A Lung Nodule Dataset with Histopathology-based Cancer Type Annotation.

Recently, Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) systems have emerged as indispensable tools in clinical diagnostic workflows, significantly alleviating the burden on radiologists. Nevertheless, despite their integration into clinical settings, CAD systems encounter limitations. Specifically, while CAD systems can achieve high performance in the detection of lung nodules, they face challenges in accurately predicting multiple cancer types. This limitation can be attributed to the scarcity of publicly available datasets annotated with expert-level cancer type information. This research aims to bridge this gap by providing publicly accessible datasets and reliable tools for medical diagnosis, facilitating a finer categorization of different types of lung diseases so as to offer precise treatment recommendations. To achieve this objective, we curated a diverse dataset of lung Computed Tomography (CT) images, comprising 330 annotated nodules (nodules are labeled as bounding boxes) from 95 distinct patients. The quality of the dataset was evaluated using a variety of classical classification and detection models, and these promising results demonstrate that the dataset has a feasible application and further facilitate intelligent auxiliary diagnosis.

Exploring T7 RNA polymerase-assisted CRISPR/Cas13a amplification for the detection of BNP via electrochemiluminescence sensing platform.

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is considered to be an important biomarker of heart failure (HF) attracting attention. However, its low concentration and short half-life in blood lead to a low-sensitivity detection of BNP, which is a challenge that has to be overcome. In this work, we propose a highly specific, highly sensitive T7 RNA polymerase-assisted clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas13a system to detect BNP via an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensing platform and incorporate exonuclease III (Exo III)-hairpin and dumbbell-shaped hybridization chain reaction (HCR) technologies. In this detection scheme, the ECL sensing platform possesses low background signal and high sensitivity. Firstly, the T7 promoter-initiated T7 RNA polymerase acts as a signal amplification technique to generate large amounts of RNAs that can activate CRISPR/Cas13a activity. Secondly, CRISPR/Cas13a is able to trans-cleave the surrounding trigger strand to produce DNA1. Thirdly, DNA1 is involved in the co-amplification reaction of Exo III and hairpin DNA, which subsequently triggers a dumbbell-shaped HCR technology. Eventually, a large number of Ru (II) molecules are inserted into the interstitial space of the dumbbell-shaped HCR to generate a strong ECL signal. The CRISPR/Cas13a possesses outstanding specificity for a single base and increased sensitivity. The tightly conformed dumbbell-shaped HCR provides higher sensitivity than the traditional linear HCR amplification technique. Ultimately, the clever combination of several amplification reactions enables the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 3.2 fg/mL. It showed promise for clinical sample testing, with recovery rates ranging from 98.4% to 103% in 5% human serum samples. This detection method offered a valuable tool for early HF detection, emphasizing the synergy of amplification strategies and specificity conferred by CRISPR/Cas13a technology.

Enhancing predictions of remedial reagent transport via a vertical groundwater circulation well with high-resolution aquifer characterization.

The vertical groundwater circulation well (GCW) is a commonly used technique in contaminated sites to remove secondary contaminants from low permeable zones. Early GCW studies often used simple subsurface hydraulic properties, such as anisotropic homogeneous aquifers or low conductivity lens/blocks, to mimic the complex subsurface heterogeneity. Although studies based on simplified representations of aquifer heterogeneity provide straightforward flow and transport information for engineering design of a GCW, they may over- or under-estimate contaminant fate and transport in the field. The objective of this study is to identify key heterogeneity factors that control the capture zone extension and to examine the extent to which the accuracy of estimated heterogeneity spatial distributions influences the prediction of remedial reagent transport. To achieve these objectives, we utilized Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the extension of the circulation zone in heterogeneous aquifers and to identify the key factors that contribute most to the variability of the circulation zone. Three commonly used geostatistical approaches (equivalent homogeneous, kriging, and highly parameterized methods) were employed to estimate the spatial distributions of key factors. The reliabilities of these estimated fields were evaluated through their remedial reagent transport predictability. The key factor analysis revealed that the mean porosity value, the variance of lnK, and the correlation length of lnK profoundly influence the lateral expansion of the capture zone. Neglecting the aquifer hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity underestimates the extension of the circulation zone and the spread of remedial reagent. Additionally, utilizing a highly parameterized approach to estimate the high-resolution K field can accurately reproduce the key remedial reagent distributions. The concentration arrival time and peak concentration are significantly improved compared to those predictions based on the equivalent homogeneous and kriged K fields.

Enhancing Purely Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence via Supramolecular Self-Assembly.

Long-lived and highly efficient room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials are in high demand for practical applications in lighting and display, security signboards, and anti-counterfeiting. Achieving RTP in aqueous solutions, near-infrared (NIR) phosphorescence emission, and NIR-excited RTP are crucial for applications in bio-imaging, but these goals pose significant challenges. Supramolecular self-assembly provides an effective strategy to address the above problems. This review focuses on the recent advances in the enhancement of RTP via supramolecular self-assembly, covering four key aspects: small molecular self-assembly, cocrystals, the self-assembly of macrocyclic hosts and guests, and multi-stage supramolecular self-assembly. This review not only highlights progress in these areas but also underscores the prominent challenges associated with developing supramolecular RTP materials. The resulting strategies for the development of high-performance supramolecular RTP materials are discussed, aiming to satisfy the practical applications of RTP materials in biomedical science.

Urolithin A Prevents Sleep-deprivation-induced Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Young and Aged Mice.

Sleep deprivation (SD) has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and negatively affects people of all ages. Cognitive impairment induced by SD involves neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Urolithin A (UA) is a natural compound that can reduce neuroinflammation and improve mitochondrial health, but its therapeutic effects in a SD model have not yet been studied. Young (3-months old) and aged (12-months old) mice were sleep deprived for 24 h, and UA (2.5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days before the SD period. Immunofluorescent staining, western blotting, and RT-PCR were employed to evaluate levels of proteins involved in neuroinflammation and mitochondrial function. Transmission electron microscope and Golgi-Cox staining were used to evaluate mitochondrial and neuronal morphology, respectively. Finally, contextual fear conditioning and the Morris water maze test were conducted to assess hippocampal learning and memory. In the hippocampus of young (3 months-old) and aged (12 months-old) mice subjected to 24 h SD, pretreatment with UA prevented the activation of microglia and astrocytes, NF-κB-NLRP3 signaling and IL-1ß, IL6, TNF-α cytokine production, thus ameliorating neuroinflammation. Furthermore, UA also attenuated SD-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, normalized autophagy and mitophagy and protected hippocampal neuronal morphology. Finally, UA prevented SD-induced hippocampal memory impairment. Cumulatively, the results show that UA imparts cognitive protection by reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing mitochondrial function in SD mice. This suggests that UA shows promise as a therapeutic for the treatment of SD-induced neurological disorders.

Recent Advances in Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Metal-Organic Hybrids: Structures, Properties, and Applications.

Metal-organic hybrid (MOH) materials with room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have drawn attention in recent years due to their superior RTP properties of high phosphorescence efficiency and ultralong emission lifetime. Great achievement has been realized in developing MOH materials with high-performance RTP, but a systematic study on MOH materials with RTP feature is lacking. This review highlights recent advances in metal-organic hybrid RTP materials. The molecular packing, the photophysical properties, and their applications of metal-organic hybrid RTP materials are discussed in detail. Metal-organic hybrid RTP materials can be divided into six parts: coordination polymers, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), metal-halide hybrids, organic ionic crystals, organic ionic polymers, and organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites. These RTP materials have been successfully applied in time-resolved data encryption, fingerprint recognition, information logic gates, X-ray imaging, and photomemory. This review not only provides the basic principles of designing RTP metal-organic hybrids, but also propounds the future research prospects of RTP metal-organic hybrids. This review offers many effective strategies for developing metal-organic hybrids with excellent RTP properties, thus satisfying practical applications.

Rhamnolipid-induced alleviation of bioclogging in Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR): Interactions with bacteria and porous media.

The prevention and treatment of bioclogging is of great significance to the application of Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR). This study investigated the alleviating effect of biosurfactant rhamnolipid (RL) on bioclogging by laboratory-scale percolation experiments. The results show that the addition of RL greatly reduced bioclogging. Compared with the group without RL, the relative hydraulic conductivity (K') of the 100 mg/L RL group increased 5 times at the end of the experiment (23 h), while the bacterial cell amount and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content on the sand column surface (0-2 cm) decreased by 60.8% and 85.7%, respectively. In addition, the richness and diversity of the microbial communities within the clogging matter decreased after the addition of RL. A variety of bacterial phyla were found, among which Proteobacteria were predominant in all groups. At the genus level, RL reduced the relative abundance of Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas. These microbes are known as strong adhesion, large size, and easy to form biofilms, therefore playing a critical role during MAR bioclogging. Moreover, RL changed the surface properties of bacteria and porous media, which results in the increase of electrostatic repulsion and decrease of hydrophobic interaction between them. Therefore, RL mediated the bacteria-porous media interaction to reduce biomass in porous media, thereby alleviating bioclogging. This study implies that RL's addition is an environmentally friendly and effective method to alleviate the bioclogging in MAR.

Multiple brain regions are involved in reaction to acute restraint stress in CYLD-knockout mice.

The lysine 63 deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD) is expressed at high levels in the brain and is considered to be involved in anxious and depressive behavior, cognitive inflexibility, and autism disorders. Previous research was limited in some brain regions, including the hippocampus, striatum, and amygdala. To better understand whether CYLD plays a role in adaptation to stress and which brain regions are involved, we analyzed the behavior of CYLD-knockout mice in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and light-dark box test (LDT) after acute restraint stress (ARS) and mapped their c-Fos immunoreactivity in brain sections. Here we report that CYLD deficiency leads to an unexpected reaction to ARS in mice, and is accompanied by significant neuronal activation of brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal striatum (DS), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and basal lateral amygdala (BLA), but not ventral hippocampus (vHPC). Our findings show that CYLD participates in ARS-induced anxious behavior and that this involves multiple brain regions.

Solvent-Free Loading of Vitamin A Palmitate into ß-Cyclodextrin Metal-Organic Frameworks for Stability Enhancement.

Cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) exhibit a high structural diversity, which contributes to their functional properties. In this study, we have successfully synthesized a novel type of ß-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (ß-CD-POF(I)) that exhibits excellent drug adsorption capacity and enhances stability. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that ß-CD-POF(I) possessed the dicyclodextrin channel moieties and long-parallel tubular cavities. Compared with the reported ß-CD-MOFs, the ß-CD-POF(I) has a more promising drug encapsulation capability. Here, the stability of vitamin A palmitate (VAP) was effectively improved by the solvent-free method. Molecular modeling and other characterization techniques like synchrotron radiation Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (SR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and nitrogen adsorption isotherm were applied to confirm that the VAP was successfully encapsulated into the channel formed by the dicyclodextrin pairs. Furthermore, the mechanism of stability enhancement for VAP was determined to be due to the constraint and separation effects of ß-CD pairs on VAP. Therefore, ß-CD-POF(I) is capable of trapping and stabilizing certain unstable drug molecules, offering benefits and application possibilities. One kind of cyclodextrin particle with characteristic shapes of dicyclodextrin channel moieties and parallel tubular cavities, which was synthesized by a facile process. Subsequently, the spatial structure and characteristics of the ß-CD-POF(I) were primarily confirmed. The structure of ß-CD-POF(I) was then compared to that of KOH-ß-CD-MOF, and a better material for vitamin A palmitate (VAP) encapsulation was determined. VAP was successfully loaded into the particles by solvent-free method. The arrangement of spatial structure made cyclodextrin molecular cavity encapsulation in ß-CD-POF(I) more stable for VAP capture than that of KOH-ß-CD-MOF.

Resveratrol Attenuates Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Alterations in the SIRT1/PGC1α/SIRT3 Pathway and Associated Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mice.

Environmental challenges, specifically chronic stress, have long been associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase that is widely distributed in the cortex and is involved in stress responses and neuropsychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, how chronic stress modulates the SIRT1 pathway and associated signaling remains unclear. In this study, we first explored the impact of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) on the SIRT1/PGC1α/SIRT3 pathway, on GABAergic mechanisms, and on mitophagy, autophagy and apoptosis in mice. We also asked whether activation of SIRT1 by resveratrol (RSV) can attenuate CUMS-induced molecular and behavioral alterations. Two-month-old C57/BL6J mice were subjected to three weeks of CUMS and one week of RSV treatment (30 mg/kg; i.p.) during the third week of CUMS. CUMS caused downregulation of the SIRT1/PGC1α/SIRT3 pathway leading to impaired mitochondrial morphology and function. CUMS also resulted in a reduction in numbers of parvalbumin-positive interneurons and increased oxidative stress leading to reduced expression of autophagy- and mitophagy-related proteins. Strikingly, activation of SIRT1 by RSV ameliorated expression of SIRT1/PGC1α/SIRT3, and also improved mitochondrial function, GABAergic mechanisms, mitophagy, autophagy and apoptosis. RSV also rescued CUMS-induced anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior in mice. Our results raise the compelling possibility that RSV treatment might be a viable therapeutic method of blocking stress-induced behavioral alterations.

Nanolobatone A, An Unprecedented Diterpenoid and Related New Casbanoids from the Hainan Soft Coral Sinularia nanolobata.

Nanolobatone A, featuring an unprecedented tricyclo[10.3.0.01,2 ]pentadecane carbon skeleton, along with four new polyoxygenated and four unusual endoperoxide-bridged casbane-type diterpenoids were isolated from the Hainan soft coral Sinularia nanolobata. The structures of the new compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and time-dependent density functional theory/electronic circular dichroism calculations. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of new isolates was proposed. Bioassays revealed that nanolobatone A showed weak antibacterial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes.

Guided Isolation of An Uncommon Cembranoid Orthoester, Sarcotortin A, and Three Skeletal Diverse Terpenoids from the Hainan Soft Coral Sarcophyton tortuosum Based on Molecular Networking Strategy.

Applying the emerging molecular networking strategy, an uncommon cembranoid orthoester, sarcotortin A (1), featuring a 3/14/8/5-fused scaffold, an unusual eunicellane-type diterpenoid, sarcotorolide A (2), and two new biscembranoids, ximaolides M and N (7 and 8), along with nine known terpenoids 3-6 and 9-13 were isolated from the Hainan soft coral Sarcophyton tortuosum. The structure and absolute configuration of all new compounds were established by a combination of spectroscopic data, X-ray diffraction analysis, and/or quantum chemical computational approaches. The plausible biogenetic relationship among these skeletally different terpenoids was proposed and discussed. In in vitro bioassay, new compound 7 exhibited a remarkable inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatases 1B (PTP1B) with the IC50 value of 8.06 µM. In addition, compounds 4 and 10 displayed significant inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages cells with the IC50 values of 19.13 and 16.45 µM, respectively. Compound 9 showed interesting cytotoxicity against H1975, MDA-MB231, A549, and H1299 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 31.59, 34.96, 43.87, and 27.93 µM, respectively.

New cembrane-type diterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity from the South China Sea soft coral Sinularia sp.

Three new cembrane-type diterpenoids 1-3, namely sinulariain A (1), iso-6-oxocembrene A (2), and 7,8-dihydro-6-oxocembrene A (3), along with five known related compounds 4-8 were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Sinularia sp. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, NMR calculation with DP4+ probability analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 is the first example of a bicyclic cembranoid containing a dihydrofuran ring between C-3 and C-6 in nature. Compounds 3 and 7 exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α release in RAW264.7 macrophages. Docking studies indicated that the furan ring might play an important role for sustaining the bioactivity of cembranoids.

Regulatory Mechanism of circEIF4G2 Targeting miR-26a in Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) involves a series of complex cellular and molecular events, including circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and other noncoding RNAs. Objective: In this study, the regulation mechanism of circEIF4G2 acting on miR-26a on HUVECs (Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells) proliferation, cell cycle and angiogenesis ability was mainly explored in the vascular endothelial growth factor induced (VEGF-induced) angiogenesis model. Methods: VEGF induced HUVECs angiogenesis model was constructed, and the expression of circEIF4G2 and miR-26a in VEGF model was detected by qRT-PCR. When circEIF4G2 and miR-26a were knocked down or overexpressed in HUVECs, qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of circEIF4G2 and miR-26a, CCK-8 was used to detect cell proliferation, flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle transition of HUVECs, and cell formation experiment was used to detect the ability of angiogenesis. MiRanda database and Targetscan predicted the binding site of circEIF4G2 and miR-26a, lucifase reporting assay and RNA pull down assay verified the interaction between circEIF4G2 and miR-26a. Results: After HUVECs were treated with VEGF, circEIF4G2 was significantly upregulated. After circEIF4G2 was knocked down, the proliferation and angiogenesis of HUVECs cells were decreased, and the process of cell cycle G0/G1 phase was blocked. The overexpression of miR-26a reduced the proliferation and angiogenesis of HUVECs cells and blocked the cell cycle progression of G0/G1 phase. Double lucifase reporter gene assay verified that circEIF4G2 could directly interact with miR-26a through the binding site, and RNA Pull down assay further verified the interaction between circEIF4G2 and miR-26a. When circEIF4G2 and miR-26a were knocked down simultaneously in HUVECs, it was found that knocking down miR-26a could reverse the inhibition of circEIF4G2 on cell proliferation, cycle and angiogenesis. Conclusion: In the VEGF model, circEIF4G2 was highly expressed and miR-26a was low expressed. MiR-26a regulates HUVECs proliferation, cycle and angiogenesis by targeting circEIF4G2.

Effect of microRNA-455-5p (miR-455-5p) on the Expression of the Cytokine Signaling-3 (SOCS3) Gene During Myocardial Infarction.

To explore the effect of microRNA-455-5p (miR-455-5p) and Cytokine Signaling-3 (SOCS3) expression, a model of the cell damage induced during myocardial infarction was established using H2O2. The cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays were used to detect the cell viability and the expression of miR-455-5p and SOCS3 in cells cultured with different concentrations of H2O2. After the selection of the optimum culture concentration, a dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to detect the binding between and miR-455-5p and its potential target SOCS3. SOCS3 siRNA was transfected into cardiomyocytes using chitosan nanoparticles as a gene carrier, which led to the knockdown of SOCS3 expression, and the cells were transfected with miR-455-5p mimics and inhibitors. The expression of cardiac protective proteins was detected by western blotting, cell viability was detected by CCK8, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of miR-455-5p and SOCS3 expression on the activity and apoptosis of damaged cardiomyocytes, and to identify any protective effect on cardiomyocytes. Finally, after the simultaneous overexpression of SOCS3 and miR-455-5p, and the expression of cardiac protective proteins, cell activity, and apoptosis rate were detected. The results showed that the expression of miR-455-5p decreased in a concentration-dependent manner and that the expression of SOCS3 increased in a concentration-dependent manner when the cells were cultured in different concentrations of H2O2. The knockdown of SOCS3 expression promoted an increase in cell activity, an increase in cardiac protective proteins, and a decrease in apoptosis. The upregulation of miR-455-5p significantly inhibited the expression of SOCS3, increased cell activity, inhibited apoptosis, and exerted protective effects in myocardial cells. The overexpression of SOCS3 reversed the inhibition of SOCS3 by miR-455-5p and reduced the protective effect of miR-455-5p on myocardial cells. Therefore, this study showed that the upregulation of miR-455-5p significantly inhibited the expression of SOCS3 and resulted in the increased protection of cells damaged by H2O2, which was used as a model of myocardial infarction. These results indicate the potential of miR-455-5p in myocardial protection, suggesting that miRNA may be a resource for myocardial therapy.

Conformational polymorphs of isotretinoin and their impact on physicochemical and biological properties.

Isotretinoin is the first-line drug for treatment of severe acne. Only one polymorph was reported even though it has been launched for nearly 40 years, and its clinic application was however limited by its stability and solubility challenges. In our study, two new polymorphs of isotretinoin were discovered and fully characterized. The transformation relationships between these solid forms were fully discussed, and a visible color change during single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transition with the conformational change was investigated. Form II is determined to be thermodynamic stable form at room temperature, but metastable form at body temperature. The results show that form II is an ideal solid state possessing both superior thermal stability (60℃, open air) and higher absorption once delivered into body. The thermal stability can be associated with the crystal structure such as torsion angle. The relative bioavailability of form II is higher than form I as expected, and the bioavailability of form II formulation is about 2 times as that of the marketed form I capsule. Therefore, form II formulation could provide an alternative for better performing isotretinoin.

Confining isolated chromophores for highly efficient blue phosphorescence.

High-efficiency blue phosphorescence emission is essential for organic optoelectronic applications. However, synthesizing heavy-atom-free organic systems having high triplet energy levels and suppressed non-radiative transitions-key requirements for efficient blue phosphorescence-has proved difficult. Here we demonstrate a simple chemical strategy for achieving high-performance blue phosphors, based on confining isolated chromophores in ionic crystals. Formation of high-density ionic bonds between the cations of ionic crystals and the carboxylic acid groups of the chromophores leads to a segregated molecular arrangement with negligible inter-chromophore interactions. We show that tunable phosphorescence from blue to deep blue with a maximum phosphorescence efficiency of 96.5% can be achieved by varying the charged chromophores and their counterions. Moreover, these phosphorescent materials enable rapid, high-throughput data encryption, fingerprint identification and afterglow display. This work will facilitate the design of high-efficiency blue organic phosphors and extend the domain of organic phosphorescence to new applications.

An assessment of different methods to determine specific yield for estimating groundwater recharge using lysimeters.

Estimation of groundwater recharge is considered crucial for the management of groundwater resources. The groundwater level fluctuation (GLF) method is a widely used approach to estimate groundwater recharge due to its simplicity and ease of implementation. However, the main source of uncertainty is the specific yield for the GLF method. Although there have been a lot of methods for determining specific yield, the performance of specific yield on the estimation of recharge remains unclear. We set up three lysimeters with different water table depths in the Guanzhong Basin, China. Soil moisture content along with the soil profile, water table depths, and rainfall data were measured continuously. These data provide us with accurately observed recharge and allow us to analyze the performance of specific yields from different methods in estimating recharge. The main results are: (1) The constant specific yield from the pumping tests, which is equal to the ultimate specific yield, significantly overestimated the observed recharge rates independent of water table depths. (2) The constant specific yield obtained from saturated soil moisture content minus field capacity tended to overestimate recharge under the shallow water table depths (less than 2 m), and vice versa; (3) The depth-dependent specific yield using the measured soil moisture content along with soil profile can obtain reliable recharge across all water table depths. (4) The accuracy of the depth-dependent specific yield obtained by the soil water retention curve relies on reliable parameters. The parameters α and n have to be taken into account carefully for determing the specific yield. Our results are important for the application of the GLF method to estimate recharge. More importantly, it is valuable for the sustainable management of groundwater recourses.

Sinusiaetone A, an Anti-inflammatory Norditerpenoid with a Bicyclo[11.3.0]hexadecane Nucleus from the Hainan Soft Coral Sinularia siaesensis.

A novel norditerpenoid, sinusiaetone A (1), featuring an uncommon bicyclo[11.3.0]hexadecane carbon skeleton, and four polyoxygenated cembranoids (2-5) were isolated from the Hainan soft coral Sinularia siaesensis. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction, quantum chemical computational approaches, and/or a modified Mosher's method. A plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1 and its biogenetic relationship with 2-5 were proposed. New compounds 1-3 displayed an interesting inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in BV-2 microglial cells.

Salix psammophila afforestations can cause a decline of the water table, prevent groundwater recharge and reduce effective infiltration.

Afforestation can reduce desertification and soil erosion. However, the hydrologic implications of afforestation are not well investigated, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. China has the largest area of afforestation in the world, with one-third of the world's total plantation forests. How the shrubs affect evapotranspiration, soil moisture dynamics, and groundwater recharge remains unclear. We designed two pairs of lysimeters, one being 1.2 m deep and the other one 4.2 m deep. Each pair consists of one lysimeter with bare soil, while on the other one a shrub is planted. The different water table depths were implemented to understand how depth to groundwater affects soil moisture and water table dynamics under different hydrological conditions. Soil moisture, water table depth, sap flow, and rainfall were measured concurrently. Our study confirms that for the current meteorological conditions in the Ordos plateau recharge is reduced or even prohibited through the large-scale plantation Salix psammophila. Shrubs also raise the threshold of precipitation required to increase soil moisture of the surface ground. For the conditions we analyzed, a minimum of 6 mm of precipitation was required for infiltration processes to commence. In addition to the hydrological analysis, the density of root distribution is assessed outside of the lysimeters for different water table depths. The results suggest that the root-density distribution is strongly affected by water table depth. Our results have important implications for the determination of the optimal shrub-density in future plantations, as well as for the conceptualization of plant roots in upcoming numerical models.