Layered Co-O Cluster Applied to Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction.

In the field of recycling CO2, the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a typical example, and researchers have designed a variety of photocatalysts to improve the conversion rate of CO2 over the years. In this paper, two metal-oxygen clusters are designed and formulated as [Co3Zn(OH)6(SO4)]·4H2O (1) and [Ni3Zn(OH)6(SO4)]·4H2O (2). As for compound 1, the main structure is composed of {CoO6} octahedra connected by edge-sharing to form a two-dimensional layer, on which {ZnO4} and {SO4} tetrahedra are supported. More interestingly, compound 1 has outstanding photocatalytic activity, which is mainly attributed to the open-framework structure and the cobalt ions as active sites. Upon catalysis for eight hours, its maximum CO generation rate is 9982.13 µmol g-1 h-1, with a selectivity of 81.8%. Additionally, compound 1 takes on weak antiferromagnetic coupling due to Co(II) ions.

Genetic analysis of seven pateints with Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas (HMO).

BACKGROUND: HMO (Hereditary Multiple Osteochondroma), an uncommon autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by the development of multiple osteochondromas, which are nonmalignant cartilage-capped bone tumors growing outwards from long bone metaphyses. METHODS: The present work retrospectively analyzed seven children with HMO who were enrolled for routine clinical diagnosis and treatment, including X-ray examination. Subsequent genetic detection was carried out using whole exome sequencing (WES). In addition, this work applied Sanger sequencing to be the validation approach. Moreover, this work also examined amino acid (AA) evolutionary conservatism under the influence of certain missense variants. RESULTS: The clinical indications of all seven patients and their family members were thoroughly indexed. WES identified diagnostic variants in the EXT1 or EXT2 gene in these patients. In these variants, four were reported for the first time, namely EXT1: c.1285-2A>T, EXT2: c.1139delT, EXT1: c.203G>A, and EXT1: c.1645_1673del. Familial validation revealed that three of the variants were hereditary, while the other four were de novo, which was consistent with the phenotype in each case. CONCLUSION: Our results expanded HMO variation spectrum, and laid certain foundations for the precise counseling of those affected families.

[Characteristics of water requirement of table grape in the growing season]. / è‘¡è„ç”Ÿé•¿å­£å† éœ€æ°´ç‰¹å¾.

To quantitatively assess the satisfaction degree of precipitation on water requirement of table grape in the main producing areas in China, we analyzed the temporal and spatial variations of precipitation, water requirement and water deficit in different growth stages of table grape based on the 1981-2016 daily meteorological data from 429 meteorological stations in the study region (Jinlin and Liaoning of Northeast China; Shanxi and Hebei of North China; Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia and Shaanxi of Northwest China; Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan of Southwest China; Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan and Guangxi of Southeast China). Results showed that precipitation in each growth stage showed an increasing trend from north to south and from west to east in the study period. The precipitation in germination-flowering stage was the lowest and showed a decreasing trend. The precipitation in maturation-defoliation stage showed a decreasing trend, while that in flowering-veraison and veraison-maturation stage exhibited an increasing trend. Water requirement of grape exhibited an increasing trend in each growth stage in the study region. Water requirement of grape in Xinjiang and the northern of Gansu Province was the highest. The precipitation could not meet water requirement of grape in Xinjiang, northern Gansu, Ningxia, northern Shaanxi, northern Shanxi, northern Hebei, western Liaoning and western Jilin in each growth stage, as well as northern Yunnan and southern Sichuan during germination-flowering stage. In constrast, water surplus was obvious in the other areas, especially in the southeast and southwest of China. The water deficit of grape showed an increasing trend during the germination-flowering and maturation-defoliation stage, while that during flowering-veraison and veraison-maturation stage showed a decreasing trend.

Mitochondrial targeted doxorubicin derivatives delivered by ROS-responsive nanocarriers to breast tumor for overcoming of multidrug resistance.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a serious challenge in chemotherapy and also a major threat to breast cancer treatment. As an intracellular energy factory, mitochondria provide energy for drug efflux and are deeply involved in multidrug resistance. Mitochondrial targeted delivery of doxorubicin can overcome multidrug resistance by disrupting mitochondrial function. By incorporating a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive hydrophobic group into the backbone structure of hyaluronic acid - a natural ligand for the highly expressed CD44 receptor on tumor surfaces, a novel ROS-responsive and CD44-targeting nano-carriers was constructed. In this study, mitochondria-targeted triphenylphosphine modified-doxorubicin (TPP-DOX) and amphipathic ROS-responsive hyaluronic acid derivatives (HA-PBPE) were synthesized and confirmed by 1H NMR. The nanocarriers TPP-DOX @ HA-PBPE was prepared in a regular shape and particle size of approximately 200 nm. Compared to free DOX, its antitumor activity in vitro and tumor passive targeting in vivo has been enhanced. The ROS-responsive TPP-DOX@HA-PBPE nanocarriers system provide a promising strategy for the reverse of MDR and efficient delivery of doxorubicin derivatives into drug-resistant cancer cells.

The evaluation of sleep disturbances for Chinese frontline medical workers under the outbreak of COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sleep disturbances of Chinese frontline medical workers (FMW) under the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and make a comparison with non-FMW. METHODS: The medical workers from multiple hospitals in Hubei Province, China, volunteered to participate in this cross-sectional study. An online questionnaire, including Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), was used to evaluate sleep disturbances and mental status. Sleep disturbances were defined as PSQI>6 points or/and AIS>6 points. We compared the scores of PSQI, AIS, anxiety and depression VAS, as well as prevalence of sleep disturbances between FMW and non-FMW. RESULTS: A total of 1306 subjects (801 FMW and 505 non-FMW) were enrolled. Compared to non-FMW, FMW had significantly higher scores of PSQI (9.3 ± 3.8 vs 7.5 ± 3.7; P < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.47), AIS (6.9 ± 4.3 vs 5.3 ± 3.8; P < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.38), anxiety (4.9 ± 2.7 vs 4.3 ± 2.6; P < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.22) and depression (4.1 ± 2.5 vs 3.6 ± 2.4; P = 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.21), as well as higher prevalence of sleep disturbances according to PSQI > 6 points (78.4% vs 61.0%; relative risk [RR] = 1.29; P < 0.001) and AIS > 6 points (51.7% vs 35.6%; RR = 1.45; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: FMW have higher prevalence of sleep disturbances and worse sleep quality than non-FMW. Further interventions should be administrated for FMW, aiming to maintain their healthy condition and guarantee their professional performance in the battle against COVID-19.

[Spatial-temporal characteristics of agricultural climate resources and sterile-type chilling injury in rice growing season in three provinces of Northeast China]. / 东北三省水稻生长季农业气候资源及障碍型冷害的时空特征.

Based on daily meteorological data and agro-meteorological data in three provinces of Northeast China during 1981-2017, combined with chilling injury indices, we analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of solar, heat, precipitation resources and sterile-type chilling injury in rice growing season, especially in the booting and flowering stages. In 1981-2017, agriculture climatic resources in rice growing season showed a warming, drying and darkening trend. Accumulated temperature (≥10 ℃) and sunshine hours increased with a rate of 73.5 ℃·d·(10 a)-1 and 17.7 h·(10 a)-1 respectively, while precipitation decreased with a rate of 8.9 mm·(10 a)-1. At the booting stage, agricultural climatic resources showed a warming, drying and dar-kening trend. Daily average temperature increased 0.27 ℃·(10 a)-1 and sunshine hours and preci-pitation decreased 2.06 h·(10 a)-1 and 1.90 mm·(10 a)-1 respectively. At the flowering stage, agricultural climatic resources showed a trend of warming, wetting and darkening. Daily average temperature increased with a rate of 0.12 ℃·(10 a)-1, while sunshine hours decreased with a rate of 0.83 h·(10 a)-1. In contrast to that at the booting stage, precipitation in the flowering stage increased with a rate of 1.35 mm·(10 a)-1. Under the background of climate warming, the frequency and intensity of rice sterile-type chil-ling injury decreased in most regions, with significant inter-decadal fluctuations. During the study period, the frequency and intensity of sterile-type chil-ling injury were the highest in Heilongjiang Province, moderate in Jilin Province, and the lowest in Liaoning Province.

Intracellular Restructured Reduced Glutathione-Responsive Peptide Nanofibers for Synergetic Tumor Chemotherapy.

Self-assembled peptide nanofibers have been widely studied in cancer nanotherapeutics with their excellent biocompatibility and low toxicity of degradation products, showing the significant potential in inhibiting tumor progression. However, poor solubility prevents direct intravenous administration of nanofibers. Although water-soluble peptide precursors have been formed via the method of phosphorylation for intravenous administration, their opportunities for broad in vivo application are limited by the weak capacity of encapsulating drugs. Herein, we designed a novel restructured reduced glutathione (GSH)-responsive drug delivery system encapsulating doxorubicin for systemic administration, which achieved the intracellular restructuration from three-dimensional micelles into one-dimensional nanofibers. After a long blood circulation, micelles endocytosed by tumor cells could degrade in response to high GSH levels, achieving more release and accumulation of doxorubicin at desired sites. Further, the synergistic chemotherapy effects of self-assembled nanofibers were confirmed in both in vitro and in vivo experiments.

AIE/FRET-based versatile PEG-Pep-TPE/DOX nanoparticles for cancer therapy and real-time drug release monitoring.

On account of the biological significance of self-assembling peptides in blocking the cellular mass exchange as well as impeding the formation for actin filaments resulting in program cell death, stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanoparticles have attracted more and more attention. In this work, we successfully fabricated doxorubicin-loaded polyethylene glycol-block-peptide (FFKY)-block-tetraphenylethylene (PEG-Pep-TPE/DOX) nanoparticles, where the aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgen, TPE-CHO) can become a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair with the entrapped antitumor drug DOX to detect the release of drugs dynamically. This is the first successful attempt to detect and quantify the change of FRET signals in A549 cells via three methods to monitor the cellular uptake of nanoprobes and intracellular drug molecule release intuitively. As we proposed here, the combination of free DOX and the self-assembling peptide could achieve the synergistic anticancer efficacy. The multifunctional PEG-Pep-TPE/DOX nanoparticles may provide a new opportunity for combination cancer therapy and real-time detection of the drug release from stimuli-responsive nanomedicine.

Doxorubicin derivative loaded acetal-PEG-PCCL micelles for overcoming multidrug resistance in MCF-7/ADR cells.

Objective: This study was aimed to develop DOX-TPP loaded acetal-PEG-PCCL micelles to improve the clinical efficacy of drug resistance tumor. Significance: Chemotherapy is one of the main treatments for breast cancer but is plagued by multidrug resistance (MDR). DOX-TPP-loaded micelles can enhance the specific concentration of drugs in the tumor and improve the efficacy and overcome MDR. Methods: In this study, DOX-TPP-loaded micelles based on acetal-PEG-PCCL were prepared and their physicochemical properties were characterized. The cellular uptake and ability to induce apoptosis of the micelles was confirmed by flow cytometry in MCF-7/ADR cells. In addition, cytotoxicity of the micelles was studied in MCF-7 cells and MCF-7/ADR cells. Confocal is used to study the subcellular distribution of DOX. Free DOX-TPP or DOX-TPP-loaded acetal-PEG-PCCL micelles were administered via intravenous injection in the tail vain for the biodistribution study in vivo. Results: The diameter of micelles was about 102.4 nm and their drug-loading efficiency is 61.8%. The structural characterization was confirmed by 1H NMR. The micelles exhibited better antitumor efficacy compared to free doxorubicin in MCF-7/ADR cells by MTT assay. The apoptotic rate and the cellular uptake of micelles were significantly higher than free DOX and DOX-TPP. Micelles can efficiently deliver mitochondria-targeting DOX-TPP to tumor cells. The result of bio-distribution showed that the micelles had stronger tumor infiltration ability than free drugs. Conclusions: In this study, mitochondriotropic DOX-TPP was conjugated to the nanocarrier acetal-PEG-PCCL via ionic interaction to form a polymer, which spontaneously formed spherical micelles. The cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of the micelles are superior to free DOX and exhibit mitochondrial targeting and passive tumor targeting, indicating that they have potential prospects.

Stimulus-responsive nanoscale delivery systems triggered by the enzymes in the tumor microenvironment.

The tumor microenvironment is the cellular environment that is also described as the "soil" for supporting tumor growth, proliferation, invasion and metastasis, as well as protecting tumor cells from immunological recognition. Notably, tumor cells can grow much faster than other normal organs and invade surrounding tissues more easily, which results in abnormal expression of enzymes in the tumor microenvironment, including matrix metalloproteinases, cathepsins, phospholipases, oxidoreductases, etc. In opposite, due to the high selectivity and catalytic activity, these enzymes can promote nanoparticles to recognize tumor tissues more accurately, and the more accumulation of drugs at primal tumor sites will enhance therapeutic efficacy with lower systemic toxicity. Therefore, one promising antitumor strategy is to design stimulus-responsive nanoscale delivery systems triggered by the enzymes with the support of various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles and inorganic nanoparticles, etc. In this review, numerous facts were cited to summarize and discuss the typical types of enzyme-stimulus responsive nanoscale delivery systems. More importantly, we also focused on their recent advancements in antitumor therapy, and offered the direction for further studies.

Distinguishing Majorana bound states and Andreev bound states with microwave spectra.

Majorana fermions are a fascinating and not yet confirmed quasiparticles in condensed matter physics. Here we propose using microwave spectra to distinguish Majorana bound states (MBSs) from topological trivial Andreev bound states. By numerically calculating the transmission and Zeeman field dependence of the many-body excitation spectrum of a 1D Josephson junction, we find that the two kinds of bound states have distinct responses to variations in the related parameters. Furthermore, the singular behaviors of the MBSs spectrum could be attributed to the robust fractional Josephson coupling and nonlocality of MBSs. Our results provide a feasible method to verify the existence of MBSs and could accelerate its application to topological quantum computation.

Closure of patent foramen ovale for cryptogenic stroke patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to investigate the efficacy and safety of transcatheter device closure (TDC) plus anti-thrombotic drugs over medical management alone for patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen oval. METHODS: PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library database were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). The primary endpoint is the composite of stroke and transient ischemic attack. The secondary endpoints are all-cause mortality, total serious adverse events, atrial fibrillation and bleeding. RESULTS: Five RCTs with a total of 3440 participants were included. TDC significantly decreased the risk of primary endpoint when compared to medical therapy alone (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.43-0.69). Further subgroup analyses showed that patients with male gender and with substantial shunt size of foramen ovale significantly benefited from TDC as compared to those with female gender and with no substantial shunt size of foramen oval separately. Moreover, TDC was superior to medical therapy with anti-platelet drug alone (not with anti-coagulation). On the other hand, the incidence of atrial fibrillation was higher in TDC group (RR 4.49, 95% CI 2.02-9.97), with the risk of other adverse events equivalent between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: TDC plus anti-thrombotic drugs is superior than medical therapy alone for secondary prevention of stroke, especially for those with male gender and with substantial shunt size of foramen ovale. Though it may increase the risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation, it would not bring higher risk of all-cause mortality, total adverse events and bleeding.

Comparative chromosomal localization of 45S and 5S rDNAs and implications for genome evolution in Cucumis.

Ribosomal DNAs are useful cytogenetic markers for chromosome analysis. Studies investigating site numbers and distributions of rDNAs have provided important information for elucidating genome organization and chromosomal relationships of many species by fluorescence in situ hybridization. But relevant studies are scarce for species of the genus Cucumis, especially in wild species. In the present study, FISH was conducted to investigate the organization of 45S and 5S rDNA among 20 Cucumis accessions, including cultivars and wild accessions. Our results showed that the number of 45S rDNA sites varied from one to five pairs in different accessions, and most of these sites are located at the terminal regions of chromosomes. Interestingly, up to five pairs of 45S rDNA sites were observed in C. sativus var. sativus, the species which has the lowest chromosome number, i.e., 2n = 14. Only one pair of 5S rDNA sites was detected in all accessions, except for C. heptadactylus, C. sp, and C. spp that had two pairs of 5S rDNA sites. The distributions of 5S rDNA sites showed more variation than 45S rDNA sites. The phylogenetic analysis in this study showed that 45S and 5S rDNA have contrasting evolutionary patterns. We find that 5S rDNA has a polyploidization-related tendency towards the terminal location from an interstitial location but maintains a conserved site number, whereas the 45S rDNA showed a trend of increasing site number but a relatively conserved location.

A screen of suitable inducers for germline differentiation of chicken embryonic stem cells.

Differentiation of germ cells from embryonic stem cells in vitro could have great application for treating infertility and provide an excellent model for uncovering molecular mechanisms of germline generation. In this study, we aim to screen the suitable inducers that may prove the efficiency of driving chicken embryonic stem cells (ES cells) toward germ cells. The male ES cells were separeted into different groups: single retinoic acid (RA) treatment, co-cultured with sertoli cell feeder with RA induction, cultured on matrix proteins (fibronectin, laminin and collagen) with RA treatment, cultured on fibronectin with sertoli cell feeder and RA induction, and single bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) treatment. Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoourescence were performed to characterize the ES cells differentiation process. The results showed that spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs)-like were not detected in single RA and RA with collagen groups, but were observed in the other groups. The expression of ES specific genes (Nanog and Sox2) was decreased while SSCs marker genes (Dazl, Stra8, integrin α6, integrinß1 and C-kit) was remarkably increased. The multiple comparsion results showed that the expression of SSCs marker genes in RA with sertoli cells group was significantly higher than the other groups(P<0.05). Collectively, our results suggested that chicken ES cells possess the potency to differentiate into SSCs-like cells in vitro through RA, matrix proteins, sertoli cells and BMP4 induction, of which co-cultured with sertoli cell feeder with RA induction was proved to be the best.

Morin exerts neuroprotective actions in Parkinson disease models in vitro and in vivo.

AIM: To investigate the neuroprotective effects of morin on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced apoptosis in neuronal differentiated PC12 cells as well as in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: PC12 cells were challenged with MPP(+) in the presence or absence of morin. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was measured using flow cytometry. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assayed using fluorescence assay. In an MPTP mouse model of PD, behavioral deficits, striatal dopamine content, and number of dopaminergic neurons were measured. RESULTS: MPP(+) induced apoptosis and ROS formation in PC12 cells. Concomitant treatment with morin (5-50 mumol/L) significantly attenuated the loss of cell viability and apoptosis when compared with MPP(+) treatment alone. Morin also attenuated ROS formation induced by MPP(+). MPTP induced permanent behavioral deficits and nigrostriatal lesions in mice. When administered prior to MPTP, morin (20 to 100 mg/kg) attenuated behavioral deficits, dopaminergic neuronal death and striatal dopamine depletion in the MPTP mouse model. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that morin has neuroprotective actions both in vitro and in vivo, and may provide a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.

Effects of dietary intervention on hyperlipidemia in eight communities of Beijing, China.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of community-based dietary intervention on hyperlipidemia. METHODS: A total of 180 hyperlipidemia individuals with TG>2.26 mmol x L(-1) (200 mg x dL(-1)) and/or TC>5.72 mmol x L(-1) (220 mg x dL(-1)) were selected from 428 eligible subjects in eight communities of Beijing. They were randomly divided into intervention group (n=108) and control group (n=72). Dietary intervention was provided for the intervention group for 6 months. Information on dietary intakes, physical examinations and blood samples was collected. Serum lipids were assayed at baseline and endpoint of the study period. RESULTS: Respective decrease in dietary intake of total calories, fat, cholesterol and cooking oil by 13.62%, 24.75%, 24.40%, and 22.43%, in the intervention group was observed. The percentages of total calories from fat, carbohydrate and protein appeared to be desirable after study. Reduced body weight and BMI were also observed. There was a respective 5.61% and 7.06% decrease in total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the intervention group, while no significant changes were found in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Community-based dietary intervention can effectively improve dietary patterns, control body weight, and decrease the levels of total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.