Modulation of fracture healing by senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP): a narrative review of the current literature.

The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is a generic term for the secretion of cytokines, such as pro-inflammatory factors and proteases. It is a crucial feature of senescent cells. SASP factors induce tissue remodeling and immune cell recruitment. Previous studies have focused on the beneficial role of SASP during embryonic development, wound healing, tissue healing in general, immunoregulation properties, and cancer. However, some recent studies have identified several negative effects of SASP on fracture healing. Senolytics is a drug that selectively eliminates senescent cells. Senolytics can inhibit the function of senescent cells and SASP, which has been found to have positive effects on a variety of aging-related diseases. At the same time, recent data suggest that removing senescent cells may promote fracture healing. Here, we reviewed the latest research progress about SASP and illustrated the inflammatory response and the influence of SASP on fracture healing. This review aims to understand the role of SASP in fracture healing, aiming to provide an important clinical prevention and treatment strategy for fracture. Clinical trials of some senolytics agents are underway and are expected to clarify the effectiveness of their targeted therapy in the clinic in the future. Meanwhile, the adverse effects of this treatment method still need further study.

Combined anterior and lateral approaches for bone tumors of the femoral neck and head.

Few reports in the literature describe the treatment experience of benign lesions of the femoral head and neck. Between July 2005 and August 2009, twenty-four patients with bone tumor of the femoral neck and head were treated at the authors' institution. Fourteen patients had pathological fractures of the femoral neck; in the other 10 patients, the bone cortex was involved. Average tumor size was 78 cc (range, 45-130 cc). The patients were treated by curettage plus bone grafting via an anterior approach (Smith-Petersen incision) and internal fixation via a lateral approach (Hardinge approach). Average follow-up was 34 months (range, 10-68 months).Average blood loss and operative time were 450 mL and 87 minutes, respectively. Six patients experienced complications: 2 superficial wound infections, 2 immunological rejections, and 2 hollow screw loosenings and slight limps at 12 and 16 months postoperatively, respectively. No recurrence or other serious complications, such as pathological fracture, ischemic necrosis of the femoral head, or joint degeneration, occurred. Average Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score for lower extremity function was 29.2 (range, 27-30) at final follow-up, and all patients resumed their normal preoperative work and were pain free postoperatively, although 1 patient had a slight limp at final follow-up.A combination of anterior and lateral approaches may produce good clinical and functional results with minimal complications in bone tumors of the femoral neck.