RESUMEN
The environmental fate and risks of mononitrophenols (mono-NPs), the simplest nitrophenols (NPs) often found in aquatic environments, are profoundly influenced by anaerobic bioreduction and co-existing electron shuttles (ESs), but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Here, we elucidate the pathways of anaerobic mono-NPs bioreduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and assess the effect of model ESs on these processes. We found that all three mono-NPs isomers could be readily reduced to their corresponding aminophenols by S. oneidensis MR-1 under anaerobic conditions. CymA, a core component of the Mtr respiratory pathway, performs a dynamic role in these bioreduction, which is highly dependent on the bioreduction kinetics. The exogenous addition of quinones was found to accelerate the mono-NPs bioreduction through interactions with key outer-membrane proteins (e.g., OmcA and MtrC), and all these processes matched well to linear free energy relationships (LFERs). Surprisingly, adding riboflavin did not influence the bioreduction of all three mono-NPs isomers, which may be due to the contribution of OmcA and MtrC to these bioreduction processes and their downregulated expression. This study enhances our understanding of the environmental fate of mono-NPs and their bioconversion processes, providing valuable insights for the bioremediation of nitrophenol-contaminated sites.
Asunto(s)
Oxidación-Reducción , Shewanella , Shewanella/metabolismo , Anaerobiosis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Nitrofenoles/metabolismo , Biodegradación Ambiental , Electrones , Transporte de Electrón , Quinonas/metabolismo , Quinonas/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Postoperative hypoparathyroidism caused by parathyroid injury is a problem faced by thyroid surgeons. The current technologies for parathyroid imaging all have some defects. METHODS: Patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) who underwent unilateral thyroidectomy plus ipsilateral central lymph node dissection were recruited. We dissected the main trunk of the superior thyroid artery entering the thyroid gland and placed the venous indwelling tube into the artery. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 132 patients enrolled in this single-arm clinical trial, 105 of them completed retrograde catheterization via the superior artery. The sensitivity was 69.23 and 83.33% respectively. The specificity was 72.91 and 64.89%. The accuracy was 72.91 and 64.89%. The PPV was 85.71 and 81.08%. The NPV was 22.58 and 45.45%. There were no patients with allergic reactions to the methylene blue, or methylene blue toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Retrograde injection of methylene blue via the superior thyroid artery is an effective and safe method to visualize parathyroid glands. This method can accurately locate the target organ by ultraselecting the blood vessel and injecting the contrast agent while avoiding background contamination and reducing the amount of contrast agent. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial registration numbers and date of registration: ChiCTR2300077263ã02/11/2023.
Asunto(s)
Glándulas Paratiroides , Glándula Tiroides , Humanos , Arterias , Medios de Contraste , Azul de Metileno , Glándulas Paratiroides/diagnóstico por imagen , Glándulas Paratiroides/cirugía , Glándula Tiroides/diagnóstico por imagen , Glándula Tiroides/cirugíaRESUMEN
Tumor metastasis is a key factor affecting the life of patients with malignant tumors. For the past hundred years, scientists have focused on how to kill cancer cells and inhibit their metastasis in vivo, but few breakthroughs have been made. Here we hypothesized a novel mode for cancer metastasis. We show that the phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells by macrophages leads to their polarization into the M2 phenotype, and that the expression of stem cell related as well as drug resistance related genes was induced. Therefore, it appears that M2 macrophages have "defected" and have been transformed into the initial "metastatic cancer cells", and thus are the source, at least in part, of the distal tissue tumor metastasis. This assumption is supported by the presence of fused cells with characteristics of both macrophage and tumor cell observed in the peripheral blood and ascites of patients with ovarian cancer. By eliminating the expression of CD206 in M2 macrophages using siRNA, we show that the growth and metastasis of tumors was suppressed using both in vitro cell line and with experimental in vivo mouse models. In summary, we show that M2 macrophages in the blood circulation underwent a "change of loyalty" to become "cancer cells" that transformed into distal tissue metastasis, which could be suppressed by the knockdown of CD206 expression.
RESUMEN
China has committed to achieve net carbon neutrality by 2060 to combat global climate change, which will require unprecedented deployment of negative emissions technologies, renewable energies (RE), and complementary infrastructure. At terawatt-scale deployment, land use limitations interact with operational and economic features of power systems. To address this, we developed a spatially resolved resource assessment and power systems planning optimization that models a full year of power system operations, sub-provincial RE siting criteria, and transmission connections. Our modeling results show that wind and solar must be expanded to 2,000 to 3,900 GW each, with one plausible pathway leading to 300 GW/yr combined annual additions in 2046 to 2060, a three-fold increase from today. Over 80% of solar and 55% of wind is constructed within 100 km of major load centers when accounting for current policies regarding land use. Large-scale low-carbon systems must balance key trade-offs in land use, RE resource quality, grid integration, and costs. Under more restrictive RE siting policies, at least 740 GW of distributed solar would become economically feasible in regions with high demand, where utility-scale deployment is limited by competition with agricultural land. Effective planning and policy formulation are necessary to achieve China's climate goals.
RESUMEN
In engineering blasting, while efficiently breaking rocks with explosives, a large amount of toxic and harmful gases are generated, which not only pollutes the production environment but also easily leads to explosion smoke poisoning accidents. It must be highly valued by engineering technicians and management personnel. To effectively control the production of harmful gases during explosive blasting, an environmentally friendly and efficient harmful gas inhibitor has been developed, and its mechanism of action has been analyzed and revealed. Through model and on-site experiments, the appropriate addition ratio and charging structure scheme were determined, and good control effects were achieved. The research results indicate that the environment in which explosives are used has a significant impact on the composition of harmful gases produced during blasting. CO, NO, and NO2 are mainly produced in natural air environments, while NH3, CO, and NO are mainly produced in underground blasting environments. As the proportion of inhibitors added increases (2%, 4%, 6%), the decrease in the concentration of harmful gases during blasting first increases and then decreases. Compared with the control experiment, the total reduction rate of harmful gas concentration is 39.23%, 68.20%, and 59.69%, respectively, and the best control effect is achieved when 4% is added. When using the developed inhibitor adding device for the full hole addition scheme, the control effect of harmful gas concentration in blasting is the best, and the decrease in harmful gas concentration reaches 62.79%~84.73% at a distance of 30m~120m. The use of harmful gas inhibitors for blasting combined with other control measures can significantly improve the blasting operation environment, enhance the safety level of production operations, and have good promotion and application value.
Asunto(s)
Gases , Humo , Ambiente , IngenieríaRESUMEN
Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791), a deep-sea Atlantic scallop, holds significant commercial value as a benthic marine bivalve along the northwest Atlantic coast. Recognizing its economic importance, the need to reconstruct its genome assembly becomes apparent, fostering insights into natural resources and generic breeding potential. This study reports a high-quality chromosome-level genome of P. magellanicus, achieved through the integration of Illumina short read sequencing, PacBio HiFi sequencing, and Hi-C sequencing techniques. The resulting assembly spans 1778 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 86.71 Mb. An intriguing observation arises - the genome size of P. magellanicus surpasses that of its Pectinidae family peers by 1.80 to 2.46 times. Within this genome, 28,111 protein-coding genes were identified. Comparative genomic analysis involving five scallop species unveils the critical determinant of this expanded genome: the proliferation of repetitive sequences recently inserted, contributing to its enlarged size. The landscape of whole genome collinearity sheds light on the relationships among scallop species, enhancing our broader understanding of their genomic framework. This genome provides genomic resources for future molecular biology research on scallops and serves as a guide for the exploration of longevity-related genes in scallops.
Asunto(s)
Bivalvos , Pectinidae , Animales , Pectinidae/genética , Bivalvos/genética , Alimentos Marinos , Tamaño del Genoma , Cromosomas/genéticaRESUMEN
Rabi oscillation has been proven to be one of the cornerstones of quantum mechanics, triggering substantial investigations in different disciplines and various important applications both in the classical and quantum regimes. So far, two independent classes of wave states in the Rabi oscillations have been revealed as spin waves and orbital waves, while a Rabi wave state simultaneously merging the spin and orbital angular momentum has remained elusive. Here we report on the experimental and theoretical observation and control of spin-orbit-coupled Rabi oscillations in the higher-order regime of light. We constitute a pseudo spin-1/2 formalism and optically synthesize a magnetization vector through light-crystal interaction. We observe simultaneous oscillations of these ingredients in weak and strong coupling regimes, which are effectively controlled by a beam-dependent synthetic magnetic field. We introduce an electrically tunable platform, allowing fine control of transition between different oscillatory modes, resulting in an emission of orbital-angular-momentum beams with tunable topological structures. Our results constitute a general framework to explore spin-orbit couplings in the higher-order regime, offering routes to manipulating the spin and orbital angular momentum in three and four dimensions. The close analogy with the Pauli equation in quantum mechanics, nonlinear optics, etc., implies that the demonstrated concept can be readily generalized to different disciplines.
RESUMEN
Accurate estimating CO2 emissions and sinks is crucial in achieving carbon neutrality in China. However, CO2 emissions from bottom-up inventories are uncertain at regional scales and lack independent verification from atmospheric perspectives. Here we integrated 39 high-precision CO2 stations in China to top-down invert emission-sink variations at 45 km × 45 km and achieved a full range of inventories verification. The results show that China's CO2 emissions are 15% higher than those of five bottom-up inventories, to an annual total of 3.40 Pg C a-1 for 2018-2021. After deducting human and livestock respiration, the annual CO2 emissions were 3.13 Pg C a-1 (11.48 Pg CO2 a-1). The annual increase in emissions slowed from 3.7% in 2019 to 1.1% in 2020 and resumed growth to 4.0% in 2021, consistent with observed CO2 growth rates in China. China's land CO2 sink, deducting farmland sinks and lateral fluxes, was 0.57 Pg C a-1 (2.09 Pg CO2 a-1) for 2018-2021 (higher than most global inverse models), accounting for â¼16.9% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The land sink in China decreased by -19.3% in 2019 due to a weak El Niño event and increased by 3.2% in 2020 and 13.7% in 2021. It is worth noting that inverse CO2 emissions and sinks in western China still face large uncertainty due to limited CO2 monitoring. Overall, our top-down estimates demonstrate spatiotemporal variations in CO2 emissions and sinks from atmospheric perspectives and highlight challenges for different provinces in achieving 2060 carbon neutrality with verified estimates.
RESUMEN
The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei-Shandong Region (BTHS Region) is a crucial area for China to achieve synergy between pollution reduction and carbon emissions reduction. The demand for coordinated emissions reduction through source control measures such as energy transition and industrial restructuring are becoming increasingly necessary owing to the limited emissions reductions potential of end-of-pipe control measures. An assessment of the emissions reductions potential through strengthening the end-of-pipe control in the BTHS Region, as well as the environmental and health co-benefits from accelerated energy transition and industrial restructuring, was conducted using scenario simulation analysis based on the REACH model. The results showed that the rapid implementation of the best available end-of-pipe control technologies in the BTHS Region would result in 3.3 µg·m-3 reduction in PM2.5 concentration in 2035, but this would not be sufficient to achieve the PM2.5 concentration control targets. Accelerating the energy transition and the industrial restructuring are necessary for the BTHS Region to achieve air quality standards, which would reduce the PM2.5 concentrations by 6.3 µg·m-3 in 2035. The environmental and health co-benefits brought by the accelerated transition could partially or entirely offset the additional socio-economic cost (compared to that of the current policy efforts) of approximately 0.9%-2.5% of the total regional GDP in achieving the PM2.5 concentration control target paid by the four provinces.
RESUMEN
Dense video captioning (DVC) aims at generating description for each scene in a video. Despite attractive progress for this task, previous works usually only concentrate on exploiting visual features while neglecting audio information in the video, resulting in inaccurate scene event location. In this article, we propose a novel DVC model named CMCR, which is mainly composed of a cross-modal processing (CM) module and a commonsense reasoning (CR) module. CM utilizes a cross-modal attention mechanism to encode data in different modalities. An event refactoring algorithm is proposed to deal with inaccurate event localization caused by overlapping events. Besides, a shared encoder is utilized to reduce model redundancy. CR optimizes the logic of generated captions with both heterogeneous prior knowledge and entities' association reasoning achieved by building a knowledge-enhanced unbiased scene graph. Extensive experiments are conducted on ActivityNet Captions dataset, the results demonstrate that our model achieves better performance than state-of-the-art methods. To better understand the performance achieved by CMCR, we also apply ablation experiments to analyze the contributions of different modules.
RESUMEN
Vector-based retrieval have been widely adopted to process online users' diverse interests for recommendations. However, most of them utilize a single vector to represent user multiple interests (UMI), inevitably impairing the accuracy and diversity of item retrieval. In addition, existing work often does not take into account the scale and speed of the model, and high-dimensional user representation vectors need high computation cost, leading to inefficient item retrieval. In this paper, we propose a novel lightweight multi-interest retrieval network (MIRN) by incorporating sequence-to-interest Expectation Maximization (EM) routing to deal with users' multiple interests. By leveraging representation ability of the Capsule network, we design a multi-interest representation learning module that clusters multiple Capsule vectors from the user's behavior sequence to represent each of their interests respectively. In addition, we introduce a composite capsule clustering strategy for the Capsule network framework to reduce the scale of the network model. Furthermore, a Capsule-aware module incorporating an attention mechanism has been developed to guide model training by adaptively learning multiple Capsule vectors of user representations. The experimental results demonstrate MIRN outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches for item retrieval and gains significant improvements in terms of metric evaluations.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite the emerging carbon neutrality pledges from different countries, it is still unclear how much these pledges would cost and how the costs would compare with the economic benefits. Comparisons at the country level are important for tightening country-specific emissions trajectories to keep the temperature limit targets outlined in the Paris Agreement within reach. We aimed to systematically estimate avoided heat-related labour productivity losses against the costs of climate change mitigation at country and regional levels. METHODS: In this modelling study, to address the above-mentioned research gaps, we first selected two representative climate change scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathway 6.0 [RCP6.0] scenario, a higher warming scenario representing limited mitigation pledges before the Paris Agreement with around 3°C warming by the end of this century; and RCP2.6 scenario, a lower warming scenario assuming global temperature rise is limited to 2°C) and estimated heat-related labour productivity loss using the exposure-response function at country and regional levels. By representing the direct heat-related labour productivity losses in a multiregional global computable general equilibrium model, we then did a benefit-cost analysis to quantify the economic benefits of avoided heat-related labour productivity losses as well as the estimated reduction in gross domestic product (GDP) related to carbon reduction. FINDINGS: By 2100, the overall economic losses due to heat-related labour productivity loss could range from about 1·5% of global GDP under the RCP6.0 scenario to about 0·1% of global GDP under the RCP2.6 scenario. The productivity losses will be highly concentrated in low-latitude regions, especially in southeast Asia, India, and the Middle East, implying the necessity of additional adaptation measures. By 2100, about 51·8% of global climate change mitigation costs could be offset by economic benefits from reduced labour productivity losses. Cumulatively, about 17·0% of climate change mitigation costs could be offset by the economic benefits between 2020 and 2100, when using a 2% social discounting rate. The costs and benefits of climate change mitigation will be distributed highly unevenly across regions due to their varying climate zones and economic structures. Regions with benefits from reduced productivity losses higher than mitigation costs are mainly low-latitude and tropical regions with lower income and lower emissions, such as southeast Asia, Brazil, and Mexico. More than half the climate change mitigation costs could be offset by the economic benefits by 2100 for the world's largest emitters, including the USA, China, the EU, and India. Low benefit-cost ratios are expected in economies that rely on fossil fuels, such as Canada, Russia, and the Middle East. INTERPRETATION: Although pledging carbon neutrality implies radical changes to most economies, substantial health and economic gains can be achieved by reduced heat-related labour productivity loss, even without accounting for other benefits. The benefit-cost analysis in this study shows the potential for choosing more stringent climate change mitigation pathways in some regions. Regions with low benefit-cost ratios need to restructure their economies to reduce mitigation costs as well as losses from declined fossil fuel exports. FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation of China, Tsinghua-Toyota Joint Research Fund, the Wellcome Trust, Tsinghua University-China Three Gorges Corporation Joint Research Center for Climate Governance Mechanism and Green Low-carbon Transformation Strategy, the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister's Office, Singapore (Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise [CREATE] programme), and the Global Energy Interconnection Development and Coorperation Organization.
Asunto(s)
Biodiversidad , Carbono , Humanos , Temperatura , Cambio Climático , Análisis Costo-BeneficioRESUMEN
As the world's biggest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter and the largest developing country, China faces daunting challenges to peak its emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality within 40 years. This study fully considered the carbon-neutrality goal and the temperature rise constraints required by the Paris Agreement, by developing six long-term development scenarios, and conducting a quantitative evaluation on the carbon emissions pathways, energy transformation, technology, policy and investment demand for each scenario. This study combined both bottom-up and top-down methodologies, including simulations and analyses of energy consumption of end-use and power sectors (bottom-up), as well as scenario analysis, investment demand and technology evaluation at the macro level (top-down). This study demonstrates that achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 translates to significant efforts and overwhelming challenges for China. To comply with the target, a high rate of an average annual reduction of CO2 emissions by 9.3% from 2030 to 2050 is a necessity, which requires a huge investment demand. For example, in the 1.5 °C scenario, an investment in energy infrastructure alone equivalent to 2.6% of that year's GDP will be necessary. The technological pathway towards carbon neutrality will rely highly on both conventional emission reduction technologies and breakthrough technologies. China needs to balance a long-term development strategy of lower greenhouse gas emissions that meets both the Paris Agreement and the long-term goals for domestic economic and social development, with a phased implementation for both its five-year and long-term plans.
RESUMEN
Starting in 2013, China's key polluting firms have been required to install continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) and to publish the data for real-time oversight and public scrutiny. However, the CEMS data has rarely been used in local environmental law enforcement because its quality is still of great concern. A lack of criteria to evaluate data quality is one of the causes. In this paper, we design a comprehensive analytical framework for evaluating the quality of CEMS data, which includes completeness, accuracy, and authenticity. To demonstrate the applicability of the framework, we build a CEMS dataset for key polluting firms in Henan province from 2017 to 2019 by scraping the CEMS data from a public platform. We then conduct a comprehensive evaluation using our proposed framework. Some data quality issues are identified. About one-third of the firms did not meet official guidelines for data completeness. When comparing the CEMS data with onsite measurement results, we observe statistically significant inconsistencies in about one-fifth of the firms. In addition, we find evidence that some firms might manipulate CEMS data by strategically turning down the CEMS when a pollutant's concentration is expected to exceed the limit. Our framework can be expanded by incorporating more evaluation methods and data. We suggest that government agencies should implement a comprehensive framework to enhance the quality of CEMS data, thereby facilitating its application in law enforcement.
Asunto(s)
Exactitud de los Datos , ChinaRESUMEN
Increasing evidence supports that N6-methyladenine (m6A) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) both act as master regulators involved in breast cancer (BC) tumorigenesis at epigenetic modification level. Here, our research tries to unveil the interaction of m6A and lncRNAs on BC progression and explore the underlying regulatory mechanism. In the current study, we found that LINC00667 was m6A-modified lncRNA, which was up-regulated upon the overexpression of KIAA1429. The high expression of LINC00667 was correlated with the prognosis of BC patients. Bio-functional assays indicated that LINC00667 promoted the proliferation and migration of BC cells. Mechanistic assays illustrated that KIAA1429 targeted the m6A modification site of LINC00667 and enhanced its mRNA stability. Moreover, LINC00667 positively regulated the KIAA1429 via sponging miR-556-5p, forming a KIAA1429/m6A/LINC00667/miR-556-5p feedback loop. Collectively, the central findings of our study suggest that KIAA1429-induced LINC00667 exerted its functions as an oncogene in BC progression through m6A-dependent feedback loop.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama , MicroARNs , ARN Largo no Codificante , Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , Retroalimentación , Progresión de la Enfermedad , MicroARNs/genética , Proliferación Celular/genética , Línea Celular TumoralRESUMEN
Vascular hyporesponsiveness in the shock decompensation period is an important factor leading to death. Myosin light chain 20 (MLC20) is the main effector protein that regulates vascular reactivity. However, whether the change in semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) expression during hypoxia can change the MLC20 phosphorylation level, and its underlying mechanism were not clear. The amine oxidase copper containing 3 (AOC3) overexpressing adenovirus vector was constructed and transfected into rat intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (RIMECs) to overexpress SSAO, and the RIMECs were co-cultured with rat intestinal microvascular smooth muscle cells (RIMSCs). The changes in SSAO/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/Rho associate coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) expression levels and MLC20 phosphorylation level were detected. Here we found that the increased SSAO by AOC3 overexpression can decrease the iNOS expression level and its activity after hypoxia. In addition, RIMSCs co-cultured with RIMECs overexpressed with AOC3 gene had significantly higher ROCK1 protein level and MLC20 phosphorylation level than RIMSCs co-cultured with normal RIMECs. Our study demonstrated that SSAO overexpression can significantly inhibit iNOS activity, promote RhoA/ROCK pathway activation, and increase the phosphorylation level of MLC20, which might be the potential mechanism in relieving the vascular hyporesponsiveness during shock decompensation.
RESUMEN
We demonstrate a novel theoretical platform to realize geometric control of vector vortex states in an optical coupling system. These complex states are characterized by spatially varying polarizations and coupled with vortex phase profiles. It can be mapped uniquely as a point on a higher-order Poincaré sphere. The geometric theory clearly reveals how a tailored phase mismatch profile, together with a suitable coupling, supports state conversion between these higher-order complex light fields, in analogous to the processes appearing in two-level quantum system as well as three-wave mixing process in nonlinear optics. Specifically, in the phase matching condition, it is shown that these complex states carried by an envelope field exhibit periodic oscillations in the course of state evolution; whereas in the phase mismatching condition the oscillations become detuned, leading to noncyclic state evolution. Intriguingly, when using an adiabatic technique for the phase mismatch, robust state conversion between two arbitrary vector vortex light fields can be realized. Our demonstrations provide a fully control over the vector vortex states on the sphere, and we suggest that it would benefit various potential applications both in the classical and the quantum optics.
RESUMEN
China has been promoting one of the world's largest campaigns for clean heating renovation since 2017. Here, we present an integrated cost-benefit analysis in a major prefecture-level city by combining a large-scale household energy survey and PM2.5 exposure measurement, high-resolution chemical transport simulation, and health impact assessment. We find that the completed renovation decreases the share of solid fuels in the heating energy mix from 96 to 6% and achieves a concomitant reduction of cooking solid-fuel use by 70%. The completed renovation decreases the ambient PM2.5 concentration in Linfen by 0.5-5 µg m-3 (2.4 µg m-3 on average) and decreases the integrated PM2.5 exposure by 4.2 (3.5-5.0) µg m-3. The renovation is estimated to avoid 162 (125-225) and 328 (254-457) premature deaths annually based on two health impact assessment methods. The ratios of monetized health benefits to cost are 1.51 (0.73-2.59) and 3.06 (1.49-5.23) based on the above two methods. The benefit-to-cost ratio is projected to remain high if the renovation is further expanded. More polluted and less wealthy households enjoy larger health benefits but also experience a higher expense increase, suggesting that a more carefully designed subsidy policy is needed to protect low-income households.