, degradability tests and life-cycle assessment show that these plastics had excellent nontoxicity and can be safely degraded or easily recycled. This work demonstrates a sustainable strategy for converting peel waste into eco-friendly bioplastics, providing a unique and novel insight into radically reducing the pollution and life-health threats posed by petrochemical plastics and spoiled food.

Dialdehyde cellulose films covalently crosslinked with porphyrin-based covalent organic polymers for photodynamic sterilization.

Foodborne pathogens result in a great harm to human, which is an urgent problem to be addressed. Herein, a novel cellulose-based packaging films with excellent anti-bacterial properties under visible light were prepared. A porphyrin-based covalent organic polymer (Por-COPs) was constructed, then covalently grafted onto dialdehyde cellulose (DAC). The addition of Por-COPs enhanced the mechanical, hydrophobicity, and water resistance of the DAC-based composite films. DAC/Por-COP-2.5 film exhibited outstanding properties for the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria under visible light irradiation, delivering inactivation efficiencies of 99.90 % and 99.45 % towards Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli within 20 min. The DAC/Por-COPs films efficiently generated •O2- and 1O2 under visible light, thereby causing oxidative stress to cell membranes for bacterial inactivation. The prepared composite film forms a protective barrier against bacterial contamination. Results guide the development of high performance and more sustainable packaging films for the food sector.

Physio-Biochemical Insights into the Cold Resistance Variations among Nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina) Cultivars.

Cold stress occurs in late winter and early spring threatens greatly the nectarine industry. In this study, the semi-lethal low temperature (LT50) and thirteen cold resistance related parameters of five nectarine cultivars, including 'Nonglehong little princess' (LP), 'Luyou No. 5' (LY), 'Nonglehong No. 6' (NL), 'Zhongyou No. 20' (ZY) and 'Qiuhongzhu' (QH), were determined. Based on these parameters, they were categorized into high-(HR, including NL and LP), moderate-(MR, including QH) and low-cold resistant (LR, including ZY and LY) groups. The relative water (RW), proline (PRO), soluble sucrose (SS) and soluble protein (SP) contents, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities of HR cultivars were higher while their relative electronic conductivity (RE), malondialdehyde (MDA) and gibberellin acid (GA3) contents and catalase (CAT) activity were lower than other cultivars during natural overwintering. Redundancy analysis revealed that the lowest temperature in a day (LT) and LT50 significantly explains 69.8% and 10.9% of these physiological variables, respectively. Moreover, GA3 and indoleacetic acid (IAA) contents and CAT activity were positively correlated, while PRO, SS, ABA and RW contents were negatively correlated with both LT and LT50. Our study will be helpful in understanding the cold resistance variations of nectarine germplasm resources.

Functional identification of AeHMGR gene involved in regulation of saponin biosynthesis in Aralia elata.

Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem, a significant tree species in the Araliaceae family, has medicinal and edible properties. Saponins are the primary active components of A. elata. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- CoA reductase (HMGR) is the initial rate-limiting enzyme of the major metabolic pathway of saponins in A. elata. In this study, the AeHMGR gene was identified through screening of transcriptome data. Through the qRT-PCR analysis, it was determined that the expression level of AeHMGR gene is highest in the somatic embryo and stem of A. elata. Heterologous transformation in tobacco revealed that ectopic expression of the AeHMGR gene leads to a significant reduction in the expression levels of the NtSS, NtFPS, and NtSE genes in transgenic tobacco lines, with a minimum expression level of 0.24 times that of the wild type. In the overexpressed callus lines of A. elata, the expression levels of the AeFPS, AeSE, AeSS, and Aeß-AS genes were also significantly lower compared to the wild type, with a minimum expression level of approximately 0.3 times that of the wild type. Interestingly, the overexpression of the AeHMGR gene in A. elata somatic embryos led to a substantial decrease in the expression levels of AeFPS and AeSS, while the expression levels of AeSE and Aeß-AS increased. Among the transgenic somatic embryo strain lines, line 7 exhibited the highest expression levels of AeSE and Aeß-AS, with fold increases of 11.51 and 9.38, respectively, compared with that of the wild-type. Additionally, a high-performance liquid chromatography method was established to detect five individual saponins in transgenic A. elata. The total saponin content in line 7 somatic embryos was 1.14 times higher than that of wild-type materials, but only 0.30 times that of wild-type cultivated leaves. Moreover, the content of oleanolic acid saponin in line 7 was 1.35 times higher than that of wild-type cultivated leaves. These indicate that HMGR can affect triterpene biosynthesis.

Boosting Potassium Adsorption and Diffusion Performance of Carbon Anodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries via Topology and Curvature Engineering: From KT-Graphene to KT-CNTs.

We propose a two-dimensional carbon allotrope (named KT-graphene) by incorporating kagome and tetragonal lattices consisting of trigonal, quadrilateral, octagonal, and dodecagonal rings. The introduction of non-hexagonal rings can give rise to the localized electronic states that improve the chemical reactivity toward potassium, making KT-graphene a high-performance anode material for potassium-ion batteries. It shows a high theoretical capacity (892 mAh g-1), a low diffusion barrier (0.33 eV), and a low average open-circuit voltage (0.51 V). The presence of electrolyte solvents is propitious to boost the K-ion adsorption and diffusion capabilities. Moreover, one-dimensional nanotubes (KT-CNTs), rolled up by the KT-graphene sheet, are metallic regardless of the tube diameter. As the curvature increases, KT-CNTs exhibit significantly increased surface activity, which can promote the electron-donating ability of K. Furthermore, the curvature effect greatly enhances the efficiency of K diffusion on the inner surface compared to that on the outer surface.

Study on secondary metabolites of endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. AC1 induced by tryptophan analogs.

Small molecule-induced fermentation of the endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. AC1 originated from Artemisia argyi was executed to investigate its secondary metabolites. It was fermented in a culture medium containing 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), 1-methyl-L-tryptophan (1-MT), and tryptamine (TA), respectively. The antibacterial activities of crude extracts against pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic fungi were determined by using the Oxford cup method, while the cytotoxicity of crude extracts against cancer cells was determined by using the MTT method. The results showed that the secondary metabolites of Diaporthe sp. AC1 induced by 1-MT exhibited optimal antibacterial activity and tumor cytotoxicity. The induction conditions of 1-MT were optimized, and the antibacterial activities and tumor cytotoxicity of crude extracts under different induction conditions were investigated. As indicated, the optimal moment for 1-MT addition was before inoculation and its optimal concentration was 0.25 mM. Under these conditions, Diaporthe sp. AC1 was fermented and approximately 12 g of crude extracts was obtained. The crude extracts were then separated and purified to acquire nine monomer compounds, including three new compounds (1-3) and six known compounds (4-9). The antibacterial activities of the compounds against pathogenic bacteria and pathogenic fungi were investigated by using the microdilution method, while their cytotoxicity against cancer cells was analyzed by using the MTT method. The results demonstrated that Compound 1 exhibited moderate antibacterial activities against Verticillium dahlia, Fusarium graminearum, and Botrytis cinerea, as well as a low inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes. Nevertheless, Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxicity against five cancer cells, with IC50 ranging from 12.26 to 52.52 µM. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited negligible biological activity, while other compounds showed detectable inhibitory activities against pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells.

A hydrogel gripper enabling fine movement based on spatiotemporal mineralization.

Fine tailoring of the subtle movements of a hydrogel actuator through simple methods has widespread application prospects in wearable electronics, bionic robots and biomedical engineering. However, to the best of our knowledge, this challenge is not yet completed. Inspired by the diffusion-reaction process in nature, a hydrogel gripper with the capability of fine movement was successfully prepared based on the spatiotemporal fabrication of the polypyrrole (PPY) pattern in a poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel. The hydrogel was given gradient porous structures using a one-step UV irradiation method. Moreover, photothermal PPY patterns on the hydrogel were obtained through spatiotemporal mineralization of ferric hydroxide followed by the polymerization of pyrrole in a controllable manner. Taking advantage of the unique structures, the hydrogel gripper can not only achieve reversible grasping-releasing of substrates with the tuning of temperature (similar to that of hands), but also generate delicate movement under the irradiation of light (resembling that of finger joints). The strategy reported here is easily accessible and there is no need for sophisticated templates, therefore making it superior to other existing methods. We believe this work will provide references for the design and application of more advanced soft actuators.

Mechanical Performance of 3D-Printed Polyethylene Fibers and Their Durability against Degradation.

Polyethylene (PE), one of the most popular thermoplastic polymers, is widely used in various areas, such as materials engineering and biomedical engineering, due to its superior performance, while 3D printing via fused deposition modeling (FDM) provides a facile method of preparing PE products. To optimize the performance and assess the degradation of FDM-printed PE materials, we systematically investigate the influences of printing parameters, such as fiber diameter (stretching) and printer head temperature, and degradation, such as UV exposure and thermal degradation, on the mechanical performance of FDM-printed PE fibers. When FDM-printed PE fibers with a smaller diameter are prepared under a higher collecting speed, they undergo stronger stretching, and thus, show higher tensile strength and Young's modulus values. Meanwhile, the tensile strength and Young's modulus decrease as the printer head temperature increases, due to the lower viscosity, and thus, weaker shearing at high temperatures. However, degradation, such as UV exposure and thermal degradation, cause a decrease in all four mechanical properties, including tensile strength, Young's modulus, tensile strain and toughness. These results will guide the optimization of FDM-printed PE materials and help to assess the durability of PE products against degradation for their practical application.

Food packaging films based on ionically crosslinked konjac glucomannan incorporating zein-pectin nanoparticle-stabilized corn germ oil-oregano oil Pickering emulsion.

This study addresses the limitations of konjac glucomannan (KGM) films in mechanical properties, hydrophobicity and antibacterial activities. For the first time, a zein-pectin nanoparticle-stabilized corn germ oil-oregano essential oil Pickering emulsion (ZPCEO) was incorporated into KGM, with the resulting film being further ionically crosslinked with Ca2+, Cu2+ or Fe3+. FTIR, SEM and EDS results showed that the metal ions were crosslinked with the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of polysaccharides and uniformly distributed throughout the films (degree of crosslinking: Fe3+ > Cu2+ > Ca2+). Compared with pure KGM films, the ionic crosslinked ZPCEO/KGM (IL-ZPCEO/KGM) films have superior water resistance mechanical properties, and exhibit unique UV-blocking properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The ZPCEO/KGM-Fe3+ film offered the best all-round properties, including the highest tensile strength, water resistance, UV-blocking capacity, and antimicrobial activity. Thus, ionic crosslinking of ZPCEO/KGM films can be applied to the preparation of food packaging for use in high humidity environments.

Exploring the role and mechanism of Fuzi decoction in the treatment of osteoporosis by integrating network pharmacology and experimental verification.

BACKGROUND: Fuzi decoction (FZD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, was used to treat musculoskeletal diseases by warming channels, strengthening yang and dispelling pathogenic cold and dampness. In clinical practice, FZD has been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. It alleviated osteoarticular disorders through ameliorating the degradation of cartilage and improving meniscal damage in osteoarthritis, while its roles and mechanisms in the treatment of bone loss diseases remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms of FZD in treating osteoporosis using an integrative method of network pharmacology and experimental study. METHODS: In this study, network pharmacology was used to predict the core targets and potential pathways of the bioactive ingredients of FZD to attenuate osteoporosis. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the interactions between core compounds and key targets. In addition, both cell and animal experiments were carried out to validate the role and potential mechanism in treating osteoporosis. RESULTS: In the present study, data revealed that kaempferol, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, fumarine, and (+)-catechin may be the primary bioactive ingredients of FZD in the treatment of osteoporosis, which were closely associated with the osteoporosis-related targets. And the KEGG results indicated that the NF-κB pathway was closely associated with the function of FZD in treating osteoporosis. In addition, in vivo demonstrated that FZD ameliorated osteoporosis. In vitro experiments showed that the pro-apoptotic factors indicators including CASP3 and BAX were decreased by FZD and the anti-apoptotic factor BCL2 was increased by FZD. In addition, FZD significantly suppressed the osteoclast differentiation in culture and the expression levels of osteoclast-related genes including TRAF6, CTSK, and MMP9. And the NF-κB pathway was confirmed, via in vitro experiment, to be involved in osteoclast differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that FZD played a pivotal role in suppressing the osteoclast differentiation via regulating the NF-κB pathway, indicating that FZD could be a promising antiosteoporosis drug and deserve further investigation.

Highly defective copper-based metal-organic frameworks for the efficient adsorption and detection of organophosphorus pesticides: An experimental and computational investigation.

Organophosphorus pesticide (OP) residues pose a serious threat to human health, motivating the search for novel adsorbents and detection methods. Herein, defective copper-based metal organic frameworks (Cu-MOFs) were synthesized by the reaction of Cu2+ ions and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate linkers in the presence of acetic acid. As the amount of acetic acid increased, the crystallization kinetics and morphology of the Cu-MOFs changed, leading to mesoporous Cu-MOFs with many large surface pores (defects). Adsorption studies of OPs revealed the defective Cu-MOFs showed faster pesticide adsorption kinetics and higher pesticide adsorption capacities. Density functional theory calculations showed that pesticide adsorption in the Cu-MOFs was mainly electrostatic. A dispersive solid phase extraction method was developed based on a defective Cu-MOF-6 for rapidly extracting pesticides from food samples. The method allowed pesticide detection over a wide linear concentration range, low limits of detection (0.0067-0.0164 µg L-1) and good recoveries in pesticide-spiked samples (81.03-109.55%).

In vitro and in vivo investigation of chrysin chelated copper complex as biocompatible materials for bone tissue engineering applications.

Flavonoid metal complexes have interesting properties and are widely explored for bone regeneration owing to their potent biological activity. In the present study, we investigated the biocompatibility and osteogenic properties of the Copper(II)-chrysin complex (C/Cu). The biocompatibility of C/Cu was assessed in vitro with human osteoblastic cells and in vivo using chick embryo and zebrafish models. The C/Cu complex was found to be cytofriendly with good biocompatibility. The osteogenic property of C/Cu was studied at cellular and molecular levels. C/Cu promoted mineralization in osteoblastic cultures by increasing ALP activity. At the molecular level, C/Cu significantly promoted the mRNA levels of osteoblast differentiation marker genes such as runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), Type 1 collagen and ALP. In addition to this, secretory proteins, osteonectin (ON) and osteocalcin (OC) levels were also stimulated. We have also identified that C/Cu exhibited enhanced osteogenic properties and antibacterial activity compared with Chrysin. Thus, C/Cu can be used as an osteogenic agent in bone tissue engineering.

Recent advances in utilization of pectins in biomedical applications: a review focusing on molecular structure-directing health-promoting properties.

The numerous health benefits of pectins justify their inclusion in human diets and biomedical products. This review provides an overview of pectin extraction and modification methods, their physico-chemical characteristics, health-promoting properties, and pharmaceutical/biomedical applications. Pectins, as readily available and versatile biomolecules, can be tailored to possess specific functionalities for food, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, through judicious selection of appropriate extraction and modification technologies/processes based on green chemistry principles. Pectin's structural and physicochemical characteristics dictate their effects on digestion and bioavailability of nutrients, as well as health-promoting properties including anticancer, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, intestinal microflora-regulating, immune barrier-strengthening, hypercholesterolemia-/arteriosclerosis-preventing, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antitussive, analgesic, anticoagulant, and wound healing effects. HG, RG-I, RG-II, molecular weight, side chain pattern, and degrees of methylation, acetylation, amidation and branching are critical structural elements responsible for optimizing these health benefits. The physicochemical characteristics, health functionalities, biocompatibility and biodegradability of pectins enable the construction of pectin-based composites with distinct properties for targeted applications in bioactive/drug delivery, edible films/coatings, nano-/micro-encapsulation, wound dressings and biological tissue engineering. Achieving beneficial synergies among the green extraction and modification processes during pectin production, and between pectin and other composite components in biomedical products, should be key foci for future research.

Physicochemical, structural and emulsifying properties of RG-I enriched pectin extracted from unfermented or fermented cherry pomace.

This study explores cherry waste valorization through sustainable green approaches. Two low-methoxy rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) enriched pectins were produced via mild aqueous extraction from cherry pomaces before and after yeast fermentation (RCUP and RCFP: RG-I, 52.02% and 48.81%; methylation degree, 44.71% and 37.55%). Both pectins contained galacturonic acid, arabinose, galactose, rhamnose and glucose. Compared with RCFP, RCUP was a more linear pectin with higher Mw, wider Mw distribution, longer homogalacturonans (HGs) and shorter side chains. Fermentation increased protein, mannose, glucose and galactose contents, and decreased pectin yield, total phenolic/anthocyanin and rhamnose contents, melting temperature and enthalpy, degradation enthalpy, viscosity, storage and loss moduli. Fermentation induced a much greater loss of HG (from 43.55% to 14.65%) than RG-I (from 52.02% to 48.81%). RCUP and RCFP possessed significant antioxidant activities and exhibited satisfactory emulsifying effects at 2%. RCUP was a more effective emulsifier. RCFP had a higher hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity.

Preparation of colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip for rapid detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To develop a colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip for rapid and accurate detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa(P.aeruginosa,Pa).Methods After bioinformatics analysis of Pa outer membrane protein OprF,the gene sequence with abundant antigenic determinants and high intraspecific homology was chemically synthesized,and then connected to pET-28a(+)vector to construct the expression vector pET-28a-OprF,which was transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3)and induced by IPTG. The recombinant OprF protein was purified by Ni Sepharose~(TM)6 Fast Flow and used to immunize two female BALB/c mice for 3～4 times by multi-point subcutaneous injection in the back at the first immunization and intraperitoneal injection at subsequent immunizations. The monoclonal antibodies were screened by animal cell fusion technique,and the colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip for rapid detection of Pa was prepared by using monoclonal antibody and double antibody sandwich immunochromatography technique. The specificity,sensitivity and stability of the test strip were evaluated.Results Two monoclonal antibodies,Pa-1# and Pa-2#,were obtained with the titer of 1∶409 600,and both of them recognized OprF specifically. The prepared colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip showed a sensitivity of 1. 0×10~6CFU/mL and had no cross reaction with 9 common respiratory pathogens with a good stability.Conclusion The prepared colloidal gold immunochromatographic test strip can detect Pa rapidly within 15 min,with high specificity and good stability.

Transcriptomics Profiling of Acer pseudosieboldianum Molecular Mechanism against Freezing Stress.

Low temperature is an important environmental factor that affects the growth and development of trees and leads to the introduction of failure in the genetic improvement of trees. Acer pseudosieboldianum is a tree species that is well-known for its bright red autumn leaf color. These trees are widely used in landscaping in northeast China. However, due to their poor cold resistance, introduced A. pseudosieboldianum trees suffer severe freezing injury in many introduced environments. To elucidate the physiological indicators and molecular mechanisms associated with freezing damage, we analyzed the physiological indicators and transcriptome of A. pseudosieboldianum, using kits and RNA-Seq technology. The mechanism of A. pseudosieboldianum in response to freezing stress is an important scientific question. In this study, we used the shoots of four-year-old A. pseudosieboldianum twig seedlings, and the physiological index and the transcriptome of A. pseudosieboldianum under low temperature stress were investigated. The results showed that more than 20,000 genes were detected in A. pseudosieboldianum under low temperature (4 °C) and freezing temperatures (-10 °C, -20 °C, -30 °C, and -40 °C). There were 2505, 6021, 5125, and 3191 differential genes (DEGs) between -10 °C, -20°C, -30°C, -40 °C, and CK (4 °C), respectively. Among these differential genes, 48 genes are involved in the MAPK pathway and 533 genes are involved in the glucose metabolism pathway. In addition, the important transcription factors (MYB, AP2/ERF, and WRKY) involved in freezing stress were activated under different degrees of freezing stress. A total of 10 sets of physiological indicators of A. pseudosieboldianum were examined, including the activities of five enzymes and the accumulation of five hormones. All of the physiological indicators except SOD and GSH-Px reached their maximum values at -30 °C. The enzyme activity of SOD was highest at -10 °C, and that of GSH-Px was highest at -20 °C. Our study is the first to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the differential genes (DEGs) involved in A. pseudosieboldianum under freezing stress at different temperatures at the transcriptome level. These results may help to clarify the molecular mechanism of cold tolerance of A. pseudosieboldianum and provide new insights and candidate genes for the genetic improvement of the freezing tolerance of A. pseudosieboldianum.

A sensitive ratiometric fluorescent sensor based on carbon dots and CdTe quantum dots for visual detection of biogenic amines in food samples.

A novel dual-emission ratiometric fluorescent sensor for biogenic amines (BAs) was prepared by simple mixing blue fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) and yellow fluorescent CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs). Based on different sensitive properties of pH, CdTe QDs and CDs were used as the response signal and internal reference signal, respectively. The developed ratiometric fluorescent sensor achieved quantitative analysis of eight kinds of BAs with rapid response (30 s) and low limits of detection (1.259-5.428 µM). Furthermore, color-tunable fluorescent test strips were constructed by easily assembling CDs and CdTe QDs onto filter paper. The obtained smart label showed a distinguishable fluorescent color variation from blue to green during the corruption of shrimp samples. The smart label with advantages of convenience and rapidness provided a method for visually monitoring the freshness of food samples.

Antimicrobial Potential of Endophytic Fungi From Artemisia argyi and Bioactive Metabolites From Diaporthe sp. AC1.

Endophytic fungi of medicinal plants are important sources of active natural products. In this study, 26 fungi were isolated from Artemisia argyi, which were belonging to eight genera, namely, Alternaria, Fusarium, Chaetomium, Phoma, Diaporthe, Trichoderma, Gibberella, and Colletotrichum. The antimicrobial activities of all fungal extracts were tested by using the cup-plate method against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and Fusarium graminearum. The results demonstrated that 25 extracts (96%) exhibited inhibitory activity against at least one of the tested pathogenic microorganisms. The strain Diaporthe sp. AC1, which showed good antimicrobial activity and high yield of crude extract from fermentation, was selected for the study of secondary metabolites. The crude extract of strain AC1 was purified by silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, and HPLC, and finally, a new compound phomopsolide G (1), together with three known phomopsolides (2-4) and four other known compounds (5-8), was obtained. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by NMR and/or HR-MS spectroscopy. Microdilution method and MTT colorimetry were used to determine the bioactivity of the compounds. The study demonstrated that the new compound 1 had moderate antifungal activity against F. graminearum, Fusarium moniliforme, and Botrytis cinerea and weak antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Compound 1 also showed weak cytotoxicity against HepG2, A549, and MDA-MB-231, with IC50 values of 89.91, 107.65, and 53.97 µM. Additionally, other compounds also exhibited antimicrobial and/or cytotoxic activities. The findings provided the basis for searching drug and agricultural lead compounds from A. argyi-associated fungi resources.

Mitigation of QingLuoTongMai Pills on Chemotherapy-induced Phlebitis: A Network Pharmacology Study and Experimental Validation.

OBJECTIVE: Chemotherapy induced phlebitis (CIP) is a side product of chemotherapy treatment for malignant tumors, which affects the therapeutic effect and quality of life of cancer patients, and still lacks a clear therapeutic means. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of QLTMP on CIP using network pharmacology and verified the anti-inflammatory mechanism of QLTMP in mice model induced by vinorelbine. METHODS: Network pharmacology analysis was performed to identify bioactive compounds in QLTMP. The protein-protein interaction network was used to identify the core therapeutic targets of QLTMP against CIP. Analyzed biological function and pathway enrichment based on the identified core therapeutic targets. Evaluate the therapeutic effect of QLTMP in a model of CIP induced by vinorelbine to confirm the reliability of the network pharmacological analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The 165 bioactive compounds of QLTMP matched the screening criteria and identified 19 core therapeutic targets of QLTMP against CIP. Biofunctional analysis showed that the therapeutic effect of QLTMP on CIP was mainly related to the inhibition of inflammation; while pathway enrichment analysis showed that TNF signaling pathway was involved in the inflammatory process. Experimental confirmation in mice model showed that QLTMP exerts anti-inflammatory effects through modulation of PI3K/AKT/TNF signaling pathway, a discovery consistent with the network pharmacological analysis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The network pharmacological analysis of the anti-inflammatory mechanism of QLTMP on CIP and its exploration of in vivo experiments provide a theoretical basis for the design of agents that can mitigate or cure CIP.

The Manchurian Walnut Genome: Insights into Juglone and Lipid Biosynthesis.

BACKGROUND: Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.) is a tree with multiple industrial uses and medicinal properties in the Juglandaceae family (walnuts and hickories). J. mandshurica produces juglone, which is a toxic allelopathic agent and has potential utilization value. Furthermore, the seed of J. mandshurica is rich in various unsaturated fatty acids and has high nutritive value. FINDINGS: Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-scale reference genome assembly and annotation for J. mandshurica (n = 16) with a contig N50 of 21.4 Mb by combining PacBio high-fidelity reads with high-throughput chromosome conformation capture data. The assembled genome has an estimated sequence size of 548.7 Mb and consists of 657 contigs, 623 scaffolds, and 40,453 protein-coding genes. In total, 60.99% of the assembled genome consists of repetitive sequences. Sixteen super-scaffolds corresponding to the 16 chromosomes were assembled, with a scaffold N50 length of 33.7 Mb and a BUSCO complete gene percentage of 98.3%. J. mandshurica displays a close sequence relationship with Juglans cathayensis, with a divergence time of 13.8 million years ago. Combining the high-quality genome, transcriptome, and metabolomics data, we constructed a gene-to-metabolite network and identified 566 core and conserved differentially expressed genes, which may be involved in juglone biosynthesis. Five CYP450 genes were found that may contribute to juglone accumulation. NAC, bZip, NF-YA, and NF-YC are positively correlated with the juglone content. Some candidate regulators (e.g., FUS3, ABI3, LEC2, and WRI1 transcription factors) involved in the regulation of lipid biosynthesis were also identified. CONCLUSIONS: Our genomic data provide new insights into the evolution of the walnut genome and create a new platform for accelerating molecular breeding and improving the comprehensive utilization of these economically important tree species.